Overview of Infectious Diseases of Concern to Dental Practitioners: Other Viral Infections

This review summarizes published reports on the utility of melatonin as a treatment for virus-mediated diseases. Of special note are the data related to the role of melatonin in influencing Ebola virus disease. This infection and deadly condition has no effective treatment and the published works documenting the ability of melatonin to attenuate the severity of viral infections generally and Ebola infection specifically are considered. The capacity of melatonin to prevent one of the major complications of an Ebola infection, i.e., the hemorrhagic shock syndrome, which often contributes to the high mortality rate, is noteworthy. Considering the high safety profile of melatonin, the fact that it is easily produced, inexpensive and can be self-administered makes it an attractive potential treatment for Ebola virus pathology.

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Is the oral microbiome a source to enhance mucosal immunity against infectious diseases?

npj Vaccines ◽

10.1038/s41541-021-00341-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Camille Zenobia ◽

Karla-Luise Herpoldt ◽

Marcelo Freire

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Oral Mucosa ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

Humoral Response ◽

Outer Membrane Vesicles ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Th17 Response

AbstractMucosal tissues act as a barrier throughout the oral, nasopharyngeal, lung, and intestinal systems, offering first-line protection against potential pathogens. Conventionally, vaccines are applied parenterally to induce serotype-dependent humoral response but fail to drive adequate mucosal immune protection for viral infections such as influenza, HIV, and coronaviruses. Oral mucosa, however, provides a vast immune repertoire against specific microbial pathogens and yet is shaped by an ever-present microbiome community that has co-evolved with the host over thousands of years. Adjuvants targeting mucosal T-cells abundant in oral tissues can promote soluble-IgA (sIgA)-specific protection to confer increased vaccine efficacy. Th17 cells, for example, are at the center of cell-mediated immunity and evidence demonstrates that protection against heterologous pathogen serotypes is achieved with components from the oral microbiome. At the point of entry where pathogens are first encountered, typically the oral or nasal cavity, the mucosal surfaces are layered with bacterial cohabitants that continually shape the host immune profile. Constituents of the oral microbiome including their lipids, outer membrane vesicles, and specific proteins, have been found to modulate the Th17 response in the oral mucosa, playing important roles in vaccine and adjuvant designs. Currently, there are no approved adjuvants for the induction of Th17 protection, and it is critical that this research is included in the preparedness for the current and future pandemics. Here, we discuss the potential of oral commensals, and molecules derived thereof, to induce Th17 activity and provide safer and more predictable options in adjuvant engineering to prevent emerging infectious diseases.

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Role of cannabinoids in various diseases: A review

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201023666211223164656 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

Author(s):

Simran Kaur ◽

Nikita Sharma ◽

Arpita Roy

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Endocannabinoid System ◽

Psychological Disorders ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

The Body ◽

Therapeutic Aspect

Background: The plant, Cannabis sativa is heavily explored and researched with many industrial and pharmaceutical applications. The medicinal and therapeutic role of cannabis Sativa has been summarized in the paper, citing its mechanism of action and influence on the human body. Diseases like metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, and psychological disorders pose negative and long-term drastic effects on the body like neurodegeneration and other chronic system failures. Several existing literature has proved its effectiveness against such diseases. Objectives: This review aims to provide an overview of the role of cannabinoids in various diseases like metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, and psychological disorders. Method: Various e-resources like Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched and read to form a well-informed and information-heavy manuscript. Here we tried to summaries the therapeutic aspect of Cannabis sativa and its bioactive compound cannabinoids in various diseases. Result: This review highlights the various constituents which are present in Cannabis sativa, the Endocannabinoid system, and the role of cannabinoids in various diseases Conclusion: Recent research on Cannabis has suggested its role in neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, sleep disorders, pediatric diseases, and their analgesic nature. Therefore, the authors majorly focus on the therapeutic aspect of Cannabis sativa in various diseases. The focus is also on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and its role in fighting or preventing bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral infections.

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Consensus ‘Interferon therapy for patients with influenza, SARS and COVID19’

Medical alphabet ◽

10.33667/2078-5631-2021-7-51-58 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 51-58

Author(s):

N. D. Yushchuk ◽

I. V. Maev ◽

A. L. Vertkin

Keyword(s):

General Practitioner ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Secondary Prevention ◽

Interferon Therapy ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Total Duration ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Outpatient Clinics ◽

Primary Contact ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

According to the who, the share of acute respiratory viral infections (амма? and influenza) accounts for about 90–95% of all infectious diseases; in russia, influenza and arvi take up to 40% of the total duration of official disability, which determines the significance of this pathology. At the same time, the primary contact of the overwhelming majority of patients with suspected arvi and influenza occurs with a therapist or general practitioner of polyclinics. The proposed consensus of experts is intended to systematize the known approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and secondary prevention of influenza, acute respiratory viral infections and community-acquired pneumonia for their use at outpatient clinics. The schemes of using interferon therapy for arvi and influenza are considered in detail.

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The role of PCSK9 in infectious diseases.

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867328666210714160343 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

Author(s):

Laura Magnasco ◽

Chiara Sepulcri ◽

Roberta Maria Antonello ◽

Stefano Di Bella ◽

Laura Labate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Malaria Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Physiological Role ◽

Protective Role ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Pcsk9 Inhibition ◽

Sepsis And Septic Shock

Background: In recent years, many aspects of the physiological role of PCSK9 have been elucidated, particularly regarding its role in lipid metabolism, cardiovascular risk, and its role in innate immunity. Increasing evidence is available about the involvement of PCSK9 in the pathogenesis of viral infections, mainly HCV, and the regulation of host response to bacterial infections, primarily sepsis and septic shock. Moreover, the action of PCSK9 has been investigated as a crucial step in the pathogenesis of malaria infection and disease severity. Objective: This paper aims to review the available published literature on the role of PCSK9 in a wide array of infectious diseases. Conclusion: Besides the ongoing investigation on PCSK9 inhibition among HIV-infected patients to treat HIV- and ART-related hyperlipidemia, preclinical studies indicate how PCSK9 is involved in reducing the replication of HCV. Interestingly, high plasmatic PCSK9 levels have been described in patients with sepsis. Moreover, a protective role of PCSK9 inhibition has also been proposed against dengue and SARS-CoV-2 viral infections. Finally, a loss of function in the PCSK9-encoding gene has been reported to reduce malaria infection mortality.

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IMPACT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES ON PUBERTAL TIMING IN UKRAINIAN GIRLS: RESULTS A MULTICENTER STUDY

Wiadomości Lekarskie ◽

10.36740/wlek202110106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (10) ◽

pp. 2392-2399

Author(s):

Aidyn G. Salmanov ◽

Orusia A. Kovalyshyn ◽

Roman S. Scoreiko ◽

Victor M. Zinchenko ◽

Serhiy M. Baksheev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Final Height ◽

Pubertal Development ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Peak Height Velocity

The aim: To determine current age at the initiation of puberty for Ukrainian school-aged girls and infections impact to puberty. Materias and methods: We performed a multicentre cohort study. The analyses are based on data that were collected and evaluated biannually on Ukrainian school girls aged 6-17 years from 5 regions of Ukraine. Pubertal development was classified according to the Marshall and Tanner criteria. Results: Overall, 2,784 girls have been included in the study. Mean age of onset of puberty in Ukrainian girls was 10.1±1.0 yrs. Age of onset of pubic hair was 11.0±1.0 yrs and that of axillary hair was 11.6±1.0 yrs. Mean age in girls of menarche was 12.2±0.9 yrs. There were no significant correlations between age at onset of puberty and body mass index, final height, total peak height velocity, duration of puberty, and peak height velocity. A total of 2,420 infectious diseases were diagnosted. Of these, 64.8% were viral and 35.2% bacterial infections, respectively. Ukrainian girls with infectious diseases (especially viral infections) had older age at pubertal onset and positive association of infections in childhood with late age of menarche. Conclusions: Infectious morbidity (especially viral infections) in girls may be associated with later puberty. The lowering of the number of infections in childhood could be an additional factor that contributes to earlier puberty. To reduce infectious diseases, more attention should be paid to the vaccination of children.

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Infectious Diseases of the Childhood, Including Fungal and Viral Infections

Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_149 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 1527-1553

Author(s):

Sara A. Lohser ◽

Camille Sabella ◽

Kenneth J. Tomecki

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Viral Infections

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Infections and Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: A Bad Relationship?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22010042 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Lorenzo Belluomini ◽

Alberto Caldart ◽

Alice Avancini ◽

Alessandra Dodi ◽

Ilaria Trestini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Human Immune Deficiency Virus ◽

Prognostic Impact ◽

Lung Cancer Patients

Infectious diseases represent a relevant issue in lung cancer patients. Bacterial and viral infections might influence the patients’ prognosis, both directly affecting the immune system and indirectly impairing the outcome of anticancer treatments, mainly immunotherapy. In this analysis, we aimed to review the current evidence in order to clarify the complex correlation between infections and lung cancer. In detail, we mainly explored the potential impact on immunotherapy outcome/safety of (1) bacterial infections, with a detailed focus on antibiotics; and (2) viral infections, discriminating among (a) human immune-deficiency virus (HIV), (b) hepatitis B/C virus (HBV-HCV), and (c) Sars-Cov-2. A series of studies suggested the prognostic impact of antibiotic therapy administration, timing, and exposure ratio in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, probably through an antibiotic-related microbiota dysbiosis. Although cancer patients with HIV, HBV, and HCV were usually excluded from clinical trials evaluating immunotherapy, some retrospective and prospective trials performed in these patient subgroups reported similar results compared to those described in not-infected patients, with a favorable safety profile. Moreover, patients with thoracic cancers are particularly at risk of COVID-19 severe outcomes and mortality. Few reports speculated about the prognostic implications of anticancer therapy, including immunotherapy, in lung cancer patients with concomitant Sars-Cov-2 infection, showing, to date, inconsistent results. The correlation between infectious diseases and immunotherapy remains to be further explored and clarified in the context of dedicated trials. In clinical practice, the accurate and prompt multidisciplinary management of lung cancer patients with infections should be encouraged in order to select the best treatment options for these patients, avoiding unexpected toxicities, while maintaining the anticancer effect.

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Treatment: infectious diseases

10.1093/med/9780199688418.003.0015_update_001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

David A. Warrell ◽

Matthew Dryden ◽

Alastair Miller ◽

Clare Morgan ◽

David A. Warrell

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Emerging Infections ◽

Sexually Transmitted

Introduction: infectious diseases - Viral infections - Bacterial infections - Malaria - Other protozoal infections - Filarial worms - Worm infections - Flukes - Emerging infections - Sexually transmitted infections

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Inosine Pranobex: A Key Player in the Game Against a Wide Range of Viral Infections and Non-Infectious Diseases

Advances in Therapy ◽

10.1007/s12325-019-00995-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (8) ◽

pp. 1878-1905 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jiri Sliva ◽

Chrysoula N. Pantzartzi ◽

Martin Votava

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Inosine Pranobex ◽

Wide Range

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