Dynamics of Family Enterprise Before and After the Reform Era

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-175
Author(s):  
Ling Chen ◽  
Jian An Zhu ◽  
Hanqing Fang
Keyword(s):  
Reform Era ◽  
Family Enterprise ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals Change And Opportunity For Women’s Political Participation Before And After The Reform Era (A Case study of Women’s Representative of Local Parliament in West Sumatera)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selinaswati Selinaswati
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Quality Life ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Women's Political Participation

This article examines the involvement of women in Politics within two different periods in Indonesia. It is common to find the number of women's political participation across some countries that are lower than men. It can be affected by some factors including social, cultural and political situation. Before Reform Era, under Soeharto governance, women as Members of Parliament (MP) in many local parliaments in some provinces in Indonesia can be counted were few. It related to the number of political parties in Indonesia that were only three at that time. After Reform Era, it is assumed that this Era gave women's politicians greater opportunities to run for office. It is also expected that the political situation in Reform Era affected their electability that can increase the number of women's political participation in parliament and then will bring good impact on women's quality life through many women MPs and their public policies toward women. This paper uses the qualitative method. In-depth interview and observation of women's politicians who become MPs during two different periods have been done with eight women's politicians. The result shows that the changing political situation positively associated with an opportunity for women's politicians to participate in many different political parties, but only have less effect on their electability, public policies and women MP as decision makers.

scholarly journals EFISIENSI TEKNIS, PERTUMBUHAN TEKNOLOGI DAN TOTAL FAKTOR PRODUKTIVITAS PADA INDUSTRI MENENGAH DAN BESAR DI INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fazri ◽  
Hermanto Siregar ◽  
Nunung Nuryartono
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Tfp Growth ◽  
Technological Growth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Indonesia's economic growth this decade has good development. Not only growing but also more stable than before the reform era which is visible from the persistence of Indonesia at the level of positive growth during the economic crisis of 2008. Growth was good was followed by a change in the proportion of manufacturing industry in Indonesia which, if seen followed by a decrease in the production of some subsector indices industry. Total factor productivity (TFP) is one measure to look at other factors apart from the impact on production inputs such as technical efficiency and technological growth. In this study, in addition to trying to calculate TFP in some manufacturing industries subsector, in this study also wants to see the value of technical efficiency and the growth of the technology is a component of TFP calculations by the method of Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). The results show that there is growing value of technical efficiency in some industries and most industries experienced relatively low growth of the technology. In the era before and after the crisis most of the industry has increased TFP growth but some industry decreased TFP growth. Keywords: SFA, Technical efficiency, Technological growth, TFP

Village Leaders, Dual Brokerage and Political Order in Rural China

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Xi Chen ◽  
Jingping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rural China ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Rural Politics ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Force ◽  
Changing Role

Abstract Drawing on an ethnographic study in two counties in Hunan province, this article explores how political brokerage has contributed to political order in China by facilitating contentious and non-contentious bargaining between the government and ordinary people. To account for the changing role of village leaders in rural politics, the article develops a concept of dual brokerage. This concept not only recognizes formal and informal linkages between village leaders and the two principals – the government and the community of villagers – but also underscores the interactivity between the linkages. We contend that despite the tensions between village leaders’ roles as state agents and as village representatives, these two roles in the reform era tend to be mutually beneficial. Under such an institutional configuration, village leaders in China in the reform era have strong incentives to act as dual agents and can make policy implementation more flexible and the use of state force more moderate. A comparison between the trilateral interactions before and after the tax reform in 2005 confirms that whether village leaders can effectively act as dual agents has a significant impact on the quality of rural governance in China.

scholarly journals EFISIENSI TEKNIS, PERTUMBUHAN TEKNOLOGI DAN TOTAL FAKTOR PRODUKTIVITAS PADA INDUSTRI MENENGAH DAN BESAR DI INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fazri ◽  
Hermanto Siregar ◽  
Nunung Nuryartono
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Tfp Growth ◽  
Technological Growth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Indonesia's economic growth this decade has good development. Not only growing but also more stable than before the reform era which is visible from the persistence of Indonesia at the level of positive growth during the economic crisis of 2008. Growth was good was followed by a change in the proportion of manufacturing industry in Indonesia which, if seen followed by a decrease in the production of some subsector indices industry. Total factor productivity (TFP) is one measure to look at other factors apart from the impact on production inputs such as technical efficiency and technological growth. In this study, in addition to trying to calculate TFP in some manufacturing industries subsector, in this study also wants to see the value of technical efficiency and the growth of the technology is a component of TFP calculations by the method of Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). The results show that there is growing value of technical efficiency in some industries and most industries experienced relatively low growth of the technology. In the era before and after the crisis most of the industry has increased TFP growth but some industry decreased TFP growth. Keywords: SFA, Technical efficiency, Technological growth, TFP

scholarly journals DINAMIKA HUKUM PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH MENUJU PROSES DEMOKRASI DALAM OTONOMI DAERAH

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Diana Yusyanti
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Local Election ◽  
Direct Election ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Regional Leaders

Dinamika hukum pemilihan Kepala diawali pada masa orde baru dengan model demokrasi perwakilan (DPRD) yang dilaksanakan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1974. Pada masa orde baru pemerintahan Daerah lebih bersifat sentralistik, sehingga demokrasi tidak berkembang. Pada masa reformasi, Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah dipilih secara langsung yang mulanya diatur oleh Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 sebagai awal Otonomi Daerah diberlakukan secara luas, kemudian diteruskan dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 sehingga Otonomi Daerah menjadi desentralistik dan demokrasipun mulai berkembang meskipun dalam pelaksanaan pemilihan Kepala Daerah masih banyak terjadi konflik di beberapa daerah. Pada saat ini sudah ada Undang-Undang yang terbaru yaitu Undang- Undang 23 Tahun 2014 dimana Kepala Daerah dipilih secara langsung tapi tidak satu paket dengan Wakil Kepala Daerah yang dipilih oleh Kepala Daerah. Dengan metode yuridis normatif, penulis akan menguraikan dinamika pemilihan Kepala Daerah sebelum maupun sesudah diberlakukannya Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 dan mengapa banyak terjadi konflik. Pada prinsipnya Pemilihan Kepala Daerah secara langsung merupakan jalan masuk bagi demokrasi politik di daerah dan memberikan kesempatan kepada rakyat memilih pimpinan daerah secara objektif. Dengan perbaikan pada penyelenggaraan pemilihan Kepala Daerah dan perlunya pendekatan sosial, budaya politik dan budaya hukum yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi konflik yang seringkali terjadi.<p>Dynamic of law on local election for regional leaders began in the ’Orde Baru’ era with the model of representative democracy (parliament) which was implemented by Law No. 5 of 1974. In the ’Orde Baru’ era, Regional government is more centralized, so that the democracy did not thrive. In the Reform Era, the electoral system for regional leaders and vice of regional leaders changed to direct election according to Law No. 22 of 1999 as the beginning of the Regional Autonomy System widely implemented, and continued with the Law No. 32 of 2004 so the Regional Autonomy System become decentralized and that democracy began to flourish despite there are still a lot of conflicts in some areas refering to the implementation of the local election for regional leaders. Now there is Law No. 23 of 2014 which said that Regional Leaders are elected directly but not as a single package with vice of regional leaders whom they will be chosen by the Regional Leaders itself. Using a normative juridical approach the writer would like to elaborate the dynamic process in the electoral system of regional leaders before and after the implementation of Law No.32 of 2004 and why there are some conflicts. It can be said that the direct local election of regional leaders is an entry point for democracy politics in regions and it also gives people a chance to vote their own leader. The improvement in the conduct of local election for regional leaders and the approach in social, cultural politics and legal culture are needed in order to reduce conflicts in some areas.</p>

Deformation Replication

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Rake Face ◽  
Orthogonal Machining ◽  
Aluminum Chips ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Glass Knife ◽  
Very High

Tool materials used in ultramicrotomy are glass, developed by Latta and Hartmann (1) and diamond, introduced by Fernandez-Moran (2). While diamonds produce more good sections per knife edge than glass, they are expensive; require careful mounting and handling; and are time consuming to clean before and after usage, purchase from vendors (3-6 months waiting time), and regrind. Glass offers an easily accessible, inexpensive material ($0.04 per knife) with very high compressive strength (3) that can be employed in microtomy of metals (4) as well as biological materials. When the orthogonal machining process is being studied, glass offers additional advantages. Sections of metal or plastic can be dried down on the rake face, coated with Au-Pd, and examined directly in the SEM with no additional handling (5). Figure 1 shows aluminum chips microtomed with a 75° glass knife at a cutting speed of 1 mm/sec with a depth of cut of 1000 Å lying on the rake face of the knife.

The Clinical, Roentgenological and Morphological Effects of an Acute Exposure of Phosgene on the Lungs of Dogs

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
R. F. Bils ◽  
W. F. Diller ◽  
F. Huth
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Phosgene still plays an important role as a toxic substance in the chemical industry. Thiess (1968) recently reported observations on numerous cases of phosgene poisoning. A serious difficulty in the clinical handling of phosgene poisoning cases is a relatively long latent period, up to 12 hours, with no obvious signs of severity. At about 12 hours heavy lung edema appears suddenly, however changes can be seen in routine X-rays taken after only a few hours' exposure (Diller et al., 1969). This study was undertaken to correlate these early changes seen by the roengenologist with morphological alterations in the lungs seen in the'light and electron microscopes.Forty-two adult male and female Beagle dogs were selected for these exposure experiments. Treated animals were exposed to 94.5-107-5 ppm phosgene for 10 min. in a 15 m3 chamber. Roentgenograms were made of the thorax of each animal before and after exposure, up to 24 hrs.

Ultrastructure of Melanin Formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera Sorokiniana

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 398-399
Author(s):  
M. H. Wheeler ◽  
W. J. Tolmsoff ◽  
A. A. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Potassium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Electron Transmission ◽  
Melanin Formation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Electron Transmission Microscopy

(+)-Scytalone [3,4-dihydro-3,6,8-trihydroxy-l-(2Hj-naphthalenone] and 1,8-di- hydroxynaphthalene (DHN) have been proposed as intermediates of melanin synthesis in the fungi Verticillium dahliae (1, 2, 3, 4) and Thielaviopsis basicola (4, 5). Scytalone is enzymatically dehydrated by V. dahliae to 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene which is then reduced to (-)-vermelone [(-)-3,4- dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone]. Vermelone is subsequently dehydrated to DHN which is enzymatically polymerized to melanin.Melanin formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera soro- kiniana was examined by light and electron-transmission microscopy. Wild-type isolates of each fungus were compared with albino mutants before and after treatment with 1 mM scytalone or 0.1 mM DHN in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Both chemicals were converted to dark pigments in the walls of hyphae and conidia of the albino mutants. The darkened cells were similar in appearance to corresponding cells of the wild types under the light microscope.

Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Materials ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

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