scholarly journals Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism in Chickens

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-131
Author(s):  
Wenliang He ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Guoyao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Poultry Diets ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Ruminant Meat

AbstractBoth poultry meat and eggs provide high-quality animal protein [containing sufficient amounts and proper ratios of amino acids (AAs)] for human consumption and, therefore, play an important role in the growth, development, and health of all individuals. Because there are growing concerns about the suboptimal efficiencies of poultry production and its impact on environmental sustainability, much attention has been paid to the formulation of low-protein diets and precision nutrition through the addition of low-cost crystalline AAs or alternative sources of animal-protein feedstuffs. This necessitates a better understanding of AA nutrition and metabolism in chickens. Although historic nutrition research has focused on nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) that are not synthesized or are inadequately synthesized in the body, increasing evidence shows that the traditionally classified nutritionally nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), such as glutamine and glutamate, have physiological and regulatory roles other than protein synthesis in chicken growth and egg production. In addition, like other avian species, chickens do not synthesize adequately glycine or proline (the most abundant AAs in the body but present in plant-source feedstuffs at low content) relative to their nutritional and physiological needs. Therefore, these two AAs must be sufficient in poultry diets. Animal proteins (including ruminant meat & bone meal and hydrolyzed feather meal) are abundant sources of both glycine and proline in chicken nutrition. Clearly, chickens (including broilers and laying hens) have dietary requirements for all proteinogenic AAs to achieve their maximum productivity and maintain optimum health particularly under adverse conditions such as heat stress and disease. This is a paradigm shift in poultry nutrition from the 70-year-old “ideal protein” concept that concerned only about EAAs to the focus of functional AAs that include both EAAs and NEAAs.

scholarly journals The possibilities of alternative protein use in animal nutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 854 (1) ◽  
pp. 012026
Author(s):  
O Djuragic ◽  
S Rakita ◽  
D Dragojlovic
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Poultry Diets ◽  
Alternative Sources

Abstract The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts there will not be enough food for human and animal nutrition until 2050. Global demand for animal protein for human consumption is increasing, and this consequently increases the price of these ingredients. This will open several challenges to provide enough animal feed. In the European Union, the use of processed animal proteins in pig and poultry diets is prohibited due to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) legislation, while globally, the land availability for soy cultivation is limited. The European food market is dependent on huge import of soybean, which is the main source of valuable proteins and one of the main ingredients in feeds. Feed ingredients must not contain antinutritive factors that would adversely affect animal production and must have an acceptable price. Some of the alternative plant sources of protein are fava beans, peas, lentils, hemp, different grain seeds, etc. To find alternative sources of protein of animal origin scientists are increasingly investigating the use of worm, snail or grasshopper meals and also marine organisms, usually algae, shells or starfish. Single cell proteins are a specific kind of protein from different microbial sources, including microalgae, yeast, fungi, and bacteria.

scholarly journals Metabolic effects of iodine in poultry for its deficiency or excess in the diet

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Hunchak ◽  
I. B. Ratych ◽  
B. V. Gutyj ◽  
H. A. Paskevych
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Poultry Diets ◽  
The Impact

The article is a generalization of the literature on the impact fn the iodine om  a birds, depending on the amount in the diet. In particular, we show that lack of iodine in the body of animals with food and water leads to metabolic disorders, the development of organs and body systems, weakening the function of the reproductive organs and the body's resistance to infection, resulting disruption of the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency is characterized by the development of secondary immunodeficiency, which manifests a high propensity to disease. This weak immune response correlated with impaired thyroid function. The absorption of bioelements may affect the availability of natural feed goitrogenes. However, it is shown that an excess of cobalt, iron, boron, manganese poultry diets may correlate with the biosynthesis of thyroid and promote the development of endemic goiter. Noted features integrated application of iodine with other trace elements, as well as the need for admission with food vitamin A. From the standpoint of modern scientific research proved that the metabolism of iodine and selenium are closely related and can affect each other manifestations of deficiency of essential bioelements. Shown that excess of iodine in laying hens, reduced their egg production and average egg weight in breeding poultry hatching degrade the quality of the eggs. Permanent, but reduced vitellogenesis that continues for a period of excess consumption of iodine and inhibiting ovulation is associated with the formation of progesterone violation largest follicle, resulting in blocked signal for preovulatory allocation of luteinizing hormone, which leads to the cessation of egg. Excess iodine in the diet inhibits puberty young male and female  birds. Thus, there is a reverse chronological relationship between feeding forages with high iodine content and the expected time of puberty. According to a toxic level of iodine in the diet, the liver bird aminotransferase increased activity and blood – alkaline phosphatase, decreased phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Thus, the deficit and surplus iodine leads to metabolic disorders, reproductive functions of animals and birds and lost productivity.

scholarly journals 251 Oxidation of energy substrates in tissues of Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 68-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyu Li ◽  
Guoyao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Bicarbonate Buffer ◽  
Energy Substrates ◽  
Atp Production

Abstract Because of growing interest in producing Largemouth bass (HMB) as a source of high-quality protein for human consumption worldwide, it is imperative to understand the metabolism of nutrients (including amino acids and carbohydrate) in this aquatic animal. The present study tested the hypothesis that amino acids are oxidized at a higher rate than carbohydrates (e.g., glucose) and fatty acids (e.g., palmitate) to provide ATP for tissues of LMB fed a 45%-crude protein diet. The liver, intestine, kidney, and skeletal muscle were isolated from juvenile LMB and incubated at 26 °C (the body temperature of LMB) for 2 h in 1 ml of oxygenated Krebs–Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) containing a mixture of nutrients (2 mM glutamate, 2 mM glutamine, 2 mM aspartate, 2 mM alanine, 2 mM leucine, 5 mM glucose, and 2 mM palmitate). The rate of oxidation of each energy substrate was determined by using [U-14C]-labeled glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, alanine, leucine, glucose, or palmitate and collecting 14CO2 from each tracer. Results indicated that aspartate, glutamate and glutamine were extensively oxidized in all the four tissues and contributed to 67% of total ATP production. Glutamate contributed to more ATP than glutamine in the intestine, whereas similar amounts of ATP were produced from glutamate and glutamine in the liver, kidneys and skeletal muscle. In all the four tissues, rates of oxidation of alanine, leucine, palmitate and glucose were low and each of those nutrients contributed to < 10% of total ATP production. Together, the oxidation of aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, alanine plus leucine provided 82–85% of total ATP for the liver, intestine, kidney, and skeletal muscle. We conclude that amino acids, rather than glucose and long-chain fatty acids, are the primary energy substrates in the major tissues of Largemouth bass.

scholarly journals Honeybee and Plant Products as Natural Antimicrobials in Enhancement of Poultry Health and Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8467
Author(s):  
Erinda Lika ◽  
Marija Kostić ◽  
Sunčica Vještica ◽  
Ivan Milojević ◽  
Nikola Puvača
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Botanical Products ◽  
Poultry Diets

The quality and safety attributes of poultry products have attracted increasing widespread attention and interest from scholarly groups and the general population. As natural and safe alternatives to synthetic and artificial chemical drugs (e.g., antibiotics), botanical products are recently being used in poultry farms more than 60% of the time for producing organic products. Medicinal plants, and honeybee products, are natural substances, and they were added to poultry diets in a small amount (between 1% and 3%) as a source of nutrition and to provide health benefits for poultry. In addition, they have several biological functions in the poultry body and may help to enhance their welfare. These supplements can increase the bodyweight of broilers and the egg production of laying hens by approximately 7% and 10% and enhance meat and egg quality by more than 25%. Moreover, they can improve rooster semen quality by an average of 20%. Previous research on the main biological activities performed by biotics has shown that most research only concentrated on the notion of using botanical products as growth promoters, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agents. In the current review, the critical effects and functions of bee products and botanicals are explored as natural and safe alternative feed additives in poultry production, such as antioxidants, sexual-stimulants, immuno-stimulants, and for producing healthy products.

scholarly journals Sex and gender differences in nutrition research: considerations with the transgender and gender nonconforming population

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney Linsenmeyer ◽  
Jennifer Waters
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Nutrition Interventions ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
And Gender

AbstractA sex- and gender-informed approach to study design, analysis and reporting has particular relevance to the transgender and gender nonconforming population (TGNC) where sex and gender identity differ. Notable research gaps persist related to dietary intake, validity and reliability of nutrition assessment methods, and nutrition interventions with TGNC populations. This is due in part to the conflation of sex and gender into one binary category (male or female) in many nutrition surveillance programs worldwide. Adoption of the Sex and Gender Equity In Research (SAGER) guidelines and the two-step method of querying sex and gender has the potential to exponentially increase the body of research related to TGNC health.

scholarly journals Biochemical approaches for nutritional support of skeletal muscle protein metabolism during sepsis

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Vary ◽  
Christopher J. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Catabolic State ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Induced Defects

Sepsis initiates a unique series of modifications in the homeostasis of N metabolism and profoundly alters the integration of inter-organ cooperatively in the overall N and energy economy of the host. The net effect of these alterations is an overall N catabolic state, which seriously compromises recovery and is semi-refractory to treatment with current therapies. These alterations lead to a functional redistribution of N (amino acids and proteins) and substrate metabolism among injured tissues and major body organs. The redistribution of amino acids and proteins results in a quantitative reordering of the usual pathways of C and N flow within and among regions of the body with a resultant depletion of the required substrates and cofactors in important organs. The metabolic response to sepsis is a highly integrated, complex series of reactions. To understand the regulation of the response to sepsis, a comprehensive, integrated analysis of the fundamental physiological relationships of key metabolic pathways and mechanisms in sepsis is essential. The catabolism of skeletal muscles, which is manifested by an increase in protein degradation and a decrease in synthesis, persists despite state-of-the-art nutritional care. Much effort has focused on the modulation of the overall amount of nutrients given to septic patients in a hope to improve efficiencies in utilisation and N economies, rather than the support of specific end-organ targets. The present review examines current understanding of the processes affected by sepsis and testable means to circumvent the sepsis-induced defects in protein synthesis in skeletal muscle through increasing provision of amino acids (leucine, glutamine, or arginine) that in turn act as nutrient signals to regulate a number of cellular processes.

scholarly journals The nutritional use of millet grain for food and feed: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. M. Hassan ◽  
N. A. Sebola ◽  
M. Mabelebele
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The Body ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
High Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractWorldwide, millets are regarded as a significant grain, however, they are the least exploited. Millet grain is abundant in nutrients and health-beneficial phenolic compounds, making it suitable as food and feed. The diverse content of nutrients and phenolic compounds present in finger and pearl millet are good indicators that the variety of millet available is important when selecting it for use as food or feed. The phenolic properties found in millets compromise phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, which are beneficial to human health. Moreover, finger millet has an exceptionally unique, more abundant, and diverse phenolic profile compared to pearl millet. Research has shown that millet phenolic properties have high antioxidant activity. The presence of phytochemicals in millet grains has positive effect on human health by lowering the cholesterol and phytates in the body. The frantic demands on maize and its uses in multiple industries have merited the search for alternative grains, to ease the pressure. Substitution of maize with pearl and finger millets in the diets of different animals resulted in positive impact on the performance. Including these grains in the diet may improve health and decrease the risks of diseases. Pearl millet of 50% or more can be used in broiler diets without adversely affecting broiler performance or egg production. Of late, millet grain has been incorporated in other foods and used to make traditional beverages. Thus, the core aim of this review is to provide insight and comprehension about the nutritional and phenolic status of millets and their impact on human and livestock.

Amino Acids Profiling in Fruit Juices by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 2756-2767
Author(s):  
Vijaya Vemani ◽  
Mounika P ◽  
Poulami Das ◽  
Anand Kumar Tengli
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Analytical Approaches

In the preservation of normal physiological functions, the building blocks of the body called amino acids play a crucial role. A number of valuable and nutritional phytoconstituents are contained in fruit juices, such as vitamins, minerals, microelements, organic acids, antioxidants, flavonoids, amino acids and other components. Due to the growing population and demand, the quality of fruit juices is decreasing. One of the unethical and harmful practices called adulteration or food fraudulence has been adopted by most food and beverage industries. The amino acids which is one of the most important phytochemicals of fruit and fruit juices which affects the organoleptic properties like color, odor, and taste of juices and also helps in authenticity process from governing bodies by providing total amino acid content. Consequently, the main aim of the present review work is to provide information regarding the importance of amino acids, how they are adulterated, the potential analytical approach to detected amino acids and which methods are generally accepted method by the food industries. According to the literature review, we presume that reverse phased high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization was the most adopted method for quality checking due to its advantages over other old and recent analytical approaches like simple, rapid, cost-effective nature, less / no sample matrix effect with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision.

The influence of nutrition on egg-production and longevity in unmated female body-lice (Pediculus humanus corporis: Anoplura)

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Haddow
Keyword(s):  
Female Body ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unmated Female ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Lice

1. Isolated unmated female body-lice were worn in pillboxes between the skin and the clothes. They were kept constantly on the body but, by a simple device, groups of ten were permitted feeding periods of different length. These groups were fed for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. per day respectively. Another group of ten were never allowed to feed after the last moult.2. Some of the figures for egg yield were high. Lice in the 24 hr. group were able to maintain a rate of ten eggs per day for 4−5 days at a time.3. No significant difference in longevity or rate of egg-laying was found to exist between the 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. groups nor between the 4 and 8 hr. groups but a pronounced and significant difference exists between the 8 and 12 hr. groups. Below 12 hr. there is a sharp fall in longevity and rate of egg production. The unfed group all died, without laying, on the third day.4. The rate of laying as shown by the mode increases progressively with increase in time allowed daily for feeding.5. With regard to the mean eggs per louse the position is less clear. It is felt that the 24 hr. group may differ significantly from the 12, 16 and 20 hr. groups but this is uncertain.

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