Public Safety and Home Defence: The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) and Central Government Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-125
Author(s):  
Michael Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Central Government

scholarly journals The Complexity of Drug Consumption Room Policy and Progress in Finland

2021 ◽  
pp. 009145092110025
Author(s):  
Ali Unlu ◽  
Fatih Demiroz ◽  
Tuukka Tammi ◽  
Pekka Hakkarainen
Keyword(s):  
Complexity Theory ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
People Who Use Drugs ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Moral Frameworks ◽  
Drug Consumption Room

Drug consumption rooms (DCRs) have been established to reach high-risk people who use drugs (PWUDs) and reduce drug-associated harm. Despite effectiveness, their establishment requires strong advocacy and efforts since moral perspectives tend to prevail over health outcomes in many countries. DCRs have generally emerged as a local response to inadequate central government policy. Likewise, the initiative of the Municipality of Helsinki in 2018 opened up a discussion between central government, society, and local actors in Finland. This would be the first DCR in Finland, which makes the policy process and the progress of the initiative interesting for analysis. In this article, the identification of agents, structures of interactions, environmental challenges, and policy opportunities are analyzed within the framework of complexity theory. Our results show that the initiative faces policy barriers that have mainly arisen from the conceptualization of DCRs in moral frameworks that result in the prolongation of political and professional actors to take a position on DCRs.

Jacksonian Consular Reform and the Forging of America’s First Global Bureaucracy

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-428
Author(s):  
SIMEON ANDONOV SIMEONOV
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South America ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
National Character ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
The Us ◽  
Professional Bureaucracy

AbstractAs revolutions swept across Central and South America in the 1820s and 1830s, Andrew Jackson’s administration undertook a landmark reform that transformed the US foreign policy apparatus into the nation’s first global bureaucracy. With the introduction of Edward Livingston’s 1833 consular reform bill to Congress, the nation embarked on a long path toward the modernization of its consular service in line with the powers of Europe and the new American republics. Despite the popularity of Livingston’s plan to turn a dated US consular service comprised of mercantile elites into a salaried professional bureaucracy, the Jacksonian consular reform dragged on for more than two decades before the passing of a consular bill in 1856. Contrary to Weberian models positing a straightforward path toward bureaucratization, the trajectory of Jacksonian consular reform demonstrates the power of mercantile elites to resist central government regulation just as much as it highlights how petty partisans—the protégé consuls appointed via the Jacksonian “spoils system”—powerfully shaped government policy to achieve personal advantages. In the constant tug-of-war between merchant-consuls and Jacksonian protégés, both groups mobilized competing visions of the “national character” in their correspondence with the Department of State and in the national press. Ultimately, the Jacksonian reform vision of an egalitarian and loyal consular officialdom prevailed over the old mercantile model of consulship as a promoter of national prestige and commercial expertise, but only after protégé consuls successfully exploited merchant-consuls’ perceived inability to compete with the salaried European officials across the sister-republics of the southwestern hemisphere.

scholarly journals Empowerment of local government in New Zealand: A new model for contemporary local-central relations?

2008 ◽  
pp. 30-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Cheyne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
The Relationship

Since 2000 intergovernmental relations in New Zealand have been evolving rapidly as a result of a significant shift in government policy discourse towards a strong central-local government partnership. New statutory provisions empowering local government to promote social, economic, environmental and cultural wellbeing have significant implications for the range of activities in which local authorities are engaged. In turn, this has consequences for the relationship between local government and central government. The effectiveness of the new empowerment and the prospects for further strengthening of the role of local government are critically examined. Despite some on-going tensions, and an inevitable mismatch in the balance of power between central and local government, it is argued that there is a discernible rebalancing of intergovernmental relations as a result of new legislation and central government policy settings which reflect a ‘localist turn’. On the basis of developments since 2000 it may be argued that the New Zealand system of local government is evolving away from the recognised ‘Anglo’ model. However, further consolidation is needed in the transformation of intergovernmental relations and mechanisms that will cement a more genuine central-local government partnership.

The Steady Advance of Wal-Mart across Europe and Changing Government Attitudes towards Planning and Competition

10.1068/c20m ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Hallsworth ◽  
David Evers
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Agent Of Change ◽  
The Eu

Aggressive internationalisation activities by global retailers frequently encounter, in addition to responses from indigenous rivals, the regulatory mechanisms of the governments of host or target nations. However, these public regulatory mechanisms are themselves in a state of flux, often as a function of internal conflict between government policy sectors. Internationalisation itself is also an agent of change and we illustrate this using the example of retail regulatory systems in Britain and the Netherlands at the time of Wal-Mart's entry into the EU. In both countries, an ambivalent stance by the central government was evidenced by the publication of reports by planning authorities and investigations by competition authorities.

Labourers are Revolting: Penalising the Poor and a Political Reaction in the Brixworth Union, Northamptonshire, 1875–1885

Rural History ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth T. Hurren
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Political Reaction ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Medical Wards ◽  
Guide Lines

Throughout the nineteenth century one of the main issues that preoccupied central government policy-makers was how poverty should be dealt with, in order to reduce poor relief expenditure. The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, as Karel Williams argues, aimed to introduce a general rule against out-door relief by substituting instead a workhouse test that sought to deter paupers with its axiom of ‘less eligibility’. In practice, as Williams explains, regulations only stipulated that a workhouse test was to be strictly applied in the case of able-bodied male applicants and this gave unions the discretion to award out-door relief to other types of pauper. For example a number of unions continued to grant small out-door relief allowances to the aged, widows and infirm on medical out-door relief orders. Others found that it was not possible to follow poor relief guide-lines because they did not have the workhouse capacity to relieve all pauper applicants before the 1860s. This was because a comprehensive administrative infrastructure was not put in place in most unions until after the passing of the Union Chargeability Act of 1865. Once workhouse capacity had been improved with the creation of dispensaries and new medical wards, central government expected out-door poor relief expenditure to decrease. Consequently, in 1870 concern was expressed when they calculated that only 15 per cent of paupers were relieved within workhouses. A new discourse on the causes of poverty, as outlined by organisations such as the Charity Organisation Society, demanded that stricter poor relief regulations should be implemented.

scholarly journals HARMONISASI PENGATURAN PAJAK DAERAH DALAM KERANGKA DESENTRALISASI FISKAL DAN OTONOMI DAERAH (studi Kabupaten Sukoharjo, Kota Surakarta, dan Kabupaten karanganyar)

2015 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achmad , ◽  
Suranto , ◽  
Pujiyono ,
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Local Taxes ◽  
Data Collecting

<h4>Abstract</h4> <p><strong><em> </em></strong></p> <p><em>Knowing the harmonization level of regional taxes legislation in Sukoharjo, Surakarta, and Karanganyar district with the act of regional tax and retribution is the aim of this research. This is normatif and empirical research. Literature studies, interviews, and observations used as data collecting instruments. The collected data drafted and analyzed systematically using qualitative methods. Data presented by deductive inductive thought (general-specific) and then find out for the logical relationships between related aspects. This research revealed that: First, the Central Government Policy through the regional tax and retribution act No. 28 of 2009, makes the design of local taxes more organized and well arrangement. Second, there has been a harmonization of the policy formation of district legislation with the act of regional tax and retribution in three district. Without violating the limits defined by the Act, the type and the rates of the taxes determined varied according to the conditions of each region</em><em> </em></p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Harmonization, decentralization, regional tax.</em><em> </em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <h3>Abstrak</h3> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui taraf harmonisasi Peraturan Perundang-undangan Pajak Daerah di Kabupaten Sukoharjo, Kota Surakarta dan kabupaten Karanganyar dengan Undang-Undang Pajak Daerah dan retribusi Daerah. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan secara normatif sekaligus empiris. Instrumen pengumpul data menggunakan studi kepustakaan, wawancara, dan observasi. Data yang terkumpul disusun dan dianalisis secara sistematis dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Penyajian data dilakukan dengan menggunakan logika deduktif-induktif (umum-khusus) dan kemudian dicari hubungan logis diantara aspek-aspek yang berhubungan. Hasil penelitian ini antara lain : Pertama, Kebijakan Pemerintah Pusat dalam mengatur Pajak Daerah melalui UU No 28 Tahun 2009 tentang Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah, membuat desain penataan pajak daerah lebih tertata dan teratur. Kedua, telah terjadi harmonisasi kebijakan pembentukkan Peraturan Daerah ditiga kabupaten/kota dengan Undang-Undang Pajak dan retribusi Daerah. Penentuan jenis dan tarif pajak dirumuskan secara variatif/ beragam disesuaikan dengan kondisi daerah masing-masing tanpa melanggar batasan yang telah ditentukan oleh UU.</p> <p><strong>Kata Kunci : </strong>Harmonisasi, desentralisasi, Pajak daerah</p>

scholarly journals Literasi Masyarakat dan Pengentasan Buta Aksara: Kebijakan Pemerintah dalam Merealisasikan SDGs Quality Education di Kabupaten Sumenep

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Wilda Rasaili
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
The People ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
District Government ◽  
Life Education ◽  
Educational Aspect

The alleviation of illiteracy in Indonesia has been performed by the central government through the district government policy. In this study will be performed a research about the alleviation of illiteracy in Sumenep district by using paradigm of SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) in quality educational aspect and skill life education. This research uses descriptive-qualitative method in collecting and analyzing the data about the alleviation of illiteracy policy that is applied by government in Sumenep district. The Sumenep district government policy becomes a basic part in advancing the society, includes the policy in education aspect. One of the Sumenep district’s policies in education aspect includes an initiation in convincing the society through the alleviation of illiteracy for poor people. This research gets a conclusion that alleviation of illiteracy was performed by Sumenep district government in order the people get the quality education for their development in literary aspect (reading and writing) and to support their future that is faced to the technology world more advanced and more advanced, this becomes an indicator of prevailed policy.

Enshrining a Constitutional Privilege

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Public Safety ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Habeas Corpus ◽  
Constitutional Convention ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Suspension Model ◽  
First Time ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. Constitution that emerged from the Constitutional Convention in 1787 created a stronger central government than had existed under the Articles of Confederation and for the first time established national courts. It also included the Suspension Clause, which provided: “The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” As explored in this chapter, a wealth of evidence from the Founding period demonstrates that in the Suspension Clause, the Founding generation sought to constitutionalize the protections associated with the seventh section of the English Habeas Corpus Act and import the English suspension model, while also severely limiting the circumstances when the suspension power could be invoked.

Integrating the Economic and the Social

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Betteley ◽  
David Valler
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Policy Integration ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
Local Government Policy

Since the mid-1990s policy “integration” has become an increasingly salient theme within central government and local government policy-making. In this paper we report survey findings tracing the recent emergence of explicitly “integrated” local economic and social strategies, and the evolving position of ostensibly social themes in local economic strategies. These highlight some of the more important policy and institutional changes that have characterised local economic strategy in the post-Thatcher era. Subsequently, in the light of this initial data we outline a number of possible directions for further research.

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