Craftsmen Versus Designers: The Difference of In-Depth Cognitive Levels at the Early Stage of Idea Generation

Design development is one of the processes in the teaching and learning of industrial design. This process is important during the early stage of ideas before continuing to the next design stage. This study was conducted to investigate the comparison between academic syllabus and industry practices whether these processes are highly dependent on the idea generation and interaction related to the designer or to the student itself. The data were gathered through an observation of industry practice during conceptual design phase, teaching and learning process in academic through Video Protocol Analysis (VPA) method and interviews with industry practitioners via structured and unstructured questionnaires. The data were analysed by using NVivo software in order to formulate the results. The findings may possibly contribute to the teaching and learning processes especially in the improvement of industrial design syllabus in order to meet the industry demands. Keywords: design development, industrial design, industry demands

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Differences in physical symptoms between those with and without kidney disease: a comparative study across disease stages in a UK population

BMC Nephrology ◽

10.1186/s12882-021-02355-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Thomas J. Wilkinson ◽

Daniel G. D. Nixon ◽

Jared Palmer ◽

Courtney J. Lightfoot ◽

Alice C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Early Stage ◽

Symptom Burden ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Physical Symptoms ◽

Disease Trajectory ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Comparative Group ◽

The Difference ◽

Disease Stages

Abstract Background Those living with kidney disease (KD) report extensive symptom burden. However, research into how symptoms change across stages is limited. The aims of this study were to 1) describe symptom burden across disease trajectory, and 2) to explore whether symptom burden is unique to KD when compared to a non-KD population. Methods Participants aged > 18 years with a known diagnosis of KD (including haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)) and with a kidney transplant) completed the Leicester Kidney Symptom Questionnaire (KSQ). A non-KD group was recruited as a comparative group. Multinominal logistic regression modelling was used to test the difference in likelihood of those with KD reporting each symptom. Results In total, 2279 participants were included in the final analysis (age 56.0 (17.8) years, 48% male). The main findings can be summarised as: 1) the number of symptoms increases as KD severity progresses; 2) those with early stage KD have a comparable number of symptoms to those without KD; 3) apart from those receiving PD, the most frequently reported symptom across every other group, including the non-KD group, was ‘feeling tired’; and 4) being female independently increased the likelihood of reporting more symptoms. Conclusions Our findings have important implications for patients with KD. We have shown that high symptom burden is prevalent across the spectrum of disease, and present novel data on symptoms experienced in those without KD. Symptoms requiring the most immediate attention given their high prevalence may include pain and fatigue. Trial registration The study was registered prospectively as ISRCTN11596292.

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P300 and Decision Making under Risk and Ambiguity

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience ◽

10.1155/2015/108417 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Lei Wang ◽

Jiehui Zheng ◽

Shenwei Huang ◽

Haoye Sun

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Early Stage ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

P300 Amplitude ◽

Early Assessment ◽

Decision Making Under Risk ◽

Related Potentials ◽

The Difference ◽

Ambiguous Condition

Our study aims to contrast the neural temporal features of early stage of decision making in the context of risk and ambiguity. In monetary gambles under ambiguous or risky conditions, 12 participants were asked to make a decision to bet or not, with the event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded meantime. The proportion of choosing to bet in ambiguous condition was significantly lower than that in risky condition. An ERP component identified as P300 was found. The P300 amplitude elicited in risky condition was significantly larger than that in ambiguous condition. The lower bet rate in ambiguous condition and the smaller P300 amplitude elicited by ambiguous stimuli revealed that people showed much more aversion in the ambiguous condition than in the risky condition. The ERP results may suggest that decision making under ambiguity occupies higher working memory and recalls more past experience while decision making under risk mainly mobilizes attentional resources to calculate current information. These findings extended the current understanding of underlying mechanism for early assessment stage of decision making and explored the difference between the decision making under risk and ambiguity.

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Serum CYR61 As A Potential Biomarker for The Diagnosis of Esophagogastric Junction Tumor

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20204117 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ling-Yu Chu ◽

Jian-Yuan Zhou ◽

Yi-Xuan Zhao ◽

Yan-Ting Ou ◽

Tian Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

Tumor Patients ◽

Chi Square ◽

Potential Biomarker ◽

The Difference ◽

Normal Controls

Background：Esophagogastric junction tumor (EGJ) is a rare but fatal disease with a rapid rising incidence worldwide in the late 20 years, and it lacks a convenient and safe method for diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of serum CYR61 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of EGJ tumor. Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to estimate CYR61 levels in sera of 152 EGJ tumor patients and 137 normal controls. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy. The Mann–Whitney’s U test was used to compare the difference of serum levels of CYR61 between groups. And chi-square tests were employed to estimate the correlation of the positive rate of serum CYR61 between/among subgroups. Results: Serum CYR61 levels were statistically lower in EGJ tumor and early-stage EGJ tumor patients than those in normal controls (P<0.0001). The sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve (AUC) of this biomarker in EGJ tumor were 88.2%, 43.8% and 0.691, respectively, and those for early stage of EGJ tumor were 80.0%, 66.4% and 0.722, respectively. Analyses showed that there was no correlation between the clinical data and the levels of CYR61 (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that CYR61 might be a potential biomarker to assist the diagnosis of EGJ tumor.

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Fluorescence-Labeled Amyloid Beta Monomer: A Molecular Dynamical Study

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25153524 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (15) ◽

pp. 3524

Author(s):

János Gera ◽

Gábor Paragi

Keyword(s):

Single Molecule ◽

Early Stage ◽

Conformational Space ◽

Dynamic Simulations ◽

Dynamical Study ◽

Fluorescence Dye ◽

Aβ Aggregation ◽

The Difference ◽

Open Question ◽

The Impact

The aggregation process of the Amyloidβ (Aβ) peptide is one of the central questions in Alzheimers’s research. Fluorescence-labeled single-molecule detection is a novel technique concerning the early stage investigation of Aβ aggregation, where the labeling dyes are covalently bound to the Aβ monomer. As the influence of the dye on the conformational space of the Aβ monomer can be significant, its effect on the seeding process is an open question. The applied fluorescent molecule continuously switches between an active (ON) and an inactive (OFF) state, where the latter supports an extra rotational restriction at many commercially available dyes. However, only a few theoretical studies simulated the Aβ monomer in the presence of a dye and none of them considered the difference between the ON and the OFF states. Therefore, we examined the impact of a selected fluorescence dye (Alexa 568) on the conformational space of the monomeric Aβ(1–42) peptide in its ON and OFF state by replica exchange molecular dynamic simulations. Investigations on secondary structure elements as well as dye-peptide contact analysis for the monomers are presented. Experimental and theoretical NMR shifts were contrasted to qualify the calculation protocol and theoretical values of the labeled and the non-labeled peptide were also compared. We found that the first five residues have higher helical propensity in the presence of the dye, and electrostatic properties could strongly affect the connection between the dye and the peptide parts.

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Requirements for Electric Machine Design based on Operating Points from Real Driving Data in Cities

World Electric Vehicle Journal ◽

10.3390/wevj10040060 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

Svenja Kalt ◽

Lucas Brenner ◽

Markus Lienkamp

Keyword(s):

Time Pressure ◽

Early Stage ◽

Driving Cycle ◽

Driving Cycles ◽

New Concepts ◽

The Difference ◽

Electric Machine Design ◽

The Impact ◽

Operating Points

Increasing environmental awareness leads to the necessity for more efficient powertrains in the future. However, the development of new vehicle concepts generates a trend towards ever shorter development cycles. Therefore, new concepts must be tested and validated at an early stage in order to meet the increasing time pressure. This requires the determination of real driving data in fleet tests in order to generate realistic driving cycles, which correspond as closely as possible to the actual driving behavior of the applications use case. Within the scope of this paper, real driving data are analyzed and used to create a representative driving cycle. The resulting driving cycle based on real driving characteristics is then used to investigate the impact of application-based design for powertrains on the design of electric machines, by illustrating the difference between synthetic operating points and real driving data.

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Dynamic Analysis and Security Characteristics of Carrier-Based Aircraft Arresting in Yaw Condition

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10041253 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 1253

Author(s):

Yiming Peng ◽

Pengpeng Xie ◽

Xiaohui Wei ◽

Hong Nie

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Early Stage ◽

Dynamic Properties ◽

Wave Model ◽

The United States ◽

Us Military ◽

Load Fluctuation ◽

Kink Wave ◽

The Difference ◽

Yaw Angle

In order to research the safety characteristics of carrier-based aircraft in yaw arrest, a complete dynamic model of the arresting system of a certain type of aircraft was developed to understand more about its dynamic properties. Based on the discrete kink-wave model, a simulation of centering arrest was conducted. The simulation results were compared with experimental data from the United States (US) military standards, demonstrating that the basic changing laws are almost the same. On the basis of centering arrest, a simulation of yaw arrest was carried out. The results show that in yaw state, the difference in the lengths of the arresting cables on either side of the hook is smaller in the early stage after the hook hangs on the rope, which leads to little influence on load fluctuation produced by the kink-wave. With the increase in arresting distance, the difference in the lengths of the arresting cables on either side becomes larger, resulting in a situation in which the cable tension on the departure side will gradually become greater than that on the opposite side. In this situation, yaw landing has a negative impact on the characteristics of arresting safety, and the excessive yaw angle causes the aircraft to rush out of the safe landing area.

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The influence of temperature on the tension developed in an isometric twitch

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1951.0028 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 138 (892) ◽

pp. 349-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Muscular Contraction ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Maximum Tension ◽

Velocity Of Shortening ◽

Influence Of Temperature On ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

The Difference ◽

Isometric Twitch ◽

The One

In muscular contraction the development of tension requires that the contractile component should shorten and stretch the series elastic component. In an isometric twitch the maximum tension is reached as a balance between two opposing processes, internal shortening on the one hand and decay of the active state (relaxation) on the other. The fact that the maximum tension in a twitch is considerably less than in a tetanus has been attributed to oncoming relaxation allowing insufficient time for internal shortening to be completed. The maximum tension in a twitch is considerably reduced by a rise of temperature, while that in a tetanus is somewhat increased. This would require that the temperature coefficient of the velocity of shortening should be substantially less than that of the decay of activity. Evidence for this exists. On this view the effect of a quick stretch, applied during the early stage of a twitch, in increasing the tension ratio, stretch/isometric, should be much greater at a higher temperature. This expectation is confirmed on frogs’ muscles over the range 0 to 20°C. The effect of temperature, therefore, on the size of a twitch can be attributed to the difference between the temperature coefficients of velocity of shortening and rate of relaxation.

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Look Before You Leap (A): Considering a Job Offer With an Early-Stage Company

Kellogg School of Management Cases ◽

10.1108/case.kellogg.2016.000185 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Steven Rogers ◽

Sachin Waikar ◽

Scott T. Whitaker

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

High Growth ◽

Point Of View ◽

Entrepreneurial Firm ◽

Start Up ◽

Management Responsibility ◽

Base Salary ◽

The Difference ◽

To Come ◽

Real Person

In the fall of 2007 a senior director of product marketing at Qwest in Denver, Colorado, gets an offer to work for an entrepreneurial high-growth venture. The vision is for greater wealth, accelerated business opportunity, more thrill on the job, and faster path to leadership by pursuing a position with a start-up firm. Kiva Allgood has management responsibility in her current position (e.g., manages a high-budget portfolio), with compensation of $145,000 in salary and incentive bonuses up to 100% of base salary. She realizes that she is not prepared for the negotiation because she has only negotiated job offers within large firms. She needs to know what many of these entrepreneurial finance terms mean and to understand whether she is being offered terms and amounts commensurate with the value she feels she will bring to the entrepreneur. She also needs to understand her opportunity cost and the expected value of her options: staying with the current job, starting her own venture, or taking this offer at the entrepreneurial venture. She had no idea there were also so many additional, non-financial factors to take into consideration. With her future on the line, she needs to work through the numbers fast. The entrepreneur gave her five days to come back with a counter offer, which he considered a generous amount of time. In evaluating these questions, students will take Allgood's point of view. The case is based on a real job offer to a real person named Kiva Allgood. The entrepreneur and his firm are fictitious in order to heighten the issues in this situation.Exposes customary negotiations between a prospective employee and an entrepreneur, taking into account the valuation of the entrepreneurial firm, salary, stock options, ownership percentage, etc.; Examines the difference between considering a position with an entrepreneurial venture and one at a stable corporate organization; Looks at typical compensation criteria for entrepreneurial venture capital-backed firms; Introduces method for assessing an entrepreneur as a prospective future employer.

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Expression of macrophage CD14 receptor in the course of experimental inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide and muramyl dipeptide

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/1991-vetmed ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 347-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Z. Sladek ◽

D. Rysanek

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Early Stage ◽

Muramyl Dipeptide ◽

Cell Suspensions ◽

The Other ◽

Total Count ◽

The Difference ◽

Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽

Time Point

The aim of this study was to determine whether expression of CD14 on macrophages is regulated differently during initiation and resolution of the inflammatory response caused by CD14-dependent (lipopolysaccharide) and CD14-independent (muramyldipeptide) bacterial signals. In cell suspensions from the site of inflammation we observed two types of macrophages: non-vacuolized (NMAC) and vacuolized (VMAC) cells. NMAC (monocyte-like cells) were dominant during the early stage of the inflammatory response, whilst VMAC contained phagocytosed apoptotic neutrophils in various stages of digestion. These latter cells were dominant during resolution (particularly at the last time point of 168 h). Intramammary instillation of muramyldipeptide (MDP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in a significant increase in the total count of CD14+ NMAC after 24 h (muramyldipeptide P < 0.01 and lipopolysaccharide P < 0.05) compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS). During resolution of the inflammatory response, a gradual decrease in the total count of CD14+ NMAC was observed. The difference compared with PBS was significant at 48 h and 72 h after instillation of both bacterial agents (muramyldipeptide: P < 0.05; lipopolysaccharide: P < 0.05). A lower total count of CD14+ VMAC was observed as an effect of MDP and LPS at 24 h after induction (P < 0.05), when compared to PBS. During resolution, the total count of CD14+ VMAC increased. Differences (P < 0.01) were observed at 72 h and 168 h after LPS compared to PBS. We therefore assume that the expression of CD14 on macrophages is not regulated differently during the inflammatory responses caused by CD14-dependent and CD14-independent bacterial signals. On the other hand, the stage of the inflammatory response to MDP and LPS played an important role in the regulation of CD14 expression on macrophages.

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