scholarly journals What’s on the Human Mind? Decision Theory and Deterrence

2020 ◽  
pp. 437-454
Author(s):  
Tom Bijlsma
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Incoming Stream ◽  
Rational Actor ◽  
Credible Threat ◽  
Clear Communication ◽  
Red Line

AbstractIndeed, deterrence, as Freedman and Mazarr recount in this volume in respectively Chaps. 10.1007/978-94-6265-419-8_1 and 10.1007/978-94-6265-419-8_2, aims to dissuade an opponent from taking undesirable actions. Clear communication of demands (a red line for instance), coupled with a credible threat to inflict pain if necessary, and demonstration of resolve are some obvious essential elements for creating effective deterrence. Success crucially also depends on whether the opponent receives the intended signal, interprets it as intended, and has the perception that the message is congruent with reality, i.e., that the opponent can make good on her threats. Success furthermore assumes that the demands communicated are acceptable. If those prerequisites exist, theory suggests a rational actor will back down, after weighing the benefits of the envisioned actions versus the potential costs that may result when the threat is executed. This chapter offers a synthesis of insights that have appeared since the 1980s that fundamentally challenge that assumption of rationality. This contribution about the workings of the human mind concerns the various filters and cognitive shortcuts that colour the incoming stream of information and the processes to digest it and come to a decision.

scholarly journals Struggling with christology: Apolinarius of Laodicea and st Gregory of Nyssa

Vox Patrum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 243-251
Author(s):  
Robin Orton
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Gregory Of Nyssa ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Trinity

The argument in the 380s between Gregory and Apolinarius, as set out Gregory’s Antirrheticus adversus Apolinarium, can be seen as a significant step in the development of the Church’s Christological teaching. Apolinarius’s no­tion that the eternal Logos took the place of Jesus Christ’s human mind is de­signed to establish the unity of his person, by providing a basis for the ontic con­tinuity between the Second Person of the Trinity and Christ in his two natures. Commendably, he wants to counter any suggestion of separation between the hu­man and divine natures (“two Christs”), which he sees as inevitably leading to an “adoptionist” view of Christ as a “God-filled man”; that would put Christ on the same level as the Old Testament prophets and could not form the basis of an adequate soteriology. Gregory argues convincingly however that Apolinarius’s “enfleshed mind” Christology would mean that Jesus Christ was not fully hu­man and could not therefore save humankind. But in the face of Apolinarius’s challenge he cannot give an adequate account of Christ’s unity during his earthly career. He remains open to Apolinarius’s charge of a “divisive” Christology by in effect postponing the complete unity until after Christ’s glorification, when his divinity overwhelmed his humanity and removed all his human characteristics, in the same way as the water of the sea overwhelms a drop of vinegar dropped into it. On this basis he has, anachronistically but not unreasonably, been accused of taking a Nestorian view of Christ before his glorification and a monophysite one after it. Both Apolinarius’s stress on the unity of Christ and Gregory’s on the no­tion that ‘what is not assumed is not healed’ (Nazianzen’s phrase) were essential elements in what emerged seventy years later in the Chalcedonian definition.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis and COVID-19: Lessons from the Past Viral Outbreaks and Possible Future Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radu Crisan-Dabija ◽  
Cristina Grigorescu ◽  
Cristina-Alice Pavel ◽  
Bogdan Artene ◽  
Iolanda Valentina Popa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Diagnostic Reliability ◽  
Clinical Evolution ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Data Mining Approach ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Impact

Background. The threat of contagious infectious diseases is constantly evolving as demographic explosion, travel globalization, and changes in human lifestyle increase the risk of spreading pathogens, leading to accelerated changes in disease landscape. Of particular interest is the aftermath of superimposing viral epidemics (especially SARS-CoV-2) over long-standing diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), which remains a significant disease for public health worldwide and especially in emerging economies. Methods and Results. The PubMed electronic database was systematically searched for relevant articles linking TB, influenza, and SARS-CoV viruses and subsequently assessed eligibility according to inclusion criteria. Using a data mining approach, we also queried the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19). We aimed to answer the following questions: What can be learned from other coronavirus outbreaks (focusing on TB patients)? Is coinfection (TB and SARS-CoV-2) more severe? Is there a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2? How does the TB vaccine affect COVID-19? How does one diagnosis affect the other? Discussions. Few essential elements about TB and SARS-CoV coinfections were discussed. First, lessons from past outbreaks (other coronaviruses) and influenza pandemic/seasonal outbreaks have taught the importance of infection control to avoid the severe impact on TB patients. Second, although challenging due to data scarcity, investigating the pathological pathways linking TB and SARS-CoV-2 leads to the idea that their coexistence might yield a more severe clinical evolution. Finally, we addressed the issues of vaccination and diagnostic reliability in the context of coinfection. Conclusions. Because viral respiratory infections and TB impede the host’s immune responses, it can be assumed that their lethal synergism may contribute to more severe clinical evolution. Despite the rapidly growing number of cases, the data needed to predict the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with latent TB and TB sequelae still lies ahead. The trial is registered with NCT04327206, NCT01829490, and NCT04121494.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance profiles and genetic basis of resistance among non-fastidious Gram-negative bacteria recovered from ready-to-eat foods in Kibera informal housing in Nairobi, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Maina ◽  
Perpetual Ndung’u ◽  
Anne Muigai ◽  
John Kiiru
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Enterobacter Agglomerans ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Contamination Levels

Objective. This cross-sectional study conducted in Kibera, Kenya, sought to gain insights on relative microbial contamination levels of popular unprocessed food types, determine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) burden and the carriage of integrons that are essential elements for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG). Foods analysed consisted of cooked vegetables (kale, cabbage, and nightshades), boiled cereal foods (beans, rice, and Githeri, which is a mixture of beans and maize), meat, Omena fish (fried silver cyprinids), and Ugali (a product of simmered maize flour in boiled water). Results. The analysis detected contamination levels exceeding 2×104 c.f.u. ml−1 in 106 (38 %) of the 281 ready-to-eat foods analysed. The majority of food types had microbial contaminations of between 4.0×104 and 2.3×106 c.f.u. ml−1. Kale was the most contaminated with a mean of 2.3×106 c.f.u. ml−1, while Omena was the least contaminated with 4.0×104 c.f.u. ml−1. Foods sold close to open sewage and refuse sites were more contaminated than those sold in relatively ‘cleaner’ settings (P <0.0001, O.R 0.1162, C.I 0.1162–0.120). A total of 405 bacterial isolates were recovered and included; Klebsiella spp 116 (29 %), Escherichia coli 104 (26 %), Enterobacter agglomerans 88 (22 %), Proteus mirabilis 30 (7 %), Salmonella spp 28 (7 %), Citrobacter freundii 27 (7 %) and Serratia marcescens 12 (3 %). Imipenem (IPM, 100 %) was the most effective antimicrobial agent, followed by cefepime (98 %). Ampicillin (AMP, 33 %), trimethoprim (TMP, 27 %), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX, 23 %) on the other hand, were the least effective antimicrobials. The analysis also found ten isolates (2 %) that had co-resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolone (CIP), quinolones (NAL) and aminoglycosides (GEN); hereby we refer to this phenotype as the βFQA. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains was 23 % (93), while that of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing strains was 4 % (17). The bla TEM was the most prevalent (55 %) β-lactamase (bla) gene among the screened 93 MDR-strains. Carriage of class one integrons (intI1) was more common (23 %) than intl2 (3 %) among these MDR-strains. Bacterial diversity analysis using the GTG5-PCR found no significant clusters for analysed E. coli and K. pneumoniae, suggesting recovered isolates were genetically diverse and not due to non-clonal expansion. The findings of this study are an indication that contaminated foods can be a reservoir for enteric pathogens and a source of AMR strains.

scholarly journals A Peircean account of concepts: grounding abstraction in phylogeny through a comparative neuroscientific perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1752) ◽  
pp. 20170128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Cuccio ◽  
Vittorio Gallese
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Computational Theory Of Mind ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Embodied Simulation ◽  
Faculty Psychology ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The One ◽  
Concrete Concepts

The nature of concepts has always been a hotly debated topic in both philosophy and psychology and, more recently, also in cognitive neuroscience. Different accounts have been proposed of what concepts are. These accounts reflect deeply different conceptions of how the human mind works. In the last decades, two diametrically opposed theories of human cognition have been discussed and empirically investigated: the Computational Theory of Mind, on the one hand (Fodor 1983 The modularity of mind: an essay on faculty psychology ; Pylyshyn 1984 Computation and cognition: toward a foundation for cognitive science ), and Embodied Cognition (Barsalou 2008 Annu. Rev. Psychol. 59 , 617–645. ( doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639 ); Gallese & Lakoff 2005 Cogn. Neuropsychol. 22 , 455–479 ( doi:10.1080/02643290442000310 ); Shapiro 2011 Embodied cognition ), on the other hand. The former proposes that concepts are abstract and amodal symbols in the language of thought, while the latter argues for the embodied nature of concepts that are conceived of as grounded in actions and perception. The embodiment of both concrete and abstract concepts has been challenged by many (e.g. Mahon & Caramazza 2008 J. Physiol. 102 , 59–70. ( doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.03.004 ); Caramazza et al . 2014 Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 37 , 1–15. ( doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013950 )). These challenges will be here taken seriously and addressed from a comparative perspective. We will provide a phylogenetic and neurobiologically inspired account of the embodied nature of both abstract and concrete concepts. We will propose that, although differing in certain respect, they both might have a bodily foundation. Commonalities between abstract and concrete concepts will be explained by recurring to the Peircean notions of icon and abductive inference (CP 2.247). According to Peirce, icons are the kind of signs on which abductive inferences rest (Peirce CS 1931 in Collected papers of Charles S. Peirce, Hartshorne C, Weiss P, Burks AW. (eds), 40; Peirce CS 1997 In The 1903 Harvard lectures on pragmatism (ed. A. Turrisi)). It will be claimed that the mechanism of Embodied Simulation (Gallese & Sinigaglia 2011 Trends Cogn. Sci. 15 , 512–519. ( doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.09.003 )) can be described as an icon (Cuccio V & Caruana F. 2015 Il corpo come icona. Abduzione, strumenti ed Embodied Simulation. Versus, n. 119, 93–103), and it will then be suggested that on these, basic natural signs rest, both phylogenetically and ontogenetically, the capacity to conceptualize. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain’.

ON THE LEXICAL-SEMANTIC SPACE OF THE CONCEPT ‘STUŅDINĪKS’

Via Latgalica ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Inga Belasova
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Semantic Space ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Cognitive Level ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Independent Entity ◽  
Everyday Realities

<p>System of knowledge about the world taking shape in the human mind from birth is under constant development. Time and its measurement machines, varying over the centuries, embodies and reflects history, social life, ethnography and culture of certain nation. Folklore genres such as riddles and mutual chaffing songs have a vivid imagery, as well as strict regularities of forms, which appropriately also affects conservation of ancient aspects for understanding of certain perception.</p><p>Aim of the paper – to describe understanding of the concept ‘stuņdinīks’ (Latgalian for timepiece, clock) and its functionality in the Latgalian folklore. Lexically semantic field reveals the functional and axiological sectors for use of the concept ‘stuņdinīks’, as well as figurative pictures that were used for its representation and recognition in puzzles and mutual chaffing songs.</p><p>Meaning of the concept ‘stuņdinīks’ highlights three essential elements – the philosophical, which updates uniqueness of the time count and associative perception in Latgale, the axiological, showing material and spiritual values of ‘stuņdinīks’, and the lexical, where a single semantic field combines semantic variations of ‘stuņdinīks’. At a cognitive level ‘stuņdinīks’ is understood as a device for measuring time. While the emotional attitude to this reality is demonstrated by folklore, where conceptual content of ‘stuņdinīks’ appears in a variety of meaning transfers.</p><p>Lexically semantic field of the ‘stuņdinīks’ concept is composed of synonyms for ‘stuņdinīks’ (pulkstiņs, laikruods, zegars), its direct and figurative sense, word combinations with lexeme ‘stuņdinīks’ revealing functional and axiological sphere of the ‘stuņdinīks’ use, as well as figurative pictures that were used in folklore for representation and recognition of ‘stuņdinīks’. Semantic field in the context of analysis of the concept ‘stuņdinīks’ has to be perceived as an independent entity related to certain areas of human experience and in the psychological reality is shown and perceived in the folklore texts. ‘Stuņdinīks’ reflect the popularly-rooted perception of the object, by conferring to it real or imagined features and expressing ambiguously interpretable attitude towards it.</p><p>Lexically semantic elements contained within the field of ‘stuņdinīks’ concept represents significant concepts of Latgalians on the everyday realities. Their figurative interpretation reveals the emotional attitude existing in nation towards ‘stuņdinīks’ as a spiritual, as well as material value. Meaning transferences reflects the importance of ‘stuņdinīks’ singularity at the everyday and social level, while the cognitive level permits to discover features for setting it up in riddles and mutual chaffing songs.</p>

TTOM in action: Refining the variational approach to cognition and culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel P. L. Veissière ◽  
Axel Constant ◽  
Maxwell J. D. Ramstead ◽  
Karl J. Friston ◽  
Laurence J. Kirmayer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Energy Principle ◽  
Cognition And Culture

Abstract The target article “Thinking Through Other Minds” (TTOM) offered an account of the distinctively human capacity to acquire cultural knowledge, norms, and practices. To this end, we leveraged recent ideas from theoretical neurobiology to understand the human mind in social and cultural contexts. Our aim was both synthetic – building an integrative model adequate to account for key features of cultural learning and adaptation; and prescriptive – showing how the tools developed to explain brain dynamics can be applied to the emergence of social and cultural ecologies of mind. In this reply to commentators, we address key issues, including: (1) refining the concept of culture to show how TTOM and the free-energy principle (FEP) can capture essential elements of human adaptation and functioning; (2) addressing cognition as an embodied, enactive, affective process involving cultural affordances; (3) clarifying the significance of the FEP formalism related to entropy minimization, Bayesian inference, Markov blankets, and enactivist views; (4) developing empirical tests and applications of the TTOM model; (5) incorporating cultural diversity and context at the level of intra-cultural variation, individual differences, and the transition to digital niches; and (6) considering some implications for psychiatry. The commentators’ critiques and suggestions point to useful refinements and applications of the model. In ongoing collaborations, we are exploring how to augment the theory with affective valence, take into account individual differences and historicity, and apply the model to specific domains including epistemic bias.

Editorial: Revise and Resubmit: It's Not a Consolation Prize!

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-5 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Teacher ◽  
Majority Rule ◽  
Teacher Educator ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Mathematics Teacher Educator ◽  
Review Criteria

As the editor of Mathematics Teacher Educator, I make decisions about whether to accept, reject, or ask for a revision of a manuscript based on the extent to which the manuscript addresses the review criteria that have been specified (see http://www.nctm.org/publications/content.aspx?id=34670). This requires a careful reading of the manuscript itself as well as the feedback from three reviewers (one of whom is a member of the Editorial Panel). The reviews provide me with additional information and insight on which to draw in making a decision. The reviews are not “averaged” in any way (e.g., one Accept, one Revise and Resubmit, and one Reject do not yield a Revise and Resubmit), nor does the majority rule (e.g., two Accepts and one Revise and Resubmit do not result in an Accept). It is important to look beyond the particular category a reviewer chooses to what the reviewer actually identifies as the strengths and weaknesses of the manuscript. Many times the reviewer might indicate Revise and Resubmit when in fact the review provided is more consistent with Reject (e.g., many essential elements are missing). Hence, the reviews help inform, but do not dictate, the editor's decision.

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Plugin After Effect Untuk Produksi Film

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Supriyadi Supriyadi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Communication ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Message Content ◽  
Special Effects ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
The World ◽  
After Effect ◽  
Processing Techniques

Abstract - Film is a communication media that is audio visual in nature to convey a message to a group of people who gather in a certain place. Movie messages on mass communication can take the form of anything depending on the film's mission. However, generally a film can include a variety of messages, both messages of education, entertainment and information. The message in the film is to use the mechanism of symbols that exist in the human mind in the form of message content, voice, words, conversations and so on. Trailer is a preview or excerpts of interesting scenes from a film, which aims to attract the audience to want to see the film that is. While the development of the world of film itself in recent years is very rapidly advancing. Lots of interesting scenes that are very extraordinary are shown on some of the leading films in the world today. Like the trailer on Aquaman and Avenger's films, wherein there are scenes showing an engineering city that resembles the original in the story and explosions that destroy buildings or the surrounding environment. It is impossible for such places to exist on this earth. The making of special effects as in the scenes will later use the technique of implementing essential elements in footage movie action in Adobe After Effect and several plugins that support it. At the end of the project it will produce a trailer, where later the processing techniques can inspire young Indonesian filmmakers as learning media in the field of film. It can also be used as a new method for re-processing an event that is not possible by directly reconstructing it using ordinary video

scholarly journals Decision Theory and Human Behavior

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Gintis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Time Inconsistency ◽  
Actor Model ◽  
Rational Actor ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Existence Time ◽  
Modeling Behavior ◽  
Bayesian Rationality

This chapter begins by describing the beliefs, preferences, and constraints (BPC) model of the rational actor. It develops a set of behavioral properties that together will ensure the modeling of agents as maximizers of preferences. It then explains the existence time inconsistency and its importance in modeling human behavior. This is followed by discussions of Bayesian rationality and subjective priors, and how preferences are state dependent. The chapter argues that the rational actor model in general, and the expected utility principle in particular, are acceptably accurate as a basis of modeling behavior in most situations. However, there are well established situations in which individuals violate, or at least appear to violate, these principles. It goes on to review the most challenging of these apparent violations of decision–theoretic rationality.

Representation, abstraction, and simple-minded sophisticates

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dayan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Bayesian Decision Theory ◽  
Bayesian Decision ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Model Free

Abstract Bayesian decision theory provides a simple formal elucidation of some of the ways that representation and representational abstraction are involved with, and exploit, both prediction and its rather distant cousin, predictive coding. Both model-free and model-based methods are involved.

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