Viable and Heat-Killed Probiotic Strains Improve Oral Immunity by Elevating the IgA Concentration in the Oral Mucosa

AbstractOral-nasal mucosal immunity plays a crucial role in protecting the body against bacterial and viral invasion. Safe probiotic products have been used to enhance human immunity and oral health. In this study, we verified the beneficial effects of mixed viable probiotic tablets, consisting of Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CP-9, and Lactobacillus paracasei ET-66, and heat-killed probiotic tablets, consisting of L. salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32 and L. paracasei ET-66, on oral immunity among 45 healthy participants. Participants were randomly divided into viable probiotic, heat-killed probiotic, and placebo groups. The administration of treatment lasted for 4 weeks. Saliva samples were collected at Weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6, and Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus mutans populations and IgA concentration were measured. IgA concentrations, levels of TGF-beta and IL-10 in PBMCs cells were quantified by ELISA method. Results showed that salivary IgA levels were significantly increased on administration of both the viable (119.30 ± 12.63%, ***P < 0.001) and heat-killed (116.78 ± 12.28%, ***P < 0.001) probiotics for 4 weeks. Among three probiotic strains, AP-32 would effectively increase the levels of TGF-beta and IL-10 in PBMCs. The oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans was significantly reduced on viable probiotic tablet administration (49.60 ± 31.01%, ***P < 0.001). The in vitro antibacterial test confirmed that viable probiotics effectively limited the survival rate of oral pathogens. Thus, this clinical pilot study demonstrated that oral probiotic tablets both in viable form or heat-killed form could exert beneficial effects on oral immunity via IL-10, TGB-beta mediated IgA secretion. The effective dosage of viable probiotic content in the oral tablet was 109 CFUs/g and the heat-killed oral tablet was 1 × 1010 cells/g.

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Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Inhibit the Function of Human URAT1, a Renal Urate Re-Absorber

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12061601 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1601 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hiroki Saito ◽

Yu Toyoda ◽

Tappei Takada ◽

Hiroshi Hirata ◽

Ami Ota-Kontani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Human Health ◽

Serum Urate ◽

The Body ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Uricosuric Agents ◽

Transport Assay ◽

The Impact

The beneficial effects of fatty acids (FAs) on human health have attracted widespread interest. However, little is known about the impact of FAs on the handling of urate, the end-product of human purine metabolism, in the body. Increased serum urate levels occur in hyperuricemia, a disease that can lead to gout. In humans, urate filtered by the glomerulus of the kidney is majorly re-absorbed from primary urine into the blood via the urate transporter 1 (URAT1)-mediated pathway. URAT1 inhibition, thus, contributes to decreasing serum urate concentration by increasing net renal urate excretion. Here, we investigated the URAT1-inhibitory effects of 25 FAs that are commonly contained in foods or produced in the body. For this purpose, we conducted an in vitro transport assay using cells transiently expressing URAT1. Our results showed that unsaturated FAs, especially long-chain unsaturated FAs, inhibited URAT1 more strongly than saturated FAs. Among the tested unsaturated FAs, eicosapentaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid exhibited substantial URAT1-inhibitory activities, with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 6.0, 14.2, and 15.2 μM, respectively. Although further studies are required to investigate whether the ω-3 polyunsaturated FAs can be employed as uricosuric agents, our findings further confirm FAs as nutritionally important substances influencing human health.

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In vitro Antibacterial Activity of an FDA-Approved H+-ATPase Inhibitor, Bedaquiline, Against Streptococcus mutans in Acidic Milieus

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.647611 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Meng Zhang ◽

Wenqian Yu ◽

Shujing Zhou ◽

Bing Zhang ◽

Edward Chin Man Lo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Lactic Acid Production ◽

Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Atpase Inhibitor ◽

Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Oral Pathogens

BackgroundDental caries is an acid-related disease. Current anti-caries agents mainly focus on the bacteriostatic effect in a neutral environment and do not target acid-resistant microorganisms related to caries in acidic milieus.ObjectivesTo assess the in vitro antibacterial activities of bedaquiline against oral pathogens in acidic milieus.MethodsStreptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus salivarius were used to prepare the mono-/multiple suspension and biofilm. The MIC and IC50 of bedaquiline against S. mutans were determined by the broth microdilution method. Bedaquiline was compared regarding (i) the inhibitory activity in pH 4–7 and at different time points against planktonic and biofilm; (ii) the effect on the production of lactic acid, extracellular polysaccharide, and pH of S. mutans biofilm; (iii) the cytotoxicity effects; and (iv) the activity on H+-ATPase enzyme of S. mutans.ResultsIn pH 5 BHI, 2.5 mg/L (IC50) and 4 mg/L (MIC) of bedaquiline inhibited the proliferation and biofilm generation of S. mutans and Mix in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, but it was invalid in a neutral environment. The lactic acid production, polysaccharide production, and pH drop range reduced with the incorporation of bedaquiline in a pH 5 environment. Its inhibitory effect (>56 mg/L) against H+-ATPase enzyme in S. mutans and its non-toxic effect (<10 mg/L) on periodontal ligament stem cells were also confirmed.ConclusionBedaquiline is efficient in inhibiting the proliferation and biofilm generation of S. mutans and other oral pathogens in an acidic environment. Its high targeting property and non-cytotoxicity also promote its clinical application potential in preventing caries. Further investigation of its specific action sites and drug modification are warranted.

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ACTIVITY OF PERICARP EXTRACT OF MANGOSTEEN AGAINST ORAL STREPTOCOCCI

Dentika Dental Journal ◽

10.32734/dentika.v20i1.739 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 41-46

Author(s):

Dewi Nurul Mustaqimah ◽

Josh Erry HW

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Biological Activities ◽

World Health ◽

Direct Result ◽

Oral Streptococci ◽

Oral Pathogens

The increasing prevalence of dental caries is still as a major world health problem. Caries is the direct result of acid production by cariogenic oral pathogens, especially Streptococcus mutans. New and better antimicrobial agents active against cariogenic bacteria with minimal side effects on the oral tissues are much needed, especially natural agents derived directly from plants. Phytochemical studies have shown that the extracts from various parts of mangosteen or Garciniamangostana Linn tree contain varieties of secondary metabolites such as prenylated and oxygenated xanthones, many of which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties against oral pathogens. Several studies which examined the eficacy of herbal for human health have shown that xanthones from mangosteen have remarkable biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer etc, and had no cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts. Their results showed that among these xanthone derivatives obtain from pericarp extract of mangosteen, α-mangostin has the most potent antimicrobial activity against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. It can be concluded that the strong antimicrobial activity of the pericarp extract of mangosteen is a good drug of choice that might be helpful in preventing the dental caries.

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Gut probiotic bacteria of Barbonymus gonionotus improve growth, hematological parameters and reproductive performances of the host

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-90158-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Abdus Salam ◽

Md. Ariful Islam ◽

Sulav Indra Paul ◽

Md. Mahbubur Rahman ◽

Mohammad Lutfar Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Digestive Enzymes ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Gene Sequencing ◽

Pseudomonas Stutzeri ◽

Probiotic Bacteria ◽

Citrobacter Freundii ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Individual Strain ◽

Probiotic Strains

AbstractThis study aimed to isolate and identify probiotic bacteria from the gut of Barbonymus gonionotus and evaluate their effects on growth, hematological parameters, and breeding performances of the host. Five probiotic bacteria viz. Enterococcus xiangfangensis (GFB-1), Pseudomonas stutzeri (GFB-2), Bacillus subtilis (GFB-3), Citrobacter freundii (GFB-4), and P. aeruginosa (GFB-5) were isolated and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Application of a consortium of probiotic strains (1–3 × 1.35 × 109 CFU kg−1) or individual strain such as GFB-1 (1.62 × 109 CFU kg−1), GFB-2 (1.43 × 109 CFU kg−1), GFB-3 (1.06 × 109 CFU kg−1), GFB-4 (1.5 × 109 CFU kg−1) or GFB-5 (1.43 × 109 CFU kg−1feed) through feed significantly improved growth, histological and hematological parameters and reproductive performances of B. gonionotus compared to untreated control. Moreover, the application of these probiotics significantly increased gut lactic acid bacteria and activities of digestive enzymes but did not show any antibiotic resistance nor any cytotoxicity in vitro. The highest beneficial effects on treated fishes were recorded by the application of GFB-1, GFB-2, GFB-3, and a consortium of these bacteria (T2). This is the first report of the improvement of growth and health of B. gonionotus fishes by its gut bacteria.

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Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation by Probiotics in vitro

Caries Research ◽

10.1159/000452960 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 87-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Falk Schwendicke ◽

Franziska Korte ◽

Christof E. Dörfer ◽

Susanne Kneist ◽

Karim Fawzy El-Sayed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Inhibition ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Mixed Species ◽

Displacement Mode ◽

Probiotic Strains ◽

Culture Growth ◽

Bovine Enamel ◽

Mineral Loss

To exert anticaries effects, probiotics are described to inhibit growth and biofilm formation of cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans (SM). We screened 8 probiotics and assessed how SM growth or biofilm formation inhibition affects cariogenicity of probiotic-SM mixed-species biofilms in vitro. Growth inhibition was assessed by cocultivating probiotics and 2 SM strains (ATCC 20532/25175) on agar. Probiotics were either precultured before SM cultivation (exclusion), or SM precultured prior to probiotic cultivation (displacement). Inhibition of SM culture growth was assessed visually. Inhibition of SM biofilm formation on bovine enamel was assessed using a continuous-flow short-term biofilm model, again in exclusion or displacement mode. The cariogenicity of mixed-species biofilms of SM with the most promising growth and biofilm formation inhibiting probiotic strains was assessed using an artificial mouth model, and enamel mineral loss (ΔZ) was measured microradiographically. We found limited differences in SM growth inhibition in exclusion versus displacement mode, and in inhibition of SM 20532 versus 25175. Results were therefore pooled. Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 inhibited significantly more SM culture growth than most other probiotics. L. casei LC-11 inhibited SM biofilm formation similarly to other alternatives but showed the highest retention of probiotics in the biofilms (p < 0.05). Mineral loss from SM monospecies biofilms (ΔZ = 9,772, 25th/75th percentiles: 6,277/13,558 vol% × µm) was significantly lower than from mixed-species SM × LA-5 biofilms (ΔZ = 24,578, 25th/75th percentiles: 19,081/28,768 vol% × µm; p < 0.01) but significantly higher than from SM × LC-11 biofilms (ΔZ = 4,835, 25th/75th percentiles: 263/7,865 vol% × µm; p < 0.05). Probiotics inhibiting SM culture growth do not necessarily reduce the cariogenicity of SM-probiotic biofilms. Nevertheless, SM biofilm formation inhibition may be relevant in the reduction of cariogenicity.

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The Effects of the Grape Seed Extract on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans: An In Vitro Study

Avicenna Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.34172/ajdr.2020.08 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 35-39

Author(s):

Masoumeh Aslanimehr ◽

Ashraf Alizadeh ◽

Faezeh Azmoudeh

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Large Population ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Grape Seed Extract ◽

Grape Seed ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Oral Pathogens

Background: Oral pathogens can affect a large population and the general health of individuals. Based on the evidence, the grape seed extract (GSE) contains herbal compounds that have the ability tosuppress oral pathogens associated with caries and fungal diseases. In this regard, the current studyaimed at evaluating the effect of GSE on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Methods: The grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed was used in this in-vitro experimental study. After thepreparation of methanolic GSE, its effect on S. mutans and C. albicans was assessed at 0.25-256 mg/mL concentrations. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidalconcentration (MBC) were determined by macro broth dilution methods. Finally, data were analyzedby SPSS, version 20. Results: The results showed that GSE inhibits the growth of S. mutans and C. albicans. In addition, theMIC and MBC of the extract against S. mutans and C. albicans were 2 and 8 mg/mL, as well as 32 and64 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: In general, GSE had a significant antimicrobial effect on S. mutans, while it only affected C. albicans at high concentrations.

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Antifungal and antibacterial activities of polyherbal toothpaste against oral pathogens, In vitro

Current Medical Mycology ◽

10.18502/cmm.4.2.65 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Batool Sadeghi-Nejad ◽

Eskandar Moghimipour ◽

Sedigheh Yusef Naanaie ◽

Shahrzad Nezarat

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Oral Infections ◽

Oral Pathogens

Original article Article History: Received: 23 April 2018 Revised: 20 July 2018 Accepted: 06 August 2018 * Corresponding author:Batool Sadeghi-NejadAbadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.Email: [email protected] Introduction One of the most common chronic oral infections in the world is dental caries [1]. Oral pathogenic microorganisms have been the cause of dental plaques, dental caries, as well as gingival and periodontal diseases [2]. Streptococcus mutans is one of the main opportunistic pathogens of dental caries, which is responsible for the formation of dental plaque and caries [3]. Other microorganisms associated with this oral condition include Escherichia coli, S. aureus [4], and Candida species. C. albicans is the most frequent yeast isolated from the oral cavities with poor oral hygiene [2]. The formulation ingredients of commercial toothpastes are mostly chemical substances, such as fluoride and whitening agents [2]. The literature contains evidence regarding the adverse effects of fluoride and bleaching agents (e.g., peroxide-based agents) used in the commercial toothpastes [5]. With this background in mind, the present study aimed to formulate a polyherbal toothpaste without any A B S T RA C TBackground and Purpose: Herbal toothpastes are more secure and efficacious and less poisonous due to containing natural chemicals as compared with the synthetic toothpastes. The present study aimed to formulate a polyherbal toothpaste using accessible medicinal plants in Iran and evaluate its efficiency in the protection of oral hygiene and prevention of dental caries. Materials and Methods: The developed toothpaste was made of the leaf extracts of Artemisia dracunculus, Satureja khuzestanica (Jamzad), and Myrtus communis (Linn), combined at four different dilutions, namely 1:4 (25%), 1:1 (50%), 3:4 (75%), and (100%), with sterile distilled water. The product was tested against five microorganisms, including Streptococcus mutans, Lactobaccilus caseie, S. sanguis, S. salivarius, and Candida albicans, using agar well diffusion method. Results: After 24 h of incubation, the maximum mean diameters of inhibition zone against L. caseie and C. albicans were obtained as 17-30 and 10-25 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the minimum mean diameter of inhibition zone against S. salivarious was estimated as 15-20 mm. Conclusion: The formulated toothpaste showed potent inhibitory activities against Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans. Therefore, more studies are required to accurately investigate the efficacy of the formulated toothpaste. Keywords: Antibacterial, Antifungal, Oral pathogens, Polyherbal toothpaste, Yeast

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A prebiotic mixture improved Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis gastrointestinal in vitro resistance in petit-suisse

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/c5fo01592h ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 2312-2319 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Marina Padilha ◽

Martha Lissete Villarreal Morales ◽

Antonio Diogo Silva Vieira ◽

Mayra Garcia Maia Costa ◽

Susana Marta Isay Saad

Keyword(s):

Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽

Bifidobacterium Animalis ◽

Gastrointestinal Conditions ◽

Probiotic Strains

Advantageous addition of a prebiotic mixture in petit-suisse cheese, improved the probiotic strains survival under gastrointestinal conditions simulated in vitro throughout 28 days of storage.

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