Body mass and sex, not local climate, drive differences in chill coma recovery times in common garden reared bumble bees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Jeannet Oyen ◽  
Laura E. Jardine ◽  
Zachary M. Parsons ◽  
James D. Herndon ◽  
James P. Strange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Chill Coma ◽  
Recovery Times

Floral trait variation and links to climate in the mixed-mating annual Clarkia pulchella

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin E. Gamble ◽  
Megan Bontrager ◽  
Amy L. Angert
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Mixed Mating ◽  
Floral Trait ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Clarkia Pulchella ◽  
Watering Treatment

The benefits of self-fertilization can vary across environments, leading to selection for different reproductive strategies and influencing the evolution of floral traits. Although stressful conditions have been suggested to favour self-pollination, the role of climate as a driver of mating-system variation is generally not well understood. Here, we investigate the contributions of local climate to intraspecific differences in mating-system traits in Clarkia pulchella Pursh in a common-garden growth chamber experiment. We also tested for plastic responses to soil moisture with watering treatments. Herkogamy (anther–stigma spacing) correlated positively with dichogamy (timing of anther–stigma receptivity) and date of first flower, and northern populations had smaller petals and flowered earlier in response to experimental drought. Watering treatment alone had little effect on traits, and dichogamy unexpectedly decreased with annual precipitation. Populations also differed in phenological response to watering treatment, based on precipitation and winter temperature of their origin, indicating that populations from cool and dry sites have greater plasticity under different levels of moisture stress. While some variation in floral traits is attributable to climate, further investigation into variation in pollinator communities and the indirect effects of climate on mating system can improve our understanding of the evolution of plant mating.

The effect of Holocene temperature fluctuations on the evolution and ecology of Neotoma (woodrats) in Idaho and northwestern Utah

2003 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felisa A. Smith ◽  
Julio L. Betancourt
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
South Central ◽  
Lower Elevation ◽  
Neotoma Cinerea ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAnimals respond to climatic change by adapting or by altering distributional patterns. How an animal responds is influenced by where it is positioned within its geographic range; the probability of extirpation is increased near range boundaries. Here, we examine the impact of Holocene climatic fluctuations on a small mammalian herbivore, the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), at five locations within south central Idaho and northwestern Utah. Previous work demonstrated that woodrats adapt to temperature shifts by altering body size. We focus here on the relationship between body mass, temperature, and location within the geographic range. Body mass is estimated by measuring fossil fecal pellets, a technique validated in earlier work. Overall, we find the predicted phenotypic response to climate change: animals were larger during cold periods, and smaller during warmer episodes. However, we also identify several time periods when changes in environmental temperature exceeded the adaptive flexibility of N. cinerea. A smaller-bodied species, the desert woodrat (N. lepida) apparently invaded lower elevation sites during the mid-Holocene, despite being behaviorally and physically subordinate to N. cinerea. Analysis of contemporary patterns of body size and thermal tolerances for both woodrat species suggests this was because of the greater heat tolerance of N. lepida. The robust spatial relationship between contemporary body size and ambient temperature is used as a proxy to reconstruct local climate during the Holocene.

scholarly journals The coevolution of adult body mass and excretion rate between genetically size-divergent brook trout populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Guernon ◽  
Matthew C. Yates ◽  
Dylan J. Fraser ◽  
Alison M. Derry
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Mass Distributions ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Adult Body

We tested if there was a difference in mass-specific excretion rate between two genetically size-divergent brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations that can be accounted for by genetic/maternal factors. We conducted laboratory-based common garden experimentation using F1 generation fish, with five to seven families per population at two ages (0.5 year juveniles and 1.5 years adults). We found that genetic/maternal differences in excretion rate on a per gram basis coevolve with genetic divergence in adult body mass between the populations. However, this coevolution has also resulted in no net difference in excretion rate between populations when differences in adult body mass were accounted for. Uncertainty in census estimates and variation in body mass distributions created substantial variation in extrapolated whole-population excretion estimates. No other studies to our knowledge have tested for genetic/maternal divergence in excretion rate between genetically size-divergent fish populations. Genetically based population divergence in body mass, energy allocation in reproduction, and mass-specific excretion rate in the brook trout was likely a result of selection associated with differences in the availability of overwintering habitat between streams.

Dynamic Warm-Up With a Weighted Vest: Improvement of Repeated Change-of-Direction Performance in Young Male Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
Olfa Turki ◽  
Wissem Dhahbi ◽  
Sabri Gueid ◽  
Sami Hmaied ◽  
Marouen Souaifi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Weighted Vest ◽  
Weighted Vests

Purpose: To explore the effect of 4 different warm-up strategies using weighted vests and to determine the specific optimal recovery duration required to optimize the repeated change-of-direction (RCOD) performance in young soccer players. Methods: A total of 19 male soccer players (age 18 [0.88] y, body mass 69.85 [7.68] kg, body height 1.75 [0.07] m, body mass index 22.87 [2.23] kg·m−2, and body fat percentage 12.53% [2.59%]) completed the following loaded warm-up protocols in a randomized, counterbalanced cross-over, within-participants order and on separate days: weighted vest with a loading of 5% (WUV5%), 10% (WUV10%), 15% (WUV15%) body mass, and an unloaded condition (control). RCOD performance (total time, peak time, and fatigue index) was collected during the preintervention phase (5 min after the dynamic stretching sequence) for baseline values and immediately (at 15 min), at 4- and 8-minute postwarm-up intervention. Results: For each postwarm-up tested, recovery times (ie, 15 s, 4 min, and 8 min), of both total and peak times were faster following WUV5%, WUV10%, and WUV15%, compared with the unloaded condition (P ≤.001–.031, d = 1.28–2.31 [large]). There were no significant differences (P = .09–1.00, d = 0.03–0.72 [trivial–moderate]) in-between recovery times in both total and peak times following WUV5%, WUV10%, and WUV15%. However, baseline fatigue index score was significantly worse than all other scores (P ≤.001–.002, d = 1.35–2.46 [large]) following the loaded conditions. Conclusions: The findings demonstrated that a dynamic loaded warm-up increases an athlete’s initial RCOD performance up to the 8-minute postwarm-up intervention. Therefore, strength coaches need to consider using weighted vests during the warm-up for trained athletes in order to acutely optimize RCODs.

scholarly journals Looking for the needle in a downsized haystack: Whole-exome sequencing unravels how selection and gene flow have shaped climatic adaptation in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Peter George ◽  
Silvio Schueler ◽  
Michael Grabner ◽  
Sandra Karanitsch-Ackerl ◽  
Konrad Mayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Exome Capture ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Climatic Adaptation

AbstractThe widespread Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) occurs along a steep gradient of diverse climates throughout its natural range, which is expected to result in spatially varying selection to local climate conditions. However, phenotypic signals of climatic adaptation can often be confounded, because unraveled clines covary with signals caused by neutral evolutionary processes such as gene flow and genetic drift. Here, we present phenotypic and genotypic data from a common garden experiment showing a putative signal of adaptation to climate after trees have been growing for 40 years in a common environment. Sixteen Douglas-fir provenances originating from a North-to-South gradient of approx. 1,000 km were analyzed and genomic information was obtained from exome capture, which resulted in an initial genomic dataset of >90,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We used a restrictive and conservative filtering approach which permitted us to include only SNPs and individuals in environmental association analysis (EAA) that were free of potentially confounding effects (LD, relatedness among trees, heterozygosity deficiency and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg proportions). We used four conceptually different genome scan methods based on FST outlier detection and gene-environment association in order to disentangle truly adaptive SNPs from neutral SNPs and found that a relatively small proportion of the exome showed a truely adaptive signal (0.01-0.17%) when population substructuring and multiple testing was accounted for. Nevertheless, the unraveled SNP candidates showed significant relationship with climate at provenance origins which strongly suggests that they have most likely featured adaption in Douglas-fir across a steep climatic gradient. Two SNPs were independently found by three of the employed algorithms and one could be assigned with high probability to a Picea abies homolog gene involved in circadian clock control as was also found in Populus balsamifera.

scholarly journals Impacts of land-use history on the recovery of ecosystems after agricultural abandonment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Krause ◽  
Thomas A. M. Pugh ◽  
Anita D. Bayer ◽  
Mats Lindeskog ◽  
Almut Arneth
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Land Use History ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Vegetation Carbon

Abstract. Land-use changes have been shown to have large effects on climate and biogeochemical cycles, but so far most studies have focused on the effects of conversion of natural vegetation to croplands and pastures. By contrast, relatively little is known about the influence of past agriculture on vegetation regrowth and carbon sequestration following land abandonment, decades or even centuries later. We used the LPJ-GUESS dynamic vegetation model to study the legacy effects of different land-use histories (in terms of type and duration) across a range of ecosystems. To this end, we performed six idealized simulations for Europe and Africa in which we made a transition from natural vegetation to either pasture or cropland, followed by a transition back to natural vegetation after 20, 60 or 100 years. The simulations identified substantial differences in recovery trajectories of four key variables (vegetation composition, vegetation carbon, soil carbon, Net Biome Productivity) after agricultural cessation. Vegetation carbon and composition typically recovered faster than soil carbon in sub-tropical, temperate and boreal regions, and vice versa in the tropics. While the effects of different land-use histories on recovery periods of soil carbon stocks often differed by centuries across our simulations, differences in recovery times across simulations were typically small for Net Biome Productivity (a few decades) and modest for vegetation carbon and composition (several decades). Spatially, we found the greatest sensitivity of recovery times to prior land-use in boreal forests and subtropical grasslands where post-agricultural productivity was strongly affected by prior land management. Our results suggest that land-use history is a relevant factor affecting ecosystems long after agricultural cessation and it should be considered not only when assessing historical or future changes in simulations of the terrestrial carbon cycle, but also when establishing long-term monitoring networks and interpreting data derived therefrom, including analysis of a broad range of ecosystem properties or local climate effects related to land cover changes.

Exercise physiology of wild and random-bred laboratory house mice and their reciprocal hybrids

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (4) ◽  
pp. R1098-R1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Dohm ◽  
C. S. Richardson ◽  
T. Garland
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Exercise Physiology ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Swimming Endurance ◽  
Hybrid Mice

We conducted a "common garden" experiment to compare aspects of exercise physiology and voluntary wheel-running behavior in wild and random-bred (i.e., non-inbred) laboratory house mice and their reciprocal crosses. Analysis of covariance indicated that, after effects of body mass and other appropriate covariates (e.g., age at testing) were accounted for, wild (range 2.46-3.30 m/s, n = 12) and hybrid (range 1.69-3.30 m/s, n = 24) mice exhibited forced maximal sprint running speeds that averaged approximately 50% higher than those of random-bred laboratory mice (range 1.11-2.12 m/s, n = 19). Wild and hybrid mice also had significantly higher (+22%) mass-corrected maximal rates of oxygen consumption (VO2max) during forced exercise and greater (+12%) relative ventricle masses than lab mice. Wild and hybrid mice also showed statistically higher swimming endurance times relative to body mass than lab mice, although these differences were insignificant when body mass was not used as a covariate. No significant differences were found for relative gastrocnemius muscle mass, liver mass, hematocrit, or blood hemoglobin content. During a 7-day test on voluntary activity wheels, both wild and hybrid mice ran significantly more total revolutions (+101%), ran at higher average velocities when they were active (+69%), and exhibited higher maximum revolutions in any single 1-min period (+41% on the 7th day of testing), but the total number of active 1-min intervals did not differ significantly among groups. In general, the behavioral and/or whole organisms performance traits showed greater differences than the lower-level traits; thus, during the domestication of house mice, behavior may have evolved more rapidly than physiology.

scholarly journals No environmental effect on vaccine-induced reduced growth in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 327-338
Author(s):  
TWK Fraser ◽  
PG Fjelldal ◽  
I Sommerset ◽  
T Søfteland ◽  
O Høstmark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
High Water ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sea Cage

Oil-adjuvanted vaccines reduce long-term growth in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, possibly via an increase in metabolic rate due to the energetic demands of the immune system. We tested this hypothesis by comparing sham-vaccinated to vaccinated smolts (total n = 2096, ca. 80 g) under different scenarios of water temperature (12 vs. 17°C, n = 1048 per temperature) and oxygen (O2) saturation (60, 70, 80, and 100%, n = 524 per O2 saturation level) in order to manipulate metabolic rate and O2 availability. We expected a more severe vaccination effect under conditions of high water temperature and low O2 saturation. Groups were kept in duplicate tanks under controlled temperature and hypoxia conditions for 7 wk post-vaccination before being transferred to uncontrolled common-garden natural conditions for 5 mo in a sea-cage. Body mass and length were recorded at the initiation and end of the controlled and uncontrolled environmental conditions. Vaccination and low O2 saturation at 17°C significantly reduced body mass (13 and 3% through vaccination and 9 and 20% through 60% O2 saturation at the end of the tank and sea-cage periods, respectively). However, there was no interaction between vaccination, temperature, and O2 saturation at the end of the tank or sea-cage period, lending no support to our hypothesis. A secondary observation was that emaciated ‘loser’ fish were mainly associated with the 17°C and low (mainly 60%) O2 saturation treatment. In conclusion, although vaccination led to a reduction in body mass, this effect was not influenced by environmental conditions expected to alter metabolic rate.

Effect of starvation on the cold tolerance of adult Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Madelena De Ro ◽  
Thomas Enriquez ◽  
Jochem Bonte ◽  
Negin Ebrahimi ◽  
Hans Casteels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Chill Coma ◽  
Critical Thermal Minimum

Abstract The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is an invasive pest in Europe and North America. Access to resources may be challenging in late fall, winter and early spring and flies may suffer from food deprivation along with cold stress in these periods. Whereas a plethora of studies have been performed on the overwintering capacity of D. suzukii, the effects of starvation on the fly's cold tolerance have not been addressed. In the present study, young D. suzukii adults (reared at 25°C, LD 12:12 h) were deprived of food for various periods (0, 12, 24 and 36 h), after which chill coma recovery time, critical thermal minimum, as well as acute and chronic cold tolerance were assessed. Additionally, the body composition of adults (body mass, water content, total lipid, glycerol, triglycerides, glucose and proteins) before and after starvation periods was analysed to confirm that starvation had detectable effects. Starved adults had a lower body mass, and both lipid and carbohydrate levels decreased with starvation time. Starvation slightly increased critical thermal minimum and affected chill coma recovery time; however, these changes were not gradual with starvation duration. Starvation promoted acute cold tolerance in both sexes. This effect appeared faster in males than in females. Food deprivation also led to enhanced survival to chronic cold stress. Short-term starvation was thus associated with significant changes in body composition in D. suzukii, and these alterations could alter some ecologically relevant traits related to cold tolerance, particularly in females. Our results suggest that food deprivation during short time (<36 h) can promote cold tolerance (especially survival after a cold stress) of D. suzukii flies. Future studies should address the ecological significance of these findings as short food deprivation may occur in the fields on many occasions and seasons.

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