Results from a pilot study on the oral microbiome in children and adolescents with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis

Abstract Objective To analyze the composition of the oral microbiome in children and adolescents with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) with respect to age distribution, gender differences, effects of medication, disease activity and the influence of body site. Methods The oral microbiome of 20 patients (12 male and 8 female; median age 10.3 years) and 36 controls were examined. Two different sites of the oral cavity were swabbed at two time points. Current medication and disease activity were evaluated and registered at these time points. Samples were subjected to amplicon sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and Qiime2 was used to calculate alpha and beta diversity for multiple alternative metrics. Results On the basis of relative abundances of 975 different suboperational taxonomic units in high throughput next generation sequencing, a significant shift in the composition of the oral microbiome (p < 0.02) was observed among patients being treated with different medications. There was a significant difference in bacterial communities between the group aged 3–8 years old and the group aged 9–14 years old. Significant differences were also seen in bacterial colonization on different sites in the oral cavity, but not with respect to gender or disease activity. Conclusion We present first data of a pilot study of the oral microbiome in children and adolescents with CNO, a rare autoinflammatory bone disease. Differences of the oral microbiome of diseased children to normal adult controls revealed a possible role of the oral microbiome as modulatory target or biomarker in CNO.

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The oral microbiome of patients with axial spondyloarthritis compared to healthy individuals

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.2095 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e2095 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jordan E. Bisanz ◽

Praema Suppiah ◽

W. Murray Thomson ◽

Trudy Milne ◽

Nigel Yeoh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽

Activity Index ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Pocket Depth

Background.A loss of mucosal tolerance to the resident microbiome has been postulated in the aetiopathogenesis of spondyloarthritis, thus the purpose of these studies was to investigate microbial communities that colonise the oral cavity of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) and to compare these with microbial profiles of a matched healthy population.Methods.Thirty-nine participants, 17 patients with AxSpA and 22 age and gender-matched disease-free controls were recruited to the study. For patients with AxSpA, disease activity was assessed using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). All participants underwent a detailed dental examination to assess oral health, including the presence of periodontal disease assessed using probing pocket depth (PPD). Plaque samples were obtained and their bacterial populations were profiled using Ion Torrent sequencing of the V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene.Results.Patients with AxSpA had active disease (BASDAI 4.1 ± 2.1 [mean ± SD]), and a significantly greater prevalence of periodontitis (PPD ≥ 4 mm at ≥4 sites) than controls. Bacterial communities did not differ between the two groups with multiple metrics ofαandβdiversity considered. Analysis of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and higher levels of taxonomic assignment did not provide strong evidence of any single taxa associated with AxSpA in the subgingival plaque.Discussion.Although 16S rRNA gene sequencing did not identify specific bacterial profiles associated with AxSpA, there remains the potential for the microbiota to exert functional and metabolic influences in the oral cavity which could be involved in the pathogenesis of AxSpA.

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A Pilot Study to Investigate the Efficacy of Nicotine Oral Soluble Film, Lozenge and Gum in Relief of Acute Smoking Cue-provoked Craving for Cigarette in Low Dependence Smokers

The Journal of Smoking Cessation ◽

10.1017/jsc.2014.5 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 87-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel Du ◽

James Borders ◽

Alex Selmani ◽

William Waverczak

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Early Time ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Nicotine Gum ◽

Open Label ◽

Time Points ◽

Smoking Cues ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Nicotine Lozenge

Introduction: A new nicotine film that releases nicotine quickly may lead to faster craving relief.Aims: This study compares the efficacy of 2.5 mg nicotine film with 2 mg nicotine lozenge and 2 mg nicotine gum on relieving provoked craving in low dependence smokers.Methods: A randomised, open-label, active comparators controlled study was conducted in 120 subjects. Subjects were abstinent from smoking for 4 hours prior to being provoked with smoking cues. After post-provocation craving assessment, subjects were administered one dose of the 3 treatments: nicotine film, lozenge, or gum. Craving intensity was then assessed at 50 seconds, 3, 5, 7, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes after administration.Results/Findings: Three treatments reduced craving with similar maximum effects. The effect was maintained up to 30 minutes. Nicotine film significantly reduced more craving than lozenge at 50 seconds, 3 and 5 minutes. It also significantly reduced more craving than gum at 50 seconds and 3 minutes. There was no significant difference between lozenge and gum.Conclusions: Nicotine film, lozenge and gum have similar maximum craving relief. Nicotine film significantly reduced more craving than lozenge and gum at early time points. Nicotine film may be particularly useful to provide acute craving relief.

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Prevalence of microorganisms associated with feline gingivostomatitis

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x18761274 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 103-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hitoshi Nakanishi ◽

Masaru Furuya ◽

Takehisa Soma ◽

Yoshiki Hayashiuchi ◽

Ryusaku Yoshiuchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Pasteurella Multocida ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Feline Herpesvirus ◽

Positive Rate

Objectives Feline gingivostomatitis (FGS) is a painful chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of detection of certain common feline bacteria and viruses to determine any potential associations with FGS. Methods A multicentre case-control study design was conducted. In total, 72 control cats and 32 cats with FGS were included in the study. Oral swabs were cultured for bacterial identification and a PCR assay was carried out to examine the infection of feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), Chlamydia felis, Mycoplasma felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Results There was a significant difference in age distribution between the control and the FGS group. Based on a PCR assay, the positive rate of FCV was significantly higher in FGS cats than control animals. For other infectious pathogens, including FHV-1, C felis and M felis, there was no significant difference. Bacterial culture of oral swabs revealed that Pasteurella multocida was most frequently detected, but the detection rate was significantly lower in FGS cats. In FGS cats, the incidence of Enterococcus faecalis and anaerobic bacteria were more frequently isolated than in control cats. Conclusions and relevance This study indicates that the positive rate of FCV was significantly higher in cats with FGS, and the microflora of the oral cavity of cats with FGS might be disrupted, although additional studies are required to compare the oral microbiome in cats of a variety of ages.

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Site-specificity of streptococci in the oral microbiome

10.1101/2021.11.29.470446 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anthony R. McLean ◽

Julian Torres-Morales ◽

Gary G. Borisy ◽

Jessica L. Mark Welch

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Related Species ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Individual Species ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Site Specificity ◽

Oral Streptococci ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Streptococcus Species ◽

Human Oral Cavity

Patterns of microbial distribution are determined by as-yet poorly understood rules governing where microbes can grow and thrive. Therefore, a detailed understanding of where bacteria localize is necessary to advance microbial ecology and microbiome-based therapeutics. The site-specialist hypothesis predicts that most microbes in the human oral cavity have a primary habitat within the mouth where they are most abundant. We asked whether this hypothesis accurately describes the distribution of the members of the genus Streptococcus, a clinically relevant taxon that dominates most oral sites. Prior analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing data indicated that some oral Streptococcus clades are site-specialists while others may be generalists. However, within complex microbial populations composed of numerous closely-related species and strains, such as the oral streptococci, genome-scale analysis is necessary to provide the resolution to discriminate closely related taxa with distinct functional roles. Here we assess whether individual species within this genus are generalists using publicly available genomic sequence data that provides species-level resolution. We chose a set of high-quality representative genomes for Streptococcus species from the human oral microbiome. Onto these genomes, we mapped short-read metagenomic sequences from supragingival plaque, tongue dorsum, and other sites in the oral cavity. We found that every reliably detectable Streptococcus species in the human oral cavity was a site-specialist and that even closely related species such as S. mitis, S. oralis, and S. infantis specialized in different sites. These findings indicate that closely related bacteria can have distinct habitat distributions in the absence of dispersal limitation and under similar environmental conditions and immune regimes. These three species also share substantially the same species-specific core genes indicating that neither taxonomy nor gene content are clear predictors of site-specialization. Site-specificity may instead be influenced by subtle characteristics such as nucleotide-level divergences within conserved genes.

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Investigation of Oral Microbiome in Donkeys and the Effect of Dental Care on Oral Microbial Composition

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10122245 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2245

Author(s):

Yiping Zhu ◽

Wuyan Jiang ◽

Reed Holyoak ◽

Bo Liu ◽

Jing Li

Keyword(s):

Dental Treatment ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Dental Procedures ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Dental Diseases ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

The Impact

The objective of this study was to investigate the oral microbial composition of the donkey and whether basic dental treatment, such as dental floating, would make a difference to the oral microbial environment in donkeys with dental diseases using high-throughput bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Oral swab samples were collected from 14 donkeys with various dental abnormalities on day 0 (before treatment) and day 20 (twenty days after treatment). It is the first report focusing on the oral microbiome in donkeys with dental diseases and the impact of common dental procedures thereon. Identified in group Day 0 and group Day 20, respectively, were 60,439.6 and 58,579.1 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Several taxa in Day 0 differed significantly from Day 20 at the phylum and genus levels, but no statistically significant difference was observed in richness and diversity of Day 0 and Day 20. The results also indicated that a larger-scale study focusing on healthy donkey oral microbiome, as well as the correlation of dental diseases and oral microbiomes at different time frames following more specific and consistent dental treatment, are warranted.

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Effects of tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette vapor exposure on the oral and gut microbiota in humans: a pilot study

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.4693 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e4693 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Christopher J. Stewart ◽

Thomas A. Auchtung ◽

Nadim J. Ajami ◽

Kenia Velasquez ◽

Daniel P. Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Tobacco Smoking ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Buccal Swabs ◽

Significant Difference

BackgroundThe use of electronic cigarettes (ECs) has increased drastically over the past five years, primarily as an alternative to smoking tobacco cigarettes. However, the adverse effects of acute and long-term use of ECs on the microbiota have not been explored. In this pilot study, we sought to determine if ECs or tobacco smoking alter the oral and gut microbiota in comparison to non-smoking controls.MethodsWe examined a human cohort consisting of 30 individuals: 10 EC users, 10 tobacco smokers, and 10 controls. We collected cross-sectional fecal, buccal swabs, and saliva samples from each participant. All samples underwent V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing.ResultsTobacco smoking had a significant effect on the bacterial profiles in all sample types when compared to controls, and in feces and buccal swabs when compared to EC users. The most significant associations were found in the gut, with an increased relative abundance ofPrevotella(P= 0.006) and decreasedBacteroides(P= 0.036) in tobacco smokers. The Shannon diversity was also significantly reduced (P= 0.009) in fecal samples collected from tobacco smokers compared to controls. No significant difference was found in the alpha diversity, beta-diversity or taxonomic relative abundances between EC users and controls.DiscussionFrom a microbial ecology perspective, the current pilot data demonstrate that the use of ECs may represent a safer alternative compared to tobacco smoking. However, validation in larger cohorts and greater understanding of the short and long-term impact of EC use on microbiota composition and function is warranted.

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Impact of sleep on the microbiome of oral biofilms

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0259850 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0259850

Author(s):

Maki Sotozono ◽

Nanako Kuriki ◽

Yoko Asahi ◽

Yuichiro Noiri ◽

Mikako Hayashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Dental Biofilm ◽

Gene Sequence Analysis ◽

Oral Biofilms ◽

Gingival Mucosa

Dysbiosis of the oral microbiome is associated with diseases such as periodontitis and dental caries. Because the bacterial counts in saliva increase markedly during sleep, it is broadly accepted that the mouth should be cleaned before sleep to help prevent these diseases. However, this practice does not consider oral biofilms, including the dental biofilm. This study aimed to investigate sleep-related changes in the microbiome of oral biofilms by using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Two experimental schedules—post-sleep and pre-sleep biofilm collection—were applied to 10 healthy subjects. Subjects had their teeth and oral mucosa professionally cleaned 7 days and 24 h before sample collection. Samples were collected from several locations in the oral cavity: the buccal mucosa, hard palate, tongue dorsum, gingival mucosa, tooth surface, and saliva. Prevotella and Corynebacterium had higher relative abundance on awakening than before sleep in all locations of the oral cavity, whereas fluctuations in Rothia levels differed depending on location. The microbiome in different locations in the oral cavity is affected by sleep, and changes in the microbiome composition depend on characteristics of the surfaces on which oral biofilms form.

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Analysis of oral microbiome in chronic periodontitis with Alzheimer’s disease: Pilot study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-24938/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hee Sam Na ◽

Na-Yeon Jung ◽

Suji Choi ◽

Si yeong Kim ◽

Hyun‐Joo Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Network Analysis ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

The Elderly ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Chronic periodontitis (CP) is a progressive destructive disease in the periodontal tissues, which is also common in the elderly. CP is known to be associated with an increase in cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recently, a potential role for pathogenic microbes in the development or exacerbation of AD pathology has been proposed. To reveal the association between periodontitis-related microbes and AD, we investigated the oral microbiome in AD patients with CP. Methods Fifteen AD dementia (AD) with CP and 14 cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants with CP were recruited. Buccal, supragingival and subgingival plaque samples were collected with the full-mouth periodontal examination. Alpha diversity, beta diversity, LEfSe (linear discriminant analysis effect size), metabolic pathway prediction and network analysis were applied to compare the microbiome features. Results All participants had moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. The level of alpha diversity in subgingival microbiota of the AD group was higher than the CU group. Also, principle coordinate analysis showed significant difference in subgingival samples. When significant taxa were analyzed by LEfSe, various Prevotella spp. were more prevalent in subgingival samples from AD group. Furthermore, subgingival microbiome network analysis showed distinctive network complexity in AD compared to CU group. Conclusion We found that subgingival microbiome of AD patients had increased microbial diversity. The composition of subgingival microbiome was different between the AD and the CU groups. This pilot study provides a novel view at the changes of subgingival microbiome in AD patients with CP. Our findings need further well-designed studies with adequate sample size to confirm oral microbiome characteristics in AD with CP.

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Methotrexate in saliva and risk in the development of chemotherapeutic mucositis in children

Likarska sprava ◽

10.31640/jvd.1-2.2019(14) ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 99-104

Author(s):

T. V. Papruzhenka ◽

S. P. Borys ◽

O. V. Krasko

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Anticancer Therapy ◽

Mixed Effects ◽

High Dose ◽

Time Points ◽

Methotrexate Concentration ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Oral Liquid ◽

Analysis Of Dynamics ◽

Method R

The aim of the study was to assess the possible direct effect of anticancer therapy with methotrexate (MTX) in bio liquids on the oral mucosa in the development of oral mucositis (OM). Twenty one children and adolescents participated in this study. Chemotherapy with MTX was administered in the following concentrations of 1; 2; 5 g/m2 of body surface area during 24 hours (including four episodes with OM). Twenty seven episodes of chemotherapy with high dose MTX were assessed in the samples of saliva on the 6th; 12; 24; 42; 48; 54 hour from the start of infusion and in the samples of blood on the 42; 48; 54 hour from the start of infusion. Сoncentration of methotrexate was measured by standard fluorescent polarization immunoassay using MTX reagent pac kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Analysis of dynamics of methotrexate concentration in samples was performed using a linear model of mixed effects, on the basis of which the average values (M) and confidence intervals for them were calculated (95 % CI). The analysis of the correlation of the levels of methotrexate in the blood and oral liquid was performed at individual time points (42; 48 and 54 hours) using the Spearman method (r). It was determined that excretion of MTX in the oral cavity repeated its clearance in blood. MTX concentration in saliva was less than 1/10 from its concentration in blood. During the first day, MTX concentration had decimicromol level and then until 54 hour it had santimicromol level. MTX concentration in saliva on the 6; 12; 24 hour in children with OM was lower by 2 times than in children without OM (P < 0,001). There was no significant difference in those parameters between two groups (with or without OM) in the following observed hours. This data does not support hypothesis concerning involvement of salivary MTX in OM pathogenesis.

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Evaluation ofCandidaColonization and Specific Humoral Responses againstCandida albicansin Patients with Atopic Dermatitis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/849206 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ghaffari Javad ◽

Mehdi Taheri Sarvtin ◽

Mohammad Taghi Hedayati ◽

Zohreh Hajheydari ◽

Jamshid Yazdani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

D2 Domain ◽

Significant Difference ◽

26S Rrna ◽

Humoral Responses ◽

Candidal Colonization

The aim of this study was to assess the candidal colonization and specific humoral responses againstCandida albicansin patients with atopic dermatitis. One hundred patients with atopic dermatitis and 50 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. Skin and oral specimens from all participants were cultured on CHROMagarCandidamedium. Isolated yeasts were identified by using the sequence of the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene. ELISA was used for detection of IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies againstC. albicansin sera of participants.Candidaspecies were isolated from the skin and oral cavity of 31% of the patients and 12% of the controls. There was no significant difference betweenCandidacolonization in patients and controls (P>0.05).Candida albicanswas isolated from the skin and oral cavity of 23% of the patients and 6% of the controls (P< 0.05). There were no significant differences between serum levels of IgM and IgA in patients and controls (P>0.05). Serum level of IgG was significantly lower in patients than in controls (P<0.05). Type ofCandidacolonization can change in patients with atopic dermatitis. In addition, these patients have abnormalities in the production of antibodies againstCandida albicansthat may have a role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.Corrigendum to “Evaluation ofCandidaColonization and Specific Humoral Responses againstCandida albicansin Patients with Atopic Dermatitis”

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