Yield potential definition of the chilling requirement reveals likely underestimation of the risk of climate change on winter chill accumulation

Adequate chill is of great importance for successful production of deciduous fruit trees. However, temperate fruit trees grown under tropical and subtropical regions may face insufficient winter chill, which has a crucial role in dormancy and productivity. The objective of this review is to discuss the challenges for dormancy and chilling requirements of temperate fruit trees, especially in warm winter regions, under climate change conditions. After defining climate change and dormancy, the effects of climate change on various parameters of temperate fruit trees are described. Then, dormancy breaking chemicals and organic compounds, as well as some aspects of the mechanism of dormancy breaking, are demonstrated. After this, the relationships between dormancy and chilling requirements are delineated and challenging aspects of chilling requirements in climate change conditions and in warm winter environments are demonstrated. Experts have sought to develop models for estimating chilling requirements and dormancy breaking in order to improve the adaption of temperate fruit trees under tropical and subtropical environments. Some of these models and their uses are described in the final section of this review. In conclusion, global warming has led to chill deficit during winter, which may become a limiting factor in the near future for the growth of temperate fruit trees in the tropics and subtropics. With the increasing rate of climate change, improvements in some managing tools (e.g., discovering new, more effective dormancy breaking organic compounds; breeding new, climate-smart cultivars in order to solve problems associated with dormancy and chilling requirements; and improving dormancy and chilling forecasting models) have the potential to solve the challenges of dormancy and chilling requirements for temperate fruit tree production in warm winter fruit tree growing regions.

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Rethinking Climate, Climate Change, and Their Relationship with Water

Water ◽

10.3390/w13060849 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 849

Author(s):

Demetris Koutsoyiannis

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climatic Variability ◽

Main Element ◽

The Political ◽

Real World Data ◽

Modern Times ◽

External Agent ◽

Historical Investigation ◽

Definition Of ◽

Water Issues

We revisit the notion of climate, along with its historical evolution, tracing the origin of the modern concerns about climate. The notion (and the scientific term) of climate was established during the Greek antiquity in a geographical context and it acquired its statistical content (average weather) in modern times after meteorological measurements had become common. Yet the modern definitions of climate are seriously affected by the wrong perception of the previous two centuries that climate should regularly be constant, unless an external agent acts upon it. Therefore, we attempt to give a more rigorous definition of climate, consistent with the modern body of stochastics. We illustrate the definition by real-world data, which also exemplify the large climatic variability. Given this variability, the term “climate change” turns out to be scientifically unjustified. Specifically, it is a pleonasm as climate, like weather, has been ever-changing. Indeed, a historical investigation reveals that the aim in using that term is not scientific but political. Within the political aims, water issues have been greatly promoted by projecting future catastrophes while reversing true roles and causality directions. For this reason, we provide arguments that water is the main element that drives climate, and not the opposite.

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Compare and Analyze of the Definition and Development of Distributed Generation in China and Abroad

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.925 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 953-954 ◽

pp. 925-928 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bi Bin Huang

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Power Generation ◽

Energy Conservation ◽

Distributed Generation ◽

Basic Characteristic ◽

Large Scale ◽

General Definition ◽

Development Status ◽

Incentive Policy ◽

Definition Of

As the positive and important supplement to large-scale power generation, distributed generation (DG) will become key measure to promote energy conservation and solve the problems of climate change in China. Due to absence of universal authoritative definition of DG, this paper summarizes the basic characteristic of DG based on the definitions in typical countries (or organizations) and carried out general definition of DG considering our national conditions and power grid features. From the views of resource, incentive policy and industry, this paper analyzed the fundamental for DG development and compared the development status in typical countries.

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Comparative analysis of three NDVI resolutions in different urban typologies. The case of Granollers in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona.

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14785 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alan García-Haro ◽

Josep Roca

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Urban Studies ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Industrial Area ◽

Landsat 8 ◽

Urban Context ◽

Urban Core ◽

First Results ◽

Definition Of

In recent years, the use of remote sensed NDVI has become recurrent in urban studies regarding the adaptation of cities to climate change. However, due to the physical diversity within cities and the different resolution offered by the sensors, the territorial interpretation of what the NDVI values really mean becomes difficult. Where the larger the size of the cells of the image, the greater the number of elements of the built environment within it, and the more complex the interpretation becomes.In this work, the relationship between the NDVI of three sensors with different cell resolution for the same location and date is studied. In particular, the city of Granollers in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona is analyzed. First, the NDVI images were obtained from Landsat-8 with 30m resolution, Sentinel-2 with 10m and from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Food of Catalonia (DARP) with 0.125m resolution. Then, the comparison was performed with a sample of five different typologies of the territory: dense urban core, suburban, industrial, area of highway and rural.As first results, a supervised classification of the DARP image allowed the definition of 0.30 as the precise minimum value of NDVI that indicates the actual presence of vegetation. On the other hand, the comparison indicates that, in the urban context, the larger the cell size, the presence of vegetation quality is overestimated, where the higher percentage of cells is concentrated in higher NDVI values than in those with lower resolution. However, this behavior is not appreciated in rural areas, where higher percentages of cells of different resolutions were concentrated in the same NDVI ranges.In such a way, it is corroborated that it is in the urban context where this indicator has a greater difficulty of territorial interpretation. Statements that are analyzed in greater depth in this study, where its implications in the use of NDVI in urban studies for the adaptation of cities to climate change are discussed.

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Predicted Effects of Climate Change on Winter Chill Accumulation by Temperate Trees in South Korea

The Horticulture Journal ◽

10.2503/hortj.okd-089 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 166-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

YoSup Park ◽

ByulHaNa Lee ◽

Hee-Seung Park

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

South Korea ◽

Winter Chill ◽

Temperate Trees

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Development of downscaled Climate Change Scenarios for Central America. Lessons learned and next steps

10.5194/ems2021-99 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jorge Tamayo ◽

Ernesto Rodriguez-Camino ◽

Sara Covaleda

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Central America ◽

Essential Element ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Second Phase ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Definition Of ◽

Hydrological Services ◽

Different Sources

The intersectoral workshop held in December 2016 among the Ibero-American networks on water (CODIA), climate change (RIOCC) and meteorology (CIMHET) identified the need to dispose of downscaled climate change scenarios for Central America. Such scenarios would be developed by National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) in the region, based on a common methodology, allowing the assessment of climate change impacts on water resources and extreme hydro-meteorological events.One final outcome of the project has been a freely accessible web viewer, installed on the Centro Clima webpage (https://centroclima.org/escenarios-cambio-climatico/), managed by CRRH-SICA, where all information generated during the project is available for consultation and data downloading by the different sectors of users.A key element in this project has been to integrate many downscaled projections based on different methods (dynamical and statistical), totalizing 45 different projections, and aiming at estimating the uncertainty coming from different sources in the best possible way.Another essential element has been the strong involvement of the different user sectors through national workshops, first, at the beginning of the project for the identification and definition of viewer features the project, and then for the presentation of results and planning of its use by prioritized sectors.In a second phase of the project, a regional working group made up of experts from the NMHSs will be in charge of viewer maintenance and upgrade, including new sectoral parameters, developed in collaboration with interested users, and computation and addition of new downscaled projections from CMIP 6 in collaboration with AEMET.Finally, following the request of CIMHET, the possibility of replicating this project for other areas of Ibero-America is being evaluated.

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"Crisis, Conspiracy, and Community in Evangelical Climate Denial"

Journal of the Council for Research on Religion ◽

10.26443/jcreor.v2i1.39 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 72-91

Author(s):

Aaron Ricker

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Social Identity ◽

Climate Science ◽

Conspiracy Theory ◽

Conspiracy Theories ◽

Evangelical Christians ◽

Special Knowledge ◽

Definition Of

Statistically speaking, American Evangelical Christians are uniquely attracted to apocalyptic conspiracy theories when it comes to the topic of climate change. Since Evangelicals constitute a powerful voting/lobbying/shopping bloc, it is worth asking why this might be the case and what (if anything) can be done about it. To this end, my study considers the relevance of two major cultural tributaries to American Evangelical pop apocalyptic culture. In the first section I consider biblical apocalyptic culture and argue that the characteristic apocalyptic promise to disclose hidden divine plans to a misunderstood but soon-tobe- vindicated elect group naturally entails conspiracy-theory thinking. I argue further that apocalyptic imagination and conspiracy-theory thinking are powerful tools for the definition of identity and community. In the second section I turn my attention to the kind of Evangelical pop apocalyptic culture that helped push climate science denial into the Christian mainstream. I argue that in pop apocalyptic productions like the influential tracts and comics of Jack T. Chick, the image of the elect as the persecuted and powerful bearers of special knowledge found a new lease on life, and continues to fascinate millions with the attractive offer of somebody special to be and somewhere special to belong. I conclude that apocalyptic questions of crisis and conspiracy have a sociological function, as means to the end of defining social identity. Understanding this concrete function of conspiracy-theory thinking in Christian apocalyptic imagination can help in assessing and addressing the troubling phenomenon of Evangelical climate denial.

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Stress-resilient maize for climate-vulnerable ecologies in the Asian tropics

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.20.14.08.p2405 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1264-1274

Author(s):

P.H. Zaidi ◽

Thanh Nguyen ◽

Dang N. Ha ◽

Suriphat Thaitad ◽

Salahuddin Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Specific Situation ◽

Environment Interaction ◽

Maize Germplasm ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Variable Weather

Most parts of the Asian tropics are hotspots of climate change effects and associated weather variabilities. One of the major challenges with climate change is the uncertainty and inter-annual variability in weather conditions as crops are frequently exposed to different weather extremes within the same season. Therefore, agricultural research must strive to develop new crop varieties with inbuilt resilience towards variable weather conditions rather than merely tolerance to individual stresses in a specific situation and/or at a specific crop stage. C4 crops are known for their wider adaptation to range of climatic conditions. However, recent climatic trends and associated variabilities seem to be challenging the threshold limit of wider adaptability of even C4 crops like maize. In collaboration with national programs and private sector partners in the region, CIMMYT-Asia maize program initiated research for development (R4D) projects largely focusing on saving achievable yields across range of variable environments by incorporating reasonable levels of tolerance/resistance to major abiotic and biotic stresses without compromising on grain yields under optimal growing conditions. By integrating novel breeding tools like - genomics, double haploid (DH) technology, precision phenotyping and reducing genotype × environment interaction effects, a new generation of maize germplasm with multiple stress tolerance that can grow well across variable weather conditions were developed. The new maize germplasm were targeted for stress-prone environments where maize is invariability exposed to a range of sub-optimal growing conditions, such as drought, heat, waterlogging and various virulent diseases. The overarching goal of the stress-resilient maize program has been to achieve yield potential with a downside risk reduction.

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