scholarly journals Embodied instrumentation in learning mathematics as the genesis of a body-artifact functional system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Shvarts ◽  
Rosa Alberto ◽  
Arthur Bakker ◽  
Michiel Doorman ◽  
Paul Drijvers
Keyword(s):  
Functional System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Instrumental Approach ◽  
Functional Systems ◽  
Learning Mathematics ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Embodied Cognitive Science ◽  
Perception Action

AbstractRecent developments in cognitive and educational science highlight the role of the body in learning. Novel digital technologies increasingly facilitate bodily interaction. Aiming for understanding of the body’s role in learning mathematics with technology, we reconsider the instrumental approach from a radical embodied cognitive science perspective. We highlight the complexity of any action regulation, which is performed by a complex dynamic functional system of the body and brain in perception-action loops driven by multilevel intentionality. Unlike mental schemes, functional systems are decentralized and can be extended by artifacts. We introduce the notion of a body-artifact functional system, pointing to the fact that artifacts are included in the perception-action loops of instrumented actions. The theoretical statements of this radical embodied reconsideration of the instrumental approach are illustrated by an empirical example, in which embodied activities led a student to the development of instrumented actions with a unit circle as an instrument to construct a sine graph. Supplementing videography of the student’s embodied actions and gestures with eye-tracking data, we show how new functional systems can be formed. Educational means to facilitate the development of body-artifact functional systems are discussed.

scholarly journals Biomechanical trade-offs bias rates of evolution in the feeding apparatus of fishes

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1732) ◽  
pp. 1287-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roi Holzman ◽  
David C. Collar ◽  
Samantha A. Price ◽  
C. Darrin Hulsey ◽  
Robert C. Thomson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Phenotypic Evolution ◽  
Genetic Constraints ◽  
Functional Systems ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs

Morphological diversification does not proceed evenly across the organism. Some body parts tend to evolve at higher rates than others, and these rate biases are often attributed to sexual and natural selection or to genetic constraints. We hypothesized that variation in the rates of morphological evolution among body parts could also be related to the performance consequences of the functional systems that make up the body. Specifically, we tested the widely held expectation that the rate of evolution for a trait is negatively correlated with the strength of biomechanical trade-offs to which it is exposed. We quantified the magnitude of trade-offs acting on the morphological components of three feeding-related functional systems in four radiations of teleost fishes. After accounting for differences in the rates of morphological evolution between radiations, we found that traits that contribute more to performance trade-offs tend to evolve more rapidly, contrary to the prediction. While ecological and genetic factors are known to have strong effects on rates of phenotypic evolution, this study highlights the role of the biomechanical architecture of functional systems in biasing the rates and direction of trait evolution.

scholarly journals Beyond the Flesh: Some Lessons from a Mole Cricket

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Clark
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Mole Cricket ◽  
Concrete Objects ◽  
Embodied Cognitive Science ◽  
High Level ◽  
Perception Action

What do linguistic symbols do for minds like ours, and how (if at all) can basic embodied, dynamical, and situated approaches do justice to high-level human thought and reason? These two questions are best addressed together, since our answers to the first may inform the second. The key move in scaling up simple embodied cognitive science is, I argue, to take very seriously the potent role of human-built structures in transforming the spaces of human learning and reason. In particular, in this article I look at a range of cases involving what I dub surrogate situations. Here, we actively create restricted artificial environments that allow us to deploy basic perception-action-reason routines in the absence of their proper objects. Examples include the use of real-world models, diagrams, and other concrete external symbols to support dense looping interactions with a variety of stable external structures that stand in for the absent states of affairs. Language itself, I finally suggest, is the most potent and fundamental form of such surrogacy. Words are both cheap stand-ins for gross behavioral outcomes, and the concrete objects that structure new spaces for basic forms of learning and reason. A good hard look at surrogate situatedness thus turns the standard skeptical challenge on its head. But it raises important questions concerning what really matters about these new approaches, and it helps focus what I see as the major challenge for the future: how, in detail, to conceptualize the role of symbols (both internal and external) in dynamical cognitive processes.

scholarly journals Role of Connective Tissue in the Body

2015 ◽  
pp. 92-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju. . Potehina
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Functional System ◽  
The Body

Based on the analysis of theliterary sources, the article presentsthe connective tissue as a functional system and describes its functions in the body. It makes an attempt to justify the appurtenanceof the connective tissue to the regulatory system of the body

scholarly journals Current Developments on the Role of α1-Adrenergic Receptors in Cognition, Cardioprotection, and Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne M. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Selective Ligands ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Similar Affinity

The α1-adrenergic receptors (ARs) are G-protein coupled receptors that bind the endogenous catecholamines, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. They play a key role in the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system along with β and α2-AR family members. While all of the adrenergic receptors bind with similar affinity to the catecholamines, they can regulate different physiologies and pathophysiologies in the body because they couple to different G-proteins and signal transduction pathways, commonly in opposition to one another. While α1-AR subtypes (α1A, α1B, α1C) have long been known to be primary regulators of vascular smooth muscle contraction, blood pressure, and cardiac hypertrophy, their role in neurotransmission, improving cognition, protecting the heart during ischemia and failure, and regulating whole body and organ metabolism are not well known and are more recent developments. These advancements have been made possible through the development of transgenic and knockout mouse models and more selective ligands to advance their research. Here, we will review the recent literature to provide new insights into these physiological functions and possible use as a therapeutic target.

scholarly journals Epiphysis: current data on physiology and pathology

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Semicheva ◽  
A. Yu. Garibashvili
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Modern Literature ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Functional Systems ◽  
Annual Rhythms ◽  
Leading Role

Today the pineal gland is one of the most “titled” endocrine glands, but interest in it has not diminished, but continues to increase. A Melatonin Club has been organized and operates, and Jounal of Pineal Research, Advances in Pineal Research, and European Pineal Society News are published. The rapid development of chronobiology led to the elimination of the leading role of the pineal gland and its hormone melatonin in the implementation of circadian, seasonal and annual rhythms of the most diverse functional systems of the body [1]. Despite this, the amount of modern literature in Russian, devoted not to some particular issues, but to the pineal gland and its pathology as a whole, is very limited.

scholarly journals An acetylation rheostat for the control of muscle energy homeostasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. T101-T113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keir Menzies ◽  
Johan Auwerx
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
The Body ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Function

In recent years, the role of acetylation has gained ground as an essential modulator of intermediary metabolism in skeletal muscle. Imbalance in energy homeostasis or chronic cellular stress, due to diet, aging, or disease, translate into alterations in the acetylation levels of key proteins which govern bioenergetics, cellular substrate use, and/or changes in mitochondrial content and function. For example, cellular stress induced by exercise or caloric restriction can alter the coordinated activity of acetyltransferases and deacetylases to increase mitochondrial biogenesis and function in order to adapt to low energetic levels. The natural duality of these enzymes, as metabolic sensors and effector proteins, has helped biologists to understand how the body can integrate seemingly distinct signaling pathways to control mitochondrial biogenesis, insulin sensitivity, glucose transport, reactive oxygen species handling, angiogenesis, and muscle satellite cell proliferation/differentiation. Our review will summarize the recent developments related to acetylation-dependent responses following metabolic stress in skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals Role of AI and Histopathological Images in Detecting Prostate Cancer: A Survey

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2586
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Ayyad ◽  
Mohamed Shehata ◽  
Ahmed Shalaby ◽  
Mohamed Abou El-Ghar ◽  
Mohammed Ghazal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Histopathological Image ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Histopathological Images ◽  
Conventional Machine ◽  
Histopathology Images ◽  
High Level

Prostate cancer is one of the most identified cancers and second most prevalent among cancer-related deaths of men worldwide. Early diagnosis and treatment are substantial to stop or handle the increase and spread of cancer cells in the body. Histopathological image diagnosis is a gold standard for detecting prostate cancer as it has different visual characteristics but interpreting those type of images needs a high level of expertise and takes too much time. One of the ways to accelerate such an analysis is by employing artificial intelligence (AI) through the use of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems. The recent developments in artificial intelligence along with its sub-fields of conventional machine learning and deep learning provide new insights to clinicians and researchers, and an abundance of research is presented specifically for histopathology images tailored for prostate cancer. However, there is a lack of comprehensive surveys that focus on prostate cancer using histopathology images. In this paper, we provide a very comprehensive review of most, if not all, studies that handled the prostate cancer diagnosis using histopathological images. The survey begins with an overview of histopathological image preparation and its challenges. We also briefly review the computing techniques that are commonly applied in image processing, segmentation, feature selection, and classification that can help in detecting prostate malignancies in histopathological images.

scholarly journals Community gardening in Stockholm: participation, driving forces and the role of the municipality

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 503-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Bonow ◽  
Maria Normark
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Community Gardens ◽  
The Body ◽  
Community Gardening ◽  
Sustainable City ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Instrumental Approach ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
The City

AbstractThe paper reports on a study of community gardening in Stockholm. We contribute to the body of knowledge about the sustainability of community gardens and this new form of citizen-led initiatives in Stockholm, with the ambition of creating a debate about the best way to sustain and develop these initiatives in Sweden. We argue that although community gardening may provide leverage for means of developing a sustainable city, it is a marginal phenomenon and contributes little to sustainable development its present form. Through interviews we have investigated how the citizens and municipality officers of Stockholm try to adapt to the renewed interest in community gardening by looking at the policy makers’, municipality officers’ and grassroots movements’ incentives to start community gardens. We specifically focus on how the community gardeners articulate their reasons for participating in collaborative initiatives in the city and how these expectations evolve when they are faced with the reality of gardening and the problems relating to producing food in the city. We have found that there are a growing number of citizens and local authorities advocating community gardening, but the sustainability and endurance of gardens are hampered by vague responsibilities, lack of leadership and unclear expectations of the outcome. Community gardening cases in Stockholm contribute to the debate by exemplifying how formal (e.g. policy making) and informal advocacy (e.g. civic engagement in community gardening) groups are collaborating, but also showing that they often have different agendas and initial motivations for setting up new gardens. We argue that uncritical enthusiasm results in an overly instrumental approach to governance of community gardening and that the sustainability and endurance of the community gardening is not an issue that the governing bodies plan for, and hence it is forgotten. We suggest some routes forward, involving employing facilitators from various stakeholders such as the municipality, housing companies and various NGOs.

scholarly journals The role of excitable tissues in the systemic organization of the body functions

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Y. E. Vagin
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Systemic Organization ◽  
Cellular Physiology ◽  
Functional Systems ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Hereditary Factors ◽  
Systematic Knowledge

The functions of excitable tissues are basic for the vital functions of the organs and systems of the body. The physiology of excitable tissues is not only a part of molecular-cellular physiology, but also the physiology of functional systems, contributing to the formation of systematic knowledge of life processes. The functions of excitable tissues are determined by hereditary factors, form a single functional environment and contribute to system genesis. They are an integral part of the information and executive processes of functional systems and ensure the continuity of the body's functions.

The significance of biologically active zones of the skin in the electric exchange of the body with the external environment (on the example, operational damage)

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Новикова ◽  
E. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
External Environment ◽  
Functional System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Active Zones ◽  
First Time

This work is devoted to the phenomenon occurring in long-term damage to the biologically active zones (BAZ) by metal spokes and leading to local and general disorders of the organism corresponding to the specific damaged BAZ. On a large clinical material of the application of the apparatuses for external trans-osseous fixation for the treatment of injuries of bones and joints, the author found the phenomenon of energetic exchange between the organism and environment, occurring through BAZ and representing a link of the functional system of adaptive regulation. This allows to attribute the disorders of the normal energetic exchange due to the skin damage, to important pathogenetic factors that must be considered in the treatment of trauma patients. For the first time, the nature of some complications developing in long-term trauma of BAZ, is established and scientifically proven. For the first time in academic medicine, the position on the role of BAZ as a functional system of adaptive regulation of the human body, is proposed and experimentally substantiated.

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