scholarly journals Dementia remains the major predictor of death among octogenarians. A study of two population cohorts of 85-year-olds examined 22 years apart

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Wetterberg ◽  
Jenna Najar ◽  
Lina Rydén ◽  
Mats Ribbe ◽  
Therese Rydberg Sterner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Patient Register ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Major Predictor

AbstractDementia is the major predictor of death in old age. The aim of this paper was to determine whether 8-year mortality among 85-year olds with and without dementia, and if the contribution of dementia to mortality relative to other common diseases has changed. We used two population-based cohorts of 85-year-olds (N = 1065), born in 1901–02 and 1923–24, which were examined with identical methods in 1986–87 and 2008–2010 and followed for 8-year mortality according to data from the Swedish Tax Agency. Dementia was diagnosed according to DSM-III-R. Other diseases were diagnosed based on self-reports, close informant interviews, somatic examinations, and the Swedish National In-patient Register. Compared to cohort 1901–02, cohort 1923–24 had a lower 8-year mortality both among those with (HR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5–0.99) and without dementia (HR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5–0.9). Dementia was associated with increased mortality in both cohorts (cohort 1901–02, HR 2.6; 95% CI 2.0–3.2, cohort 1923–24, HR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.5), and remained the major predictor of death, with a population attributable risk of 31.7% in 1986–87 and 27.7% in 2008–10. Dementia remained the most important predictor of death in both cohorts. The relative risk for mortality with dementia did not change between cohorts, despite a decreased mortality rate in the population.

scholarly journals Incidence of stroke in the diabetic and non-diabetic population in Upper Austria (2008-2012) and

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Karl Schableger ◽  
Lisa Inreiter
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Upper Austria ◽  
Diabetic Population

Abstract: Background and Purpose: Although it is generally known that diabetes has a negative effect on the stroke incidence, only a limited number of long-term population-based studies focus on the comparison of incidence rates of stroke in diabetics and non-diabetics. Hence, the aim of this study was to estimate the risk of stroke in the diabetic and the non-diabetic population with the help of incidence rates and effect measures. Methods: For this study, data from the Upper Austrian stroke register and the statutory Upper Austrian health insurance (1.3 million members) was used to analyse all first strokes from 2008-2012. This was done by assessing stroke incidence for the total, the diabetic and the non-diabetic population. The analysis was mainly conducted on an age/sex-specific basis. Moreover, age/sex-standardized incidence rates were calculated as well. In addition, effect measures like the relative risk, the attributable risk among exposed and the population attributable risk were computed. Results: Out of the total cohort of 1,319,761 subjects, 17,663 had a first stroke (mean age (Sd.): 71.6 (±14.3) years; 46.0 per cent male). Among these, 19.5 per cent were classified as diabetics. Concerning the stroke standardized incidence rates of the Upper Austrian population (per 100,000 person years), the following results were obtained for the diabetic and the non-diabetic population respectively: men: 571.9 (95%-confidence interval: 530.1-613.6), 319.3 (95%-confidence interval: 311.3-327.2); women: 600.9 (95%-confidence interval: 559.3-642.5), 343.5 (95%-confidence interval: 335.7-351.3). The age-standardised relative risk was found to be 1.79 (95%-confidence interval: 1.66-1.93) for men and 1.75 (95%-confidence interval: 1.63-1.88) for women. Attributable risks among exposed are as follows: men: 0.44 (95%-confidence interval: 0.40-0.48); women: 0.43 (95%-confidence interval: 0.39-0.47). For the population attributable risks 0.08 (95%-confidence interval: 0.04-0.11) was obtained for men and 0.07 (95%-confidence interval: 0.04-0.09) for women. Conclusion: This investigation showed that the stroke risk in the diabetic population is significantly higher compared to the non-diabetic population.

A Catch in `a Catch in the Reye'

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 676-677
Author(s):  
PATRICK L. REMINGTON ◽  
KEVIN SULLIVAN ◽  
JAMES S. MARKS
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Reye Syndrome ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

To the Editor.— The "Catch in the Reye"1 is not in the data but rather in the authors' interpretation. They incorrectly surmise that finding that only one in 20 patients with Reye syndrome had taken aspirin makes it unlikely that aspirin is a risk factor for Reye syndrome. This conclusion ignores the relationship between the prevalence of a risk factor (such as aspirin), the relative risk (RR), and the population attributable risk (PAR). In a population in which aspirin use is uncommon, such as Australia, only a small proportion of all patients with Reye syndrome will have a history of aspirin use.

Parasuicide and unemployment among men in Edinburgh 1968–82

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Platt ◽  
N. Kreitman
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Ecological Association ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

SynopsisThe ecological association between unemployment and parasuicide rates among males in Edinburgh over the period 1968–82 was positive and highly significant (r = 0·77). Similarly, the two rates were found to be correlated across the city wards in 1971 (r = 0·76) and even more strongly in 1981 (r = 0·95). Throughout the period the parasuicide rate among the unemployed was nearly always more than 10 times higher than that among the employed. The long-term unemployed were at much higher risk than those out of work for lesser periods, although the impact of recent job loss was marked. Population attributable risk has shown a tendency to rise in line with the upward trend in the unemployment rate, despite the decline in relative risk over the period. The findings were considered consistent with the view that unemployment increases the parasuicide rate.

Universal Interventions for the Primary Prevention of Schizophrenia

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. A58-A64 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Universal Prevention ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Prenatal Nutrition

Objective To speculate on the role of universal (population-based) interventions designed to prevent schizophrenia. Method A nonsystematic review of candidate risk factors for schizophrenia, with particular emphasis on the quality of the evidence, effect size of the risk factor, population attributable risk and potential for population-based intervention. Results In order to design population-based interventions for the prevention of schizophrenia, we need to identify weak but prevalent risk factors. Based on current knowledge, the leading risk factors for schizophrenia include genes, season and place of birth, obstetric complications, prenatal exposure to viruses and prenatal nutrition. For the nongenetic exposures, we need to consider if potential interventions are effective, safe, cheap and acceptable. Conclusions Vaccinations and interventions related to improving prenatal nutrition and antenatal care appear to be the most plausible options for universal prevention.

scholarly journals Incidence and Risks of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in China

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 2891-2893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingfen Zhang ◽  
Guorong Liu ◽  
Hisatomi Arima ◽  
Yuechun Li ◽  
Guojuan Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Multiple Variable ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Population Attributable Risks ◽  
Control Study

Background and Purpose— To determine incidence and risks of subarachnoid hemorrhage in China. Methods— A prospective, population-based, 1:2 matched case–control study in Baotou, Inner Mongolia (≈2 million population) in 2009–2011. Multiple variable models used to determine relative risk and population-attributable risks for exposures. Results— For a total of 226 patients (mean age, 59 years; 65% women; 434 controls), crude annual incidence (per 100 000) of subarachnoid hemorrhage was 6.2 (95% confidence intervals, 5.4–7.0); 4.3 (3.3–5.2) for men and 8.2 (6.9–9.6) for women. Compared with nonsmokers, adjusted relative risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage in current smokers was 2.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.31–4.09) but was 4.00 (1.62–9.89) in women. Population-attributable risk for smoking, hypertension, and low income were 18%, 36% and 59%, respectively. Conclusions— The incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage in China is slightly lower than in Western countries and is related to smoking, hypertension, and poor socioeconomic status.

scholarly journals ROLE OF "ATYPICAL" MICROORGANISMS ON THE FORMATION OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE AND RECURRENT OBSTRUCTIVE BRONCHITIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga V Zhukova ◽  
Svetlana V Kononova ◽  
Tatjana M Konyshkina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Risk Population ◽  
Group Frequency ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Number Needed To Harm

Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the link between the presence of “atypical” infections in patients with acute obstructive andrecurrent obstructive bronchitis (AOB/ROB) and bronchial asthma (BA) development based on the concept of risk.Methods: The materials for the study were the data records of patients hospitalized with AOB or ROB and whose analysis was performed to identifyantibodies to “atypical” microflora (796 patients). The study period was 4 years from 2008 to 2011. In the analyzed period, immunosorbent assay forthe detection of antibodies to “atypical” microflora (Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis) was performed. Theconcept of risk identification was based on the determination of the absolute risk, attributable risk (AtR), relative risk, population attributable risk, aswell as on the definition of the standard errors for each type of risk and the confidence interval.Results and Conclusion: Methodical aspects of determining the relationship between the presence of “atypical” infections in patients with AOBor ROB and BA development were based on the concept of risk. The analysis showed a direct link between the increase of cases of BA formationagainst the backdrop of “atypical” infections. Therefore, the performed analysis of atypical pathogens influences on BA occurrence in patients withAOB/ROB which indicates direct dependence increase of BA incidence on atypical infection. In experimental group, Frequency of event is 14.84% inexperimental group. Frequency of event is 1.67% in control group. The risk factor increases probability of event by 13.17%, the risk factor increasesprobability of event by 13.17%. Presence of atypical infection leads to increase of BA incidence by 8.9 times. Number needed to harm (NNH) is 7.59,i.e., in the presence of atypical infection in patients with AOB/ROB, each eighth exposed person develops BA in addition to background level of BAincidence.Keywords: Acute obstructive bronchitis, Recurrent obstructive bronchitis, Bronchial asthma, The concept of risk, Risk factor, The absolute risk,Relative risk, Attributable risk, Population attributable risk, Number needed to harm.

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