scholarly journals A Mathematical Analysis of an Election System Proposed by Gottlob Frege

Erkenntnis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Harrenstein ◽  
Marie-Louise Lackner ◽  
Martin Lackner

Abstract In 1998 a long-lost proposal for an election law by Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) was rediscovered in the Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek in Jena, Germany. The method that Frege proposed for the election of representatives of a constituency features a remarkable concern for the representation of minorities. Its core idea is that votes cast for unelected candidates are carried over to the next election, while elected candidates incur a cost of winning. We prove that this sensitivity to past elections guarantees a proportional representation of political opinions in the long run. We find that through a slight modification of Frege’s original method even stronger proportionality guarantees can be achieved. This modified version of Frege’s method also provides a novel solution to the apportionment problem, which is distinct from all of the best-known apportionment methods, while still possessing noteworthy proportionality properties.

Author(s):  
Priyanka Garg

The core idea of sustainability is that current decisions should not impair the prospects for maintaining or improving future living standards (Repetto, 1986). GRI (2006) defined sustainability as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The challenges of sustainable development are many and it is widely accepted that organizations have not only a responsibility but also a great ability to exert positive change on the state of the worlds economy, and environmental and social conditions. Further, the issue of environmental sustainability is intertwined with that of poverty and inequity. The causative relationship runs both ways- increased poverty and loss of rural livelihoods accelerates environmental degradation as displaced people put greater pressure on forests, fisheries, and marginal lands. The present study has made an attempt to investigate the relationship between sustainability reporting and financial performance of companies in India. Data have been collected with the help of annual reports of selected companies and Prowess Database. Collected data have been analyzed with the help of SPSS 16.0. The study shows that sustainability reporting practices of companies has improved over the time. Further, research reveals that sustainability reporting practices of a firm impact its performance negatively in short run while positively in long run.


1964 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. SYMINGTON

SUMMARY The application of Johnsen's tannic acid method to the extraction of gonadotrophins from ovine urine was studied using the urine of castrated sheep. Slight modification of the original method increased the efficiency of extraction. Rate of recovery was measured at several levels of added pituitary and urinary gonadotrophins and was similar to recovery rates reported for human urines (30–81 %). Reproducibility of the extraction procedure was excellent. Further purification of the final ethanol precipitate without loss in potency was effected by chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The daily excretion of total gonadotrophic activity, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone by two male and one female castrated sheep was estimated for four periods each of 3 weeks. In all instances excretory levels fluctuated considerably and randomly. Levels of excretion of all types of gonadotrophic activity were much lower than in man.


1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Stevenson ◽  
J. W. Rouatt

A review of the method developed in this laboratory in 1943 for the nutritional classification of soil bacteria has suggested slight amendments in certain differential media: (1) the substitution of vitamin-free casamino acids for a combination of amino acids, and (2) the addition of vitamin B12 to the growth factor media. In a comparative study with a newly proposed scheme of classification, the more selective plating medium advocated was found to be less suitable for the isolation of soil bacteria than the nonselective soil extract agar in the original method. Furthermore, the replacement of potassium nitrate with diammonium phosphate as source of inorganic nitrogen in the basal medium failed to cause any significant change in the nutritional grouping. Results from the nutritional classification of some 600 isolates by the two methods showed that the new procedure represents only a slight modification of the original system.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
C. Krishnan

The fiscal crisis facing the economy has led to withdrawal of the state from major sectors of the economy including education. With the advent of the liberalized economic policy the private sector has been playing a pivotal role in the economic development. Higher education ceases to be the‘merit good’ and the universities are encouraged to mobilize resources by their own efforts rather than depending on government grants. This has impacted the financing of state and central universities across India. Actually, this paper evaluates the funding of state universities in India through a case study, taking into consideration the changing contours of financing higher education. The core idea of the study is to analyse the resource mobilization as well as its utilization by the selected university. The study is based on secondary data. The discussion on the funding pattern reveals that the university is highly dependent on state grants for their day-to-day functioning. Though the efforts to generate internal resources is picking up, the university has failed to address the long run financial crunch of the university. The study concludes that unless the universities explore alternative channels of resources mobilization, it would be difficult to offer quality education in this era of globalization.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-131
Author(s):  
Aysel Ceyhun qızı Qasımova ◽  

As in other democratic states, parliamentary elections are the most regular form of citizen participation in the management of the state and public life in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Also, parliamentary elections are a mechanism that ensures the transparency of state power and facilitates the legalization of this area. The democratic and free conduct of elections, which is an expression of people’s will, depends on the socio-political stability in the country and the existence of norms that legally regulate the conduct of these elections. In this sense, the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Election Code are the main acts regulating election law relations. These legal acts create methods for the democratic conduct of elections, including parliamentary elections in the Republic of Azerbaijan, Key words: elections, suffrage, majoritarian election system, voter signature, election commission.


Author(s):  
E. Arapova

The article examines the prospects of monetary integration in East Asia and the specific issue of the Asian Currency Unit (ACU) that could potentially become a core element of Asian monetary integration in the long run. The research explores main initiatives underlying financial cooperation and key obstacles hampering monetary integration in the region. The concept of Asian currency unit was introduced by the East Asian countries as one of the mechanisms aimed to ensure regional financial stability. Being a weighted average of regional currencies ACU is highly negatively affected by the volatility of Asian currencies’ exchange rates. That’s why the main aim of the article is to find the “optimal ACU currency basket structure” with minimal variance able to deliver stability in intra-regional exchange rates. The paper offers the author’s attempt to answer three main questions. First, what kind of criteria/macroeconomic indicators must underlie the ACU basket computation. Second, what national currencies should be included in this basket. Third, what weights are to be attributed to the national currencies for achieving an optimal basket structure. The research considers five alternative configurations of the ACU basket. The best one should be neither too rigid nor too volatile; it must be a compromise solution meeting interests of the main regional actors. Initial estimates of the ACU currency weights are based on the RIETI concept that is based on consideration of three main economic indicators, namely, the member countries shares in the aggregate GDP, foreign trade and outward investment. The author complemented the basic methodology by an extra criterion – countries’ shares in aggregate international reserves. The final conclusions on the optimal ACU basket composition are made through the analysis of the aggregated variation coefficient for each alternative set of the national currencies. The coefficient is calculated according to the original method developed by the author. The calculations are based on the national currencies’ monthly exchange rates data generated for the period January 2009 – February 2014. The analysis results in proposition of an optimal ACU basket structure with the calculated optimal countries’ weights. The author gives the recommendations for higher efficiency and regional financial stability.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Anwar Hidayat

Regarding the electoral system explained that the recruitment of a candidate by a political party depends on the electoral system that develops in a country. An open list allows a candidate to get For political parties, the popularity of a candidate makes voter choices focused on his party rather than on other political parties. In Indonesia too, the latest election law requires each political party to include a minimum of 30% female candidates. This opens up greater possibilities for women to become legislators. However, on the other hand political parties are very selective towards women candidates: Only women candidates who meet certain criteria (beautiful, popular, academic) actually make up 30% of their party candidates. In scientific writing, the writer uses the method of normative juridical approach, with research specifications namely descriptive analysis. Research locations on the Buana Perjuangan University campus Karawang The results of the study discussed the 1955 Election System to the 2019 Election System and the great ideals of the intention to hold simultaneous elections in 2019 one of which was to strengthen the Presidential System. Concurrent elections can be one of the efforts to reform the Presidential system implemented in Indonesia after the reform. Keywords: Constitution; Elections; Political System.


Author(s):  
Marulak Pardede

Dasar hukum pelaksanaan pemilihan umum di Indonesia yang diatur dalam undang-undang, sejak bergulirnya era reformasi sampai saat ini selalu mengalami perubahan. Setiap perubahan undang-undang pemilu selalu dilakukan sebelum penyelenggaraan pemilu dengan alasan sebagai hasil evaluasi penyelenggaraan pemilu pada periode sebelumnya. Perubahan undang-undang pemilu juga selalu dilakukan satu paket perubahan dengan undang-undang penyelenggara pemilu dan undang-undang partai politik, paket perubahan undang-undang ini juga biasa disebut paket perubahan undang- undang politik. Kelemahan pada legislasi dan regulasi menyebabkan sejumlah ketentuan yang memunculkan penafsiran berbeda dalam pelaksanaannya. Keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi yang membatalkan sistem pemilu proporsional terbuka terbatas menjadi terbuka penuh, menunjukan regulasi penyelenggaraan pemilu yang belum sempurna. Melalui pelaksanaan pemilihan umum Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah dan Presiden/Wakil Presiden tahun 2014 ini, diharapkan dapat menjadi tumpuan perubahan untuk menjadi lebih baik. Permasalahan yang diteliti adalah bagaimanakah pelaksanaan sistem pemilihan umum di Indonesia; serta bagaimana dampak pelaksanaan sistem pemilihan langsung di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan analisis data kualitatif disimpulkan bahwa dampak dari sistem pemilihan langsung di Indonesia telah melahirkan tindak pidana korupsi dan politisi korup. Oleh karenanya dimasa mendatang sistem pemilihan umum ini perlu ditinjau ulang.<p>The legal basis for the implementation of election in Indonesia, as outlined in the Law, since the reform era until now, always changing. Any changes to the election law, always made before the election for next period run. And changes in election law justified as evaluation for the election results in the previous period. Changes in election law also always carried as a package of changes to electoral administration law and the law of political parties, commonly this package of changes also called the package of changes in political law. Weaknesses in legislation and regulation led to a number of provisions which is rise different interpretations in its implementation. The Constitutional Court (MK) verdict that cancelled limited open proportional election system to be fully open, shows that election regulations are rudimentary. Through this parliament, the House of Representatives and the President / Vice President election in 2014, we’re expect to become the foundation of change for the better election system. The problems need to research are: How does setting of legal basis for the implementation of election s in Indonesia? How does evaluation of election systems in Indonesia? How the implication of implementation election system directly in Indonesia? Using normative juridical method with descriptive type and method of qualitative data analysis can be described the negative impact of election system directly in Indonesia has causing corruption action and corrupt politicians. Therefore, in the future, this election system need to be reviewed.</p>


1966 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 111-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Ableitinger

Among the many difficult problems which Minister-president Kasimir Felix Badeni's government (1895–97) bequeathed to all the regimes which followed it the most serious arose from the fact that, as a consequence of the confusion caused by his policies, the tradition that the imperial-royal government in Austria had to collaborate with parliament broke down. The filibustering tactics practiced in the representative bodies of the Austrian half of the empire during the brief period of the Badeni ministry, though they were certainly not unprecedented, nevertheless, assumed a proportion and form hitherto unknown. The obstructionists succeeded in destroying the most fundamental principle of parliamentarianism—the idea that the will of the majority must prevail in the legislative body—and in overthrowing the only constitutional system which had existed in Austria since the laws dealing with ministerial responsibility and imperial representation were passed in 1867. Any government selected by the sovereign without formal consideration of the political opinions of the members of parliament in the long run could operate effectively only if a majority of the members of that body at least tolerated it—provided, of course, that the state was not to surrender to a barely concealed absolutism. Apart from the political tensions which a resort to absolutism would have engendered in Austria and the fact that it would have endangered the rather tenuous relations which Austria had with Hungary, paragraphs 10 and 14 of the law on imperial representation were so worded as to create an effective legal barrier against such a hazardous step in the direction of absolutism.1


Author(s):  
F. B. P. Wooding ◽  
K. Pedley ◽  
N. Freinkel ◽  
R. M. C. Dawson

Freinkel et al (1974) demonstrated that isolated perifused rat pancreatic islets reproduceably release up to 50% of their total inorganic phosphate when the concentration of glucose in the perifusion medium is raised.Using a slight modification of the Libanati and Tandler (1969) method for localising inorganic phosphate by fixation-precipitation with glutaraldehyde-lead acetate we can demonstrate there is a significant deposition of lead phosphate (identified by energy dispersive electron microscope microanalysis) at or on the plasmalemma of the B cell of the islets (Fig 1, 3). Islets after incubation in high glucose show very little precipitate at this or any other site (Fig 2). At higher magnification the precipitate seems to be intracellular (Fig 4) but since any use of osmium or uranyl acetate to increase membrane contrast removes the precipitate of lead phosphate it has not been possible to verify this as yet.


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