Enzyme activity in wheat breeding lines derived from matings of low polyphenol oxidase parents

Mechanisms involved in the de-acclimation of herbaceous plants caused by warm periods during winter are poorly understood. This study identifies the genes associated with this mechanism in winter barley. Seedlings of eight accessions (four tolerant and four susceptible to de-acclimation cultivars and advanced breeding lines) were cold acclimated for three weeks and de-acclimated at 12 °C/5 °C (day/night) for one week. We performed differential expression analysis using RNA sequencing. In addition, reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme activity analyses were used to investigate changes in the expression of selected genes. The number of transcripts with accumulation level changed in opposite directions during acclimation and de-acclimation was much lower than the number of transcripts with level changed exclusively during one of these processes. The de-acclimation-susceptible accessions showed changes in the expression of a higher number of functionally diverse genes during de-acclimation. Transcripts associated with stress response, especially oxidoreductases, were the most abundant in this group. The results provide novel evidence for the distinct molecular regulation of cold acclimation and de-acclimation. Upregulation of genes controlling developmental changes, typical for spring de-acclimation, was not observed during mid-winter de-acclimation. Mid-winter de-acclimation seems to be perceived as an opportunity to regenerate after stress. Unfortunately, it is competitive to remain in the cold-acclimated state. This study shows that the response to mid-winter de-acclimation is far more expansive in de-acclimation-susceptible cultivars, suggesting that a reduced response to the rising temperature is crucial for de-acclimation tolerance.

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Using markers and field evaluation to identify the source of eyespot resistance genePch1in the collection of wheat breeding lines

Cereal Research Communications ◽

10.1556/0806.43.2015.024 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 638-648 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Kwiatek ◽

H. Wiśniewska ◽

Z. Kaczmarek ◽

M. Korbas ◽

M. Gawłowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Evaluation ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Eyespot Resistance

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Enzyme activity in assessing the effects of fumigation with soil smoke

АгроЭкоИнфо ◽

10.51419/20214426 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (46) ◽

pp. 26-26

Author(s):

Alexander Saakian ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Enzyme Activity ◽

Polyphenol Oxidase ◽

Soil Enzymes ◽

Combustion Products ◽

Wood Chips ◽

Ordinary Chernozem ◽

Plant Origin ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Catalase Peroxidase

Abstract As a result of fires, in addition to the fire itself and high temperatures, smoke from combustion products has a significant effect on the biota. The aim of the work was to assess the effect of fumigation with combustion products of plant origin on the biology activity of ordinary chernozem. In a series of model experiments, the reaction of soil enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, invertase, urease, phosphatase) to the smoke of the studied soil with products of thermal decomposition of plant materials (foliage, needles, straw, wood chips) is shown. A significant decrease in the enzyme activity of the studied enzymes was revealed in the range from 7% to 33%, depending on the time spent under the smoke of chernozem (15–120 minutes). The highest sensitivity to fumigation was noted for enzymes of the class of oxidoreductases: catalase, polyphenoloxidase, and peroxidase. Thus, a significant sensitivity and information content of the indicators of the enzyme activity of soils on the effect of smoke has been established, which can be used in monitoring the consequences of fires. Keywords: PYROGENIC EFFECTS, WILDFIRE, COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, CHERNOZEM, BIOLOGY ACTIVITY

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Reaction of winter wheat genotypes to infection by Mycosphaerella graminicola(Fuckel) Schroeter

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2002.022 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 233-246

Author(s):

Ewa Mirzwa-Mróz ◽

Czesław Zamorski

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Broad Spectrum ◽

Mycosphaerella Graminicola ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Septoria Tritici ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Wheat Genotypes ◽

Winter Wheat Cultivars

The response of Polish winter wheat genotypes to <i>M.graminicola</i> (preliminary experiments and cultivar collections) was observed in different regions of Poland. Observations were carried out in 1995-1999. The winter wheat genotypes showed a broad spectrum of reaction to this pathogen. Between 1997 and 1999 the highest degree of infection on winter wheat breeding lines was noted in Kończewice. During this time no genotypes free from infection were observed (preliminary breeding experiments). Cultivars with no symptoms of <i>Septoria tritici</i> blotch (Leszczyńska Wczesna and Żelazna) were found among old genotypes in Słupia Wielka only in earlier experiments (1995-1996). In the years 1997-1999 the winter wheat cultivars were classified into groups on the basis of their response to the pathogen. The degree of infection for the majority cultivars was quite high.

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Isolation of differentially expressed genes in wheat caryopses with contrasting starch granule size

Open Life Sciences ◽

10.2478/s11535-013-0127-z ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 297-305

Author(s):

Rita Armonienė ◽

Kristina Jonavičienė ◽

Vytautas Ruzgas ◽

Gintaras Brazauskas

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Expression Analysis ◽

Gene Expression Analysis ◽

Starch Granule ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Granule Size ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Breeding Lines

AbstractIn order to identify genes responsible for starch granule initiation during early development of wheat caryopsis, nine winter wheat breeding lines were studied. Two breeding lines, which are the most diverse in A-type granule size (26.85 µm versus 23.65 µm) were chosen for further differential gene expression analysis in developing caryopses at 10 and 15 days post-anthesis (DPA). cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) analysis resulted in 384 transcript-derived fragments, out of which 18 were identified as being differentially expressed. Six differentially expressed genes, together with the six well-known starch biosynthesis genes, were chosen for semi-quantitative gene expression analysis in developing wheat caryopses at 10 and 15 DPA. This study provides genomic information on 18 genes differentially expressed at early stages of wheat caryopses development and reports on the identification of genes putatively involved in the production of large A-type granules. These genes are targets for further validation on their role in starch granule synthesis control and provide the basis for the development of DNA marker tools in winter wheat breeding for enhanced starch quality.

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Emerging Yr26-Virulent Races of Puccinia striiformis f. tritici Are Threatening Wheat Production in the Sichuan Basin, China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-08-14-0865-re ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 99 (6) ◽

pp. 754-760 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

D. J. Han ◽

Q. L. Wang ◽

X. M. Chen ◽

Q. D. Zeng ◽

J. H. Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stripe Rust ◽

Sichuan Basin ◽

Puccinia Striiformis ◽

Field Tests ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Stripe Rust Resistance ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Wheat Production ◽

Stripe Rust Resistance Gene ◽

The Sichuan Basin

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. tritici, is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat in the world. The Sichuan Basin is one of the most important regions of wheat production and stripe rust epidemics in China. Stripe rust resistance gene Yr26 (the same gene as Yr24) has been widely used in wheat breeding programs and in many cultivars grown in this region since the gene was discovered in the early 1990s. Virulence to Yr26 has increased in frequency since its first detection in 2008. The objective of this study was to assess the vulnerability of the wheat cultivars and breeding lines in the Sichuan Basin to Yr26-virulent races. In total, 85 wheat accessions were tested with Yr26-avirulent races CYR32, CYR33, and Su11-4 and two Yr26-virulent races, V26/CM42 and V26/Gui22. DNA markers for Yr26 were used to determine the presence and absence of Yr26 in the wheat accessions. Of the 85 wheat accessions, only 5 were resistant and 19 susceptible to all races tested, and the remaining 61 were resistant to at least one or more races tested in seedling stage. In all, 65 (76.5%) accessions were susceptible to the emerging Yr26-virulent race V26/Gui22. In field tests, susceptible accessions increased from 31.8% in a nursery inoculated with predominant and Yr26-avirulent races to 61.2% in the nursery inoculated with the predominant races mixed with V26/Gui22. Based on the results of the molecular marker and race tests, 33 (38.8%) accessions were determined to have Yr26, showing that the Yr26 virulence is a major threat to wheat production in the Sichuan Basin and potentially in other regions of China.

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Genetics of late maturity α-amylase in a doubled haploid wheat population

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp09239 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 153 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

M. K. Tan ◽

A. P. Verbyla ◽

B. R. Cullis ◽

P. Martin ◽

A. W. Milgate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Doubled Haploid ◽

Value Added ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Wheat Population ◽

B1 Gene ◽

Late Maturity ◽

First Time

Late maturity α-amylase (LMA) in wheat is a defect where high-isoelectric point (pI) α-amylase accumulates in the ripening grain. Wheat genotypes vary in expression from zero to high levels of α-amylase, the latter with detrimental consequences on their use for value-added end products. Expression in each genotype is characterised by varying numbers of grains affected and different levels in each grain. Analysis of a doubled haploid (DH) population (188 lines) from WW1842 × Whistler has identified significant QTL on chromosomes 2DL, 3A, 3B, 3D, 4B, 4D, 5DS and 5BL. The 4B LMA allele (P < 0.0001) from Whistler is closely linked to the QTL for the ‘tall’ allele (P < 0.0001) of the Rht-B1 gene. The 4D LMA QTL (P < 0.0001) in WW1842 co-locates with the QTL for the ‘tall’ allele (P < 0.0001) of the Rht-D1 gene. This study has shown for the first time that a DH cross between two semi-dwarf cultivars with low or no LMA produces ~25% of progeny lines of the ‘tall’ genotypes with a high frequency of LMA. This is attributed to the large additive positive effects from the combination of one recessive ‘tall’ Rht-B1 gene and one recessive ‘tall’ Rht-D1 gene. High-yielding semi-dwarf genotypes with different combinations of Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 alleles which have very low or non-existent LMA expression (e.g. WW1842 and Whistler) may meet industry criteria for registration as commercial wheat varieties. However, when they are used as breeding lines, the cross produces some progeny genotypes with severe levels of LMA. These LMA genotypes comprise the gibberellic acid-sensitive ‘tall’ progenies and a very small proportion of semi-dwarfs. Thus, it is of paramount importance to screen the defect in wheat breeding programs. The suite of QTL identified for LMA will enable the use of marker assisted selection in the pyramiding of the beneficial QTL to maximise yield and minimise (or eliminate) LMA in semi-dwarf genotypes.

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Photoperiod and vernalization gene effects in southern Australian wheat

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp10121 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 61 (9) ◽

pp. 721 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

H. A. Eagles ◽

Karen Cane ◽

Haydn Kuchel ◽

G. J. Hollamby ◽

Neil Vallance ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Allelic Variation ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Gene Effects ◽

Cross Prediction ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Vrn Genes ◽

Days To Heading ◽

Australian Wheat ◽

Vernalization Genes

Photoperiod and vernalization genes are important for the optimal adaptation of wheat to different environments. Diagnostic markers are now available for Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1 and Ppd-D1, with all four genes variable in southern Australian wheat-breeding programs. To estimate the effects of these genes on days to heading we used data from 128 field experiments spanning 24 years. From an analysis of 1085 homozygous cultivars and breeding lines, allelic variation for these four genes accounted for ~45% of the genotypic variance for days to heading. In the presence of the photoperiod-insensitive allele of Ppd-D1, differences between the winter genotype and genotypes with a spring allele at one of the genes ranged from 3.5 days for Vrn-B1 to 4.9 days for Vrn-D1. Smaller differences occurred between genotypes with a spring allele at one of the Vrn genes and those with spring alleles at two of the three genes. The shortest time to heading occurred for genotypes with spring alleles at both Vrn-A1 and Vrn-D1. Differences between the photoperiod-sensitive and insensitive alleles of Ppd-D1 depended on the genotype of the vernalization genes, being greatest when three spring alleles were present (11.8 days) and least when the only spring allele was at Vrn-B1 (3.7 days). Because of these epistatic interactions, for the practical purposes of using these genes for cross prediction and marker-assisted selection we concluded that using combinations of alleles of genes simultaneously would be preferable to summing effects of individual genes. The spring alleles of the vernalization genes responded differently to the accumulation of vernalizing temperatures, with the common spring allele of Vrn-A1 showing the least response, and the spring allele of Vrn-D1 showing a response that was similar to, but less than, a winter genotype.

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