Spatio-Temporal, Genotypic, and Environmental Effects on Plant Soluble Protein and Digestible Carbohydrate Content: Implications for Insect Herbivores with Cotton as an Exemplar

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1151-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie A. Deans ◽  
Spencer T. Behmer ◽  
Justin Fiene ◽  
Gregory A. Sword
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Spatio Temporal

scholarly journals Drivers of male sound production and effective communication distances at fish spawning aggregation sites

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 730-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J Rowell ◽  
Gerald L D’Spain ◽  
Octavio Aburto-Oropeza ◽  
Brad E Erisman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Effective Communication ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Fish Sounds ◽  
Fish Spawning ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Female Presence ◽  
Spawning Periods

Abstract While monitoring fish sounds has enhanced our understanding of spatio-temporal patterns of spawning and acoustic communication, data interpretation often fails to account for environmental effects on acoustic recordings, resulting in uncertainty of whether measures of detected fish sounds correspond to rates of sound production, specific behaviours, and abundance. In this study, we applied acoustic propagation modelling and detection theory to estimate rates of sound production of territorial, male Gulf grouper (Mycteroperca jordani) from passive acoustic recordings and evaluate effective communication distances. To assess behavioural drivers, environmentally calibrated, hourly estimates of sound production rates were compared to diver observations of courtship, spawning, and numbers of females encountered within male territories. Rates of sound production increased before sunset and were correlated to observed rates of spawning and females encountered, indicating that sound production is largely driven by female presence and increased opportunities to spawn. The mean effective communication distance was estimated to be <21 m, supporting the importance of short-range communication within the observed behaviours. Our findings corroborate that fish sounds can be used to infer measures of reproductive activity and the relative abundance of both sexes during spawning periods once properly calibrated for environmental effects and detection capabilities.

scholarly journals Environmental effects on recreational squid jigging fishery catches

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1823-1830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Cabanellas-Reboredo ◽  
Josep Alós ◽  
Miquel Palmer ◽  
Beatriz Morales-Nin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Movement Characteristic ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Specific Vulnerability ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract Cabanellas-Reboredo, M., Alós, J., Palmer, M., and Morales-Nin, B. 2012. Environmental effects on recreational squid jigging fishery catches. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1823–1830. Experimental fishing sessions simulating the operating procedures of the recreational fishery for the European squid that operates at inshore Palma Bay (Balearic Islands, Spain) were conducted to investigate the effects of environmental variables on squid catches. The catch per unit of effort (cpue) of recreational-like jigging sessions showed a seasonal pattern (higher cpue during colder months). Two alternative hypotheses can explain such a pattern. First, squid could migrate inshore during colder months to seek spatio-temporal windows within which the sea temperature maximize spawning success. Second, the timing of the seasonal reproductive peak and the growth rate of any given cohort would result in a higher percentage of squid whose body size is greater than the gear-specific vulnerability threshold during the colder months. The combination of environmental variables that maximized cpue was a low sea surface temperature, a low windspeed, low atmospheric pressure, and days close to the new moon. A specific period of the day, narrowly around sunset, favoured the catches. Within this narrow period, the sunlight is still sufficient to allow the recreational fishing lures to be effective, and the squid have already shifted to a more active pattern of movement characteristic of the night-time period.

scholarly journals Quantifying Plant Soluble Protein and Digestible Carbohydrate Content, Using Corn (Zea mays) As an Exemplar

10.3791/58164 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie A. Deans ◽  
Gregory A. Sword ◽  
Paul A. Lenhart ◽  
Eric Burkness ◽  
William D. Hutchison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Carbohydrate Content

scholarly journals Modelling potential production and environmental effects of macroalgae farms in UK and Dutch coastal waters

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan van der Molen ◽  
Piet Ruardij ◽  
Karen Mooney ◽  
Philip Kerrison ◽  
Nessa E. O'Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Potential Production ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Strangford Lough ◽  
The Uk

Abstract. There is increasing interest in macroalgae farming in European waters for a range of applications, including food, chemical extraction and as biofuels. This study uses a 3D numerical model of hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry to investigate potential production and environmental effects of macroalgae farming in UK and Dutch coastal waters. The model included four experimental farms in different coastal settings in Strangford Lough (Northern Ireland), in Sound of Kerrera and Lynn of Lorne (northwest Scotland), and in the Rhine Plume (The Netherlands), as well as a hypothetical large-scale farm off the UK north Norfolk coast. The model could not detect significant changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics at any of the farm sites averaged over the farming season. The results showed a range of macroalgae growth behaviours in response to simulated environmental conditions. These were then compared with in-situ observations where available, showing good correspondence for some farms and less good correspondence for others. At the most basic level, macroalgae production depended on prevailing nutrient concentrations and light conditions, with higher levels of both resulting in higher macroalgae production. It is shown that under non-elevated and interannually varying winter nutrient conditions, farming success was modulated by the timings of the onset of increasing nutrient concentrations in autumn and nutrient drawdown in spring. Macroalgae carbohydrate content also depended on nutrient concentrations, with higher nutrient concentrations leading to lower carbohydrate content at harvest. This will reduce the energy density of the crop and so affect its suitability for conversion into biofuel. For the hypothetical large-scale macroalgae farm off the UK north Norfolk coast the model suggested high, stable farm yields of macroalgae from year to year with substantial carbohydrate content and limited environmental effects.

scholarly journals Rainwater chemistry observation in a karst city: variations, influence factors, sources and potential environmental effects

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11167
Author(s):  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Guilin Han
Keyword(s):  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Rainwater Chemistry ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
High Level

The rainwater chemistry and related air contaminants are used to investigate the rainwater ions sources, variations, and influence factors from 2012 to 2014 in Guiyang city (the typical karst urban area of Southwest China). According to temporal rainwater ion concentrations, the obvious variations were presented in the study period, such as Ca2+ (125∼6,652 μeq L−1) and SO42− (11∼4,127 μeq L−1). Consequently, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42− and Cl− are considered as the leading ions. Three critical influencing factors of rainwater ions concentrations, including sources variations, rainfall amount and long-distance migration (rainfall amount > 100 mm) are identified. Based on the typical ionic ratios, source identification suggested that anthropogenic inputs mainly contributed to F−, NO3− and SO42−, while the dusts (crustal sources) are the primary sources of Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+. Cl− Enrichment in long-distance transport is the main contributor of Cl−. According to the observation of high level of total wet acid deposition, the more detailed spatio-temporal monitoring of rainfall-related acid deposition (particularly sulfur deposition) is required to understand its potential environmental effects in the aquatic ecosystem of the earth surface.

scholarly journals Containment measures limit environmental effects on COVID-19 early outbreak dynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gentile Francesco Ficetola ◽  
Diego Rubolini
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact

Environmental factors are well known to affect spatio-temporal patterns of infectious disease outbreaks, but whether the recent rapid spread of COVID-19 across the globe is related to local environmental conditions is highly debated. We assessed the impact of environmental factors (temperature, humidity and air pollution) on the global patterns of COVID-19 early outbreak dynamics during January-May 2020, controlling for several key socio-economic factors and airport connections. We showed that during the earliest phase of the global outbreak (January-March), COVID-19 growth rates were non-linearly related to climate, with fastest spread in regions with a mean temperature of ca. 5 degrees, and in the most polluted regions. However, environmental effects faded almost completely when considering later outbreaks, in keeping with the progressive enforcement of containment actions. Accordingly, COVID-19 growth rates consistently decreased with stringent containment actions during both early and late outbreaks. Our findings indicate that environmental drivers may have played a role in explaining the early variation among regions in disease spread. With limited policy interventions, seasonal patterns of disease spread might emerge, with temperate regions of both hemispheres being most at risk of severe outbreaks during colder months. Nevertheless, containment measures play a much stronger role and overwhelm impacts of environmental variation, highlighting the key role for policy interventions in curbing COVID-19 diffusion within a given region. If the disease will become seasonal in the next years, information on environmental drivers of COVID-19 can be integrated with epidemiological models to inform forecasting of future outbreak risks and improve management plans.

scholarly journals Modelling potential production of macroalgae farms in UK and Dutch coastal waters

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1123-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan van der Molen ◽  
Piet Ruardij ◽  
Karen Mooney ◽  
Philip Kerrison ◽  
Nessa E. O'Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Potential Production ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
The Uk

Abstract. There is increasing interest in macroalgae farming in European waters for a range of applications, including food, chemical extraction for biofuel production. This study uses a 3-D numerical model of hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry to investigate potential production and environmental effects of macroalgae farming in UK and Dutch coastal waters. The model included four experimental farms in different coastal settings in Strangford Lough (Northern Ireland), in Sound of Kerrera and Lynn of Lorne (north-west Scotland) and in the Rhine plume (the Netherlands), as well as a hypothetical large-scale farm off the UK north Norfolk coast. The model could not detect significant changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics at any of the farm sites averaged over the farming season. The results showed a range of macroalgae growth behaviours in response to simulated environmental conditions. These were then compared with in situ observations where available, showing good correspondence for some farms and less good correspondence for others. At the most basic level, macroalgae production depended on prevailing nutrient concentrations and light conditions, with higher levels of both resulting in higher macroalgae production. It is shown that under non-elevated and interannually varying winter nutrient conditions, farming success was modulated by the timings of the onset of increasing nutrient concentrations in autumn and nutrient drawdown in spring. Macroalgae carbohydrate content also depended on nutrient concentrations, with higher nutrient concentrations leading to lower carbohydrate content at harvest. This will reduce the energy density of the crop and thus affect its suitability for conversion into biofuel. For the hypothetical large-scale macroalgae farm off the UK north Norfolk coast, the model suggested high, stable farm yields of macroalgae from year to year with substantial carbohydrate content and limited environmental effects.

Imaging molecules adsorbed onto electrodes under potential control by scanning probe microscopy

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 376-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Tao ◽  
J.A. DeRose ◽  
P.I. Oden ◽  
S.M. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Electrochemical Methods ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Afm Imaging ◽  
Special Circumstances

Clemmer and Beebe have pointed out that surface structures on graphite substrates can be misinterpreted as biopolymer images in STM experiments. We have been using electrochemical methods to react DNA fragments onto gold electrodes for STM and AFM imaging. The adsorbates produced in this way are only homogeneous in special circumstances. Searching an inhomogeneous substrate for ‘desired’ images limits the value of the data. Here, we report on a reversible method for imaging adsorbates. The molecules can be lifted onto and off the substrate during imaging. This leaves no doubt about the validity or statistical significance of the images. Furthermore, environmental effects (such as changes in electrolyte or surface charge) can be investigated easily.

E3 ubiquitin ligases

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen C. Ardley ◽  
Philip A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Substrate Protein ◽  
Protein Ubiquitination ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Full Complement ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms

The selectivity of the ubiquitin–26 S proteasome system (UPS) for a particular substrate protein relies on the interaction between a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2, of which a cell contains relatively few) and a ubiquitin–protein ligase (E3, of which there are possibly hundreds). Post-translational modifications of the protein substrate, such as phosphorylation or hydroxylation, are often required prior to its selection. In this way, the precise spatio-temporal targeting and degradation of a given substrate can be achieved. The E3s are a large, diverse group of proteins, characterized by one of several defining motifs. These include a HECT (homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus), RING (really interesting new gene) or U-box (a modified RING motif without the full complement of Zn2+-binding ligands) domain. Whereas HECT E3s have a direct role in catalysis during ubiquitination, RING and U-box E3s facilitate protein ubiquitination. These latter two E3 types act as adaptor-like molecules. They bring an E2 and a substrate into sufficiently close proximity to promote the substrate's ubiquitination. Although many RING-type E3s, such as MDM2 (murine double minute clone 2 oncoprotein) and c-Cbl, can apparently act alone, others are found as components of much larger multi-protein complexes, such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Taken together, these multifaceted properties and interactions enable E3s to provide a powerful, and specific, mechanism for protein clearance within all cells of eukaryotic organisms. The importance of E3s is highlighted by the number of normal cellular processes they regulate, and the number of diseases associated with their loss of function or inappropriate targeting.

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