scholarly journals Philosophical empathy (in the Style of Merleau-Ponty)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Ratcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Philosophical Position ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Philosophical Language ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIs there a sense in which we can be said to empathize with a philosophical position and, if so, what does empathy consist of here? Drawing on themes in the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, I sketch an account of the relationship between philosophical language and philosophical thought, according to which the task of understanding, evaluating, and building upon an explicit philosophical position can involve engaging with the experiential world of its author. If accepted, this account has broader implications for how we conceive of both empathy and philosophical thought.

Anarchist, Antisemit, Aufklärer? Vier Beiträge zum Verhältnis von Nietzsches Philosophie und Politik

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 296-311
Author(s):  
Paul Stephan
Keyword(s):  
Critical Theory ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
The Political ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Political Commitments ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Four new publications provide an overview of the relationship between Nietzsche’s philosophical thought and his political commitments. Together they highlight the true complexity of Nietzsche’s politics, since some of his ideas can be adapted to anarchist and right-wing positions as much as, for instance, to Frankfurt School critical theory. At the same time, these contributions underscore the limitations of a strictly positivist, or philological approach, since any assessment of Nietzsche’s politics cannot be detached from the political faultlines of the present.

scholarly journals OBSERVAÇÕES CRÍTICAS SOBRE UMA RESENHA DE GUIDO IMAGUIRE DA OBRA: ESTRUTURA E SER. UM QUADRO REFERENCIAL TEÓRICO PARA UMA FILOSOFIA SISTEMÁTICA

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (126) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Lorenz B. Puntel
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Structures ◽  
Justified Belief ◽  
Philosophical Language ◽  
Systematic Philosophy ◽  
The Status ◽  
Important Argument ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ontological Theory

Este artigo responde pormenorizadamente às críticas feitas por G. Imaguire em sua resenha do livro indicado no título (= ES). Trata-se principalmente de nove temas respectivamente teses de caráter central para a concepção exposta no livro. O presente artigo analisa cada um destes temas, em parte corrigindo erros de apresentação e de interpretação e em todos os casos respondendo às objeções de Imaguire. Trata-se dos seguintes temas/teses: (1) Para esclarecer o estatuto das sentenças filosóficas, ES propõe uma teoria dos três operadores que explicitam o caráter de sentenças: são estes o operador teórico, o operador prático e o operador estético. O artigo esclarece o sentido exato desta teoria. (2) ES apresenta uma nova definição de saber/conhecimento em oposição direta à já famosa definição “knowledge is true justified belief” articulada por E. Gettier. (3) ES defende uma concepção de orientação ontológica das estruturas formais fundamentais (lógicas e matemáticas); estas são esclarecidas. (4) Em ES é exposta e defendida uma nova concepção de ontologia em perfeita conformidade com a semântica de uma linguagem filosófica transparente; esta ontologia exclui o conceito de “substância” e critica o uso do conceito de “objeto”. (5) ES expõe uma nova teoria semântico-ontológica da verdade que tem como consequência um relativismo moderado da verdade. (6) ES formula um argumento muito especial contra o fisicalismo; o artigo explica pormenorizadamente este argumento. (7) A concepção exposta em ES afirma que o cristianismo, em virtude do caráter racional e teórico da teologia que o explicita, constitui, em oposição a outras religiões, uma temática com prioridade de importância e atenção para o filósofo sistemático. Neste artigo esta tese é explicada e defendida contra interpretações erradas. (8) O oitavo tema é a grande questão posta pelo conceito de mundo no contexto das relações entre teorias filosóficas e teorias científicas. O artigo esclarece uma série de mal-entendidos a respeito deste grande tema. (9) Finalmente, com relação a um argumento-chave que ES apresenta para fundamentar a tese que, por razões sistemáticas, se deve admitir uma dimensão absolutamente necessária do Ser, o artigo demonstra que a resenha comete um muito grave erro de interpretação, baseando neste erro uma crítica infundada ao argumento. O artigo esclarece extensamente o argumento, suas pressuposições e suas consequências.Abstract: This article is a detailed answer to G. Imaguire’s criticisms of the book Structure and Being: A Theoretical Framework for a Systematic Philosophy (hence referred as ES). Imaguire focuses on nine topics that are central to the book. The present article analyses each one of these theses, sometimes correcting errors made and misrepresentations introduced by Imaguire, and in all cases, responding to Imaguire’s objections. The theses are the following: (1) In order to clarify the status of theoretical sentences occurring in philosophical works, ES presents a theory about the three operators that make explicit the statuses of three mutually irreducible kinds of sentence: the theoretical operator, the practical operator, and the aesthetic operator. (2) ES offers a new definition of knowledge in significant opposition to the now-famous definition formulated by E. Gettier, “knowledge is true justified belief.” (3) ES defends an ontologically oriented conception of the fundamental formal (logical and mathematical) structures. (4) In ES, a new ontology is propounded in strong conformity with the semantics of a transparent philosophical language. This ontology rejects the category of substance and criticizes the widely used concept of object. (5) ES presents a completely new semantico-ontological theory of truth. One of its consequences is a moderate relativism with respect to truth. (6) ES presents a unique argument against physicalism; this article elaborates on it. (7) ES considers the phenomenon of religion and states that, due to its rational and theoretical theology, Christian religion, in opposition to other religions, provides a uniquely promising resource for philosophical considerations. (8) ES extensively thematizes the concept of world in connection with the problem of the relationship between philosophy and science. (9) Finally, ES develops the main features of a theory of Being as such and as a whole. ES offers especially an important argument on behalf of the thesis that the universal dimension of Being must be conceived of as two-dimensional: as the dimension of absolutely necessary Being and the dimension of contingent beings. This article reconstructs the exact meaning of the argument and explains its presuppositions and consequences.

Social scientific inquiry and meta-theoretical fantasy: the case of International Relations

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1447-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN G. GUNNELL
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Basic Problem ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Philosophical Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe turn to the philosophy of scientific realism as a meta-theory for the study of International Relations manifests a reluctance to confront the basic problem of the relationship between philosophy and social scientific inquiry. Despite the realists' rejection of traditional empiricism, and particularly the instrumentalist account of scientific theory, the enthusiasm for realism neglects many of the same problems that, more than a generation earlier, were involved in the social scientific embrace of positivism. One of these problems was a lack of understanding regarding the character and history of the philosophy of natural science and its relationship and applicability to the study of social phenomena. Proponents of realism have also neither adequately articulated and defended realism as a philosophical position, and distinguished it from other perspectives, nor confronted the fundamental challenge to realism and other foundationalist philosophies which has been mounted by the contemporary critique of traditional representational philosophy.

Again on taḍmīn in Arabic theoretical discourse

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amidu Sanni
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Poetry ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Scriptural Interpretation ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Broad Classification

In my earlier examination of the phenomenon of taḍmīn in Arabic poetry, I attempted to show how it evolved from the status of a defect into a poetic device. But I could not at that time offer any explanation that would reasonably account for this development. Moreover, I have come to realize that my treatment of the term as referring to those instances where the full meaning of an idea started in one line emerges only in the succeeding line(s), viz. enjamb-ment, did not adequately account for its subtleties; and, more importantly, it ignored other phenomena which are also subsumed under the term, though they have no obvious connection with enjambment. It is precisely these lacunae that I intend to fill in the present study. For purposes of analysis I will designate the over-running of lines as ‘grammatical taḍmīn’ since the relationship in such cases is either syntactic or semantic, although still other, subtler relationships within this broad classification are demonstrable. The term is also used for cases where a poet deliberately quotes, with or without indication, from poems or statements by others: this will be discussed under ‘rhetorical taḍmīn’. Yet another use of the term arose from the introduction of philosophical thought into theoretical speculation, specifically in the area of scriptural interpretation: this I will designate as ‘hermeneutical taḍmīn’.

scholarly journals “It Is a Nomos Very Different from the Law”: on Anarchy and the Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
Christos Marneros
Keyword(s):  
Gilles Deleuze ◽  
The State ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Complex Mechanisms ◽  
The Law ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between anarchy and the law is, to say the least, an uncomfortable one. The so-called ‘classical’ anarchist position – in all its heterogeneous tendencies – is, usually, characterised by a total opposition against the law. However and despite its invaluable contribution and the ever-pertinent critique of the state of affairs, this ‘classical’ anarchist position needs to be re-examined and rearticulated if it is to pose an effective nuisance to the current (and much complex) mechanisms of domination and the oppression of dogmatism and dominance of the law. Taking into account the aforementioned challenges, in this article, I examine and develop two notions of the philosophical thought of Gilles Deleuze, namely that of the institution and that of the nomos of the nomads. In doing so, I aim to think anew the relationship between anarchy and the law and, ultimately, to point towards an ethico-political account, of what I shall call an an-archic nomos which escapes (or, at least, tries to) the dogmatism and “archist” mentality of the law.

scholarly journals Gnoseological problem as a subject of the metaphysical discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Chekal L. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
The World ◽  
Individual Knowledge ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cognition And Knowledge ◽  
The Ideal

The study focuses on the analysis of epistemological metaphysical discourses in their genesis: from the times of ancient philosophical thought, which contains the origins of the issue, to the epistemological explorations of the twentieth century. The author reviews the features of metaphysics as epistemology that expands interpretations of the cognition process in the context of limits and opportunities withing the relationship between a human and the world. The article also outlines the specifics of metaphysical approaches to the problem of truth. The process of cognition can be interpreted as a specific kind of spiritual activity of an individual. Knowledge can be defined as an information about the world that exists in a form of a certain reality - the ideal construct of existence. Cognition and knowledge differ one from another as the former is a process and the latter is a result. We should think of epistemology as numerous attempts to answer the fundamental question: what is the world really like? Is it such as we perceive it, or is it so different that we are not capable to comprehend its essence?

scholarly journals Teologia e racionalidade moderna

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (307) ◽  
pp. 598
Author(s):  
Mário De França Miranda
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Hermeneutic Philosophy ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Science Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theology And Philosophy

Síntese: O texto aborda as relações entre a teologia e a filosofia. Começa esclarecendo a teologia como uma compreensão que parte da fé e o que esta última fornece à inteligência humana para uma captação adequada do dado revelado. Em seguida, o texto justifica a importância da filosofia para a própria teologia, embora a fé tenha influído e continue estimulando o pensar filosófico com suas questões. Por outro lado, a filosofia da subjetividade ou a filosofia hermenêutica, bem como a fenomenologia tiveram forte impacto na teologia. Em sua última parte, de modo breve, nossa reflexão aborda o relacionamento da teologia com as ciências da religião.Palavras-chave: Teologia. Filosofia. Fé. Racionalidade. Ciências da religião.Abstract: The text deals with the relationship between theology and philosophy. It begins by explaining theology as an understanding that comes from faith and from that with which the latter provides human intelligent for an adequate understanding of the revealed datum. Next, the text justifies the importance of philosophy for theology itself, although faith might have influenced and continues to stimulate the philosophical thought with its questions. On the other hand, the philosophy of subjectivity or hermeneutic philosophy, as well as phenomenology had a strong impact on theology. In its last part and in a brief way, our reflexion deals with the relationship between theology and the sciences of religion.Keywords: Theology. Philosophy. Faith. Rationality. Science of Religion.

scholarly journals The main approaches to the study of communication between the doctor and the patient: the appropriateness of philosophical analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Marina V. Volferts
Keyword(s):  
Effective Communication ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Sociology Of Medicine ◽  
The Relationship

The article deals with the studies devoted to the analysis of communication between a doctor and a patient in various fields of sociohumanitarian knowledge (bioethics, psychology, sociology of medicine). The author believe that these approaches are organizing the communication based on the utilitarian ideas excluding it from ontological problematics. The author proposes to turn to existentially oriented philosophical thought to find the most effective communication tools between a doctor and a patient. In particular, the concept of existential communication of K. Jaspers can be such an instrument, revealing this process as a dialogue of existence with existence and pointing to the ontological basis of communication between the doctor and the patient. Thus, the article presents an attempt to justify the feasibility of a philosophical analysis of the relationship between the doctor and the patient.

scholarly journals The Dialectics of Distance and Nearness in Philosophies of G. W. Fr. Hegel and L. Feuerbach

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Vidauskytė
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Philosophical Language ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

Using the method of H. Blumenberg (metaphorology) the article focuses on ‘a dialectics of distance and nearness’ in philosophy and everyday life of G. Fr. Hegel and L. Feuerbach (let us say – another two examples of the biography of ‘distance’ and ‘nearness’) and here lies the novelty of the article. These metaphors ‘distance’ and ‘‘nearness’ are not just a simple decoration of philosophical language, but rather they are indicators of the phenomenological approach to the world. Blumenberg in his work Das Lachen der Thrakerin. Eine Urgeschichte der Theorie analysed the reception of the old story about Thales and Thracian women in the philosophical tradition. The story metaphorically shows the relationship between invisible proto-theory and practical wisdom. It also projects a very significant feature of theory – the exotic behaviour of the observer (absentmindedness). The laughter of practical wisdom means the disappearance of distance and the emergence of everyday importance (nearness). Unfortunately, Blumenberg’s methodological approach is not developed further by other philosophers.

scholarly journals Philosophy, revelation and politics: The recovery of medieval Islamic political philosophy

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Funda Günsoy
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Leo Strauss ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Radical Enlightenment ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Order ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ancient Political Philosophy

In contemporary philosophical thought, Leo Strauss is associated with the rediscovery of ancient political philosophy against modern political philosophy. The rediscovery of ancient political philosophy is the rediscovery of classical rationalism or “moderate Enlightenment” against modern rationalism or “radical Enlightenment” and can be understood as recapturing the “the question of man’s right life” and “the question of the right order of society”. This article would like to show that it was his study of medieval Islamic and Jewish texts that enabled Strauss to rediscover the classical rationalism. Also, in this article we would like to argue that although the opposition between Athens and Jerusalem, Reason and Revelation embodies two irreconcilable alternatives or a way of life in his thought, this opposition should be only examined with references to claims about radical rationalism of modern philosophy. In this case, we would like to argue that there can be seen a commonality between these “opponents”, i.e., Athens and Jerusalem, Reason and Revelation in terms of both their attitudes towards morality and their approaches to the relationship between philosophy and society.

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