scholarly journals Is Leave for Fathers Pronatalist? A Mixed-Methods Study of the Impact of Fathers’ Uptake of Parental Leave on Couples’ Childbearing Intentions in South Korea

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngcho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Unplanned Pregnancy ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhile many countries with low birth rates have implemented policies incentivizing fathers to take parental leave with the anticipation that it will contribute to raising birth rates, there is scant research empirically testing whether fathers’ uptake of leave is pronatalist. Existing research is limited to a few European (mostly Nordic) countries, and it is unclear whether there exists a positive causal relationship. Using mixed methods, this paper seeks to explore the processes and mechanisms by which fathers’ uptake of parental leave impacts intentions for additional children in South Korea, a country characterized by lowest-low fertility and low but rapidly expanding uptake of leave by fathers. Results based on multinomial logistic regression models suggest that in comparison to fathers who expect to take their first leave shortly, fathers with leave experience are less likely to report couple-level intentions for another child, significantly so at parity two. Interviews of fathers with parental leave experience confirm that fathers attenuate their fertility intentions downwards in light of the difficulties of childcare during their leave. While these intentions may change further down the line and/or couples may decide to continue an unplanned pregnancy, results suggest that fathers’ parental leave has an anti- rather than pronatalist effect in South Korea. This study demonstrates that in countries with poor support for the reconciliation of employment and childcare, equalizing the gendered division of parental leave may not be sufficient to see a reversal in its fertility trends.

scholarly journals Fathers’ Uptake of Parental Leave: Forerunners and Laggards in Sweden, 1993–2010

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
LI MA ◽  
GUNNAR ANDERSSON ◽  
ANN-ZOFIE DUVANDER ◽  
MARIE EVERTSSON
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Family Change ◽  
Labour Market Situation ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractSweden is often considered a forerunner in family change and developments towards less gendered family production patterns. In this study, we focus on recent developments towards more gender-equal sharing of parental leave in Sweden. We explore how fathers’ use of parental leave has changed over time before and since the turn of the century. As the parental leave benefit is individual and earnings-based, we examine how fathers’ individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics are associated with their parental leave uptake over time, to determine whether there are forerunners and laggards in recent family change. Multinomial logistic regression models were applied to data from national registers. Our study demonstrates a bifurcation in trends in recent decades. This is associated with the extension of reforms that reserve part of the leave for fathers, the so-called “daddy months”, but stretches beyond the impact of any such reforms. Taking a long leave of over two months was pioneered by better-educated residents of metropolitan areas and surrounding suburbs, as well as Swedish-born fathers. Young fathers, low-income earners and foreign-born fathers lagged behind in these developments. We regard the unstable labour market situation of the latter as a contributing factor in widening social inequalities in family-related behaviour.

Lowest-Low Fertility in South Korea: Policy and Domestic Labor Supports and the Transition to Second Birth

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 700-731
Author(s):  
Joeun Kim ◽  
Nancy Luke
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Domestic Labor ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Work Family Conflict ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Support Mechanisms ◽  
Work Family

Abstract Scholars and policymakers contend that severe work-family constraints for women are a key contributor to lowest-low fertility in industrialized countries. Two separate areas of research have examined supports that could alleviate these constraints and potentially increase fertility: institutional support in the form of public policies and domestic labor support from male partners. There are few studies considering the influence of both policy and domestic labor supports and no investigations of the interplay between these two support mechanisms. We develop and test a theoretical framework that considers how the combination of these supports could alleviate women’s work-family constraints and increase fertility. Using the case of South Korea, a country with one of the most sustained lowest-low fertility rates in history, we examined the relationship between women’s eligibility for parental leave and husbands’ share of domestic labor and the transition to a second birth. Our analyses revealed that both supports, independently, had positive effects on the likelihood of a second birth. More importantly, we found that husbands’ domestic labor had a positive influence on fertility only when women’s access to parental leave was limited, suggesting that policy and domestic labor supports are substitutes and alleviate the same underlying work-family constraint in the Korean context. Our study underscores the importance of understanding the nature of work-family conflict across countries and how various supports―alone or in combination―could relieve women’s constraints on childbearing and upturn lowest-low fertility.

scholarly journals To Move Home or Move On? Investigating the Impact of Recovery Aid on Migration Status as a Potential Tool for Disaster Risk Reduction in the Aftermath of Volcanic Eruptions in Merapi, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan A. Muir ◽  
Michael R. Cope ◽  
Jorden E. Jackson ◽  
Leslie R. Angeningsih
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Migration Status ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Financial Recovery ◽  
Potential Tool

Disasters are associated strongly with forced migration. Indeed, migration is a standard survival strategy for those facing disruptions of this kind. Such is the case with Mt. Merapi, Indonesia, where a series of eruptions occurred in 2010. Mechanisms related to forced migration in such scenarios are fairly well understood, yet it remains less clear what factors may influence return migration. Given local interest in facilitating resettlement out of hazardous areas as a means of risk reduction, we seek to better understand the extent to which recovery aid may create incentives for households to move on rather than move home. We draw upon data collected from a pilot study in the aftermath of the 2010 eruptions and use multinomial logistic regression models to explore the influence of various forms of aid on migration status. Of the various forms of aid considered, financial recovery aid provided to households was consistently associated with moving on. The combination of financial recovery aid with remittances resulted in an association with having moved on that was even stronger than just receiving financial recovery aid. Ultimately, analyses of "aid packages'" suggest that a combination of most, if not all, of the aid was relatively more effective in fostering resettlement, suggesting that while food and health recovery aid as well as remittances may not have been sufficient in and of themselves to increase resettlement, they may enhance the effect of financial recovery aid.

Perceived threat and officer-involved shootings: characteristics leading to fatal vs non-fatal instances

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zavin Nazaretian ◽  
Cedrick Heraux ◽  
David Merolla
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Police Shootings ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to compare the fatality rate of Black and White subjects shot by police. This comparison is meant to explore whether officer-involved shootings (OIS) are impacted more by perceived threat or by demographic characteristics. Beyond race, contextual and officer-level variables are examined for their influence on lethal vs non-lethal police shootings.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilizes data from the Tampa Bay Times database on police shootings in Florida from 2009 through 2014. Our analysis focuses on the substantive importance of this issue, using the population of OIS in one specific state over a specified time period. The authors also including multinomial logistic regression models analyzing the impact of race, contextual and officer-level variables on the lethal outcome of OIS is clear that the police are shooting at two very different populations.FindingsAlthough Black subjects are disproportionately represented as the subjects of OIS, there was no significant difference in the lethality of such incidents based simply on race. However, when we compare Black subjects to White subjects, it is clear that the police are shooting at two very different populations. Black subjects were younger, less likely to be armed, less likely to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and less likely to have suspected or known mental health considerations than their White counterparts.Research limitations/implicationsThus, it is possible that any racialized difference in the lethality of police shootings is being suppressed because we are comparing very different groups of subjects to one another.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to examine the racial threat that officers experience past the decision to engage in violence. The authors are looking at how they shoot at minorities vs the decision to shoot at minorities.

scholarly journals Nursing Home Culture Change Practices and Survey Deficiencies: A National Longitudinal Panel Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1411-1423
Author(s):  
Michael J Lepore ◽  
Julie C Lima ◽  
Susan C Miller
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Culture Change ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Practice Adoption ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background and Objectives Nursing home (NH) adoption of culture change practices has substantially increased in recent decades. We examined how increasing adoption of culture change practices affected the prevalence of health, severe health, and quality of life (QoL) deficiencies. Research Design and Methods Novel data on culture change practice adoption from a nationally representative NH panel (N = 1,585) surveyed in 2009/2010 and 2016/2017 were used to calculate change in practice adoption scores in 3 culture change domains (resident-centered care, staff empowerment, physical environment). These data were linked to data on health, severe health, and QoL deficiencies and facility-level covariates. Multinomial logistic regression models, with survey weights and inverse probability of treatment weighting, examined how increased culture change practice adoption related to change in deficiencies. Results We generally observed less increase in deficiencies when culture change practices increased. However, after weighting and controlling for baseline deficiencies and culture change scores, we found few statistically significant effects. Still, results show increased physical environment practices resulted in a higher likelihood of decreases or no change (vs increases) in QoL deficiencies; increased resident-centered care practices resulted in decreases or no change (vs increases) in health deficiencies; and increased staff empowerment practices resulted in a higher likelihood of no change (vs increases) in severe health deficiencies. Discussion and Implications This study provides some evidence that culture change practices can help reduce the risk of increasing some types of deficiencies, but the impact of increases in each culture change domain related differently to different types of deficiencies.

scholarly journals Impact of lymphopenia on survival for elderly patients with glioblastoma: A secondary analysis of the CCTG CE.6 (EORTC 26062-22061, TROG03.01) randomized clinical trial.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2547-2547
Author(s):  
Andrew Jehyun Song ◽  
Keyue Ding ◽  
Normand Laperriere ◽  
James R. Perry ◽  
Warren P. Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Extent Of Resection ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
The Impact

2547 Background: Lymphopenia (LMP) may lead to worse outcomes for patients with glioblastoma (GBM). This study is a secondary analysis of the CCTG CE.6 trial evaluating the impact of chemotherapy and radiation on LMP, as well as the association of LMP with overall survival. Methods: CCTG clinical trial CE.6 randomized elderly GBM patients (≥ 65 yrs) to short course radiation alone (RT) or short course radiation with temozolomide (RT + TMZ). In this study LMP (mild-mod: grade 1-2; severe: grade 3-4) was defined per CTCAE v3.0 criteria, and measured at baseline, 1 wk and 4 wks post-RT. Pre-selected key factors for the analysis included age, sex, ECOG, extent of resection, MGMT methylation, MMSE, and steroid use. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with LMP and multivariable Cox regression models were used to study effect of LMP on survival. Results: A total of 562 patients were included for analysis (281 RT vs 281 RT+TMZ). At baseline, both arms (RT vs RT+TMZ) had similar rates of mild-mod (21.4% vs 21.4%) and severe (3.2% vs 2.9%) LMP. The 1 wk post-RT LMP rates were also similar (p = 0.25). However, RT+TMZ pts were more likely to develop both mild-mod LMP (18.2% vs 27.9%) and severe LMP (1.8% vs 9.3%) [p < 0.001] at 4 wks post-RT. Developing mild-mod and severe LMP post-RT were both associated with baseline LMP (p < 0.001) and RT+TMZ (p < 0.001). Severe LMP at 4 wks post-RT was also associated with biopsy only (p < 0.02). After adjusting for confounding factors, 4 wks post-RT LMP was not significantly associated with PFS or OS regardless of severity. However, baseline LMP (HR 1.3) was significantly associated with worse OS (HR: 1.30, 95% C.I.: 1.05-1.62, p = 0.02), regardless of MGMT status. Other factors significantly associated with worse outcome included: males (HR 1.41), biopsy only (HR 1.59), and lower MMSE (HR 1.03). Conclusions: Short course RT alone does not lead to LMP after treatment. Development of LMP post-RT is associated with addition of TMZ and baseline LMP. However, only baseline LMP is associated with worse OS regardless of MGMT status. This may be considered as a prognostic biomarker for elderly GBM patients and warrants further validation. Clinical trial information: NCT00482677 .

scholarly journals A mixed methods protocol to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of COVID-19 Community Assessment Hubs

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Sophie Mulcahy Symmons ◽  
Robert Fox ◽  
Marese Mannion ◽  
David Joyce ◽  
Aoife De Brún ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Care Plan ◽  
Community Assessment ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Clinical Patient ◽  
Acute Hospitals ◽  
Additional Strain ◽  
Isolation Facilities ◽  
The Impact

Background: Ireland’s health system has been under significant strain due to staff shortages and inadequate capacity. Critical care bed capacity per capita in Ireland is among the lowest in Europe, thus, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put additional strain on an over-stretched system. COVID-19 Community Assessment Hubs (CAHs) were established to mitigate unnecessary admission to acute hospitals, and reduce infection spread by supporting COVID-19 positive or suspected positive patients to isolate at home, or in isolation facilities. There is some evidence that similar assessment centres may be a successful triage strategy to reduce burden on hospital and acute care. Aim : The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 Community Assessment Hubs on service delivery in two regions in Ireland during the pandemic. Methods: A mixed-methods approach will be used, incorporating co-design to engage stakeholders and ensure informed data capture and analysis. Online surveys will assess CAH patients’ experiences of access to and quality of care. Clinical patient data from CAHs will be collected and analysed using multinomial logistic regression to check for association with patient demographics and COVID-19 symptoms, and CAH early warning scores and outcomes (Transfer to Emergency Department, Transfer to isolation unit, Sent home with care plan). Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with: patients to elicit an in-depth understanding of experiences and acceptability of attending CAHs; and staff to understand challenges, benefits, and effectiveness of CAHs. Interview data will be analysed using thematic analysis. Discussion: This study will provide valuable insights from both patient and staff perspectives on the operation of CAHs. We will evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of CAHs and propose areas for improvement of the service. This will contribute to international literature on the use of community assessment centres during infectious disease pandemics.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Fertility Intentions of Newlyweds in South Korea: Focus on Demographics, Socioeconomics, Housing Situation, Residential Satisfaction, and Housing Expectation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1534
Author(s):  
Seran Jeon ◽  
Myounghoon Lee ◽  
Seiyong Kim
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Residential Environment ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Housing Situation ◽  
Fertility Intention ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Since 2001, South Korea has experienced sustained lowest-low fertility. This phenomenon has persisted despite the implementation of several social policies aimed at increasing fertility rates. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively analyze the demographics, socioeconomics, housing situation, residential environment, and housing expectation of newlyweds in terms of their fertility intentions in South Korea (within 5 years of marriage) in order to help the development of more effective housing policies. We extracted the factors on the basis of fertility theories and previous related studies and identified differential characteristics of the impact on fertility intentions for the first and for additional child(ren). The results show that fertility intention was higher in non-metropolitan and rental households. There was also a significant relationship between the anticipated period of a home purchase and fertility intention. In particular, for one-child families, the second child fertility intention was significantly affected. In conclusion, we quantitatively confirmed various factors that significantly impact the fertility plans of newlyweds. We suggest that the government implements housing policies on the basis of economic stability, the number of children, and the residential environment of newlywed couples.

scholarly journals Fertility trends in Serbia during the 1990s

Stanovnistvo ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 7-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Rasevic
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The 1990s represent an exceptionally complex period for the population of Serbia. In addition to the impact of long-term factors, various tumultuous events affected its demographic development, such as breaking apart of former Yugoslavia, armed conflicts in the neighboring countries, sanctions imposed by the international community, social changes (transition transformation or regression), deep economic crisis, collapse of social stratification political problems, institutional crisis, and NATO military intervention. Maladjustment to the changed system of values and norms, lower level of personal attainment, feeling of insecurity, and living under permanent stress are the main features of life at an individual psychological level. Deprivation or living at the subsistence level are the main elements of the economic cost sustained by the majority of the population. How have these changes affected an individual's decision to have children? The analysis of futility indicators points to an obvious decline in the number of births across low fertility regions of Serbia. Also, the analysis has raised the question why the decline in population fertility in the low fertility regions was not even higher, bearing in mind the experiences undergone by the countries with economy in transition as well as the depth of the crisis in society. In that sense several factors come to mind. The most important are the universality of marriage socio-psychological investigations confirmed domination of the traditional character or mentality in Serbia during the 1990s, and the government?s approach to the issue of fertility improved during this time. Besides demographic needs were carefully taken into account in all amendments to the old and formulation of the new measures in the area of social policy. Mention should be made of measures ensuring employment rights of women and their entitlement to maternity leave, maternity pay, and provision of institutionalized care for the children. On the other hand under-reporting of live births, lack of knowledge on the size and characteristics of emigration flows limited the analysis of population fertility in Kosovo and Metohia. But, registered data as well as survey results show to the perseverance of the fertility model of transitional type displaying obvious traditional elements.

scholarly journals A mixed methods protocol to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of COVID-19 Community Assessment Hubs

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Sophie Mulcahy Symmons ◽  
Robert Fox ◽  
Marese Mannion ◽  
David Joyce ◽  
Aoife De Brún ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Care Plan ◽  
Community Assessment ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Clinical Patient ◽  
Acute Hospitals ◽  
Additional Strain ◽  
Isolation Facilities ◽  
The Impact

Background: Ireland’s health system has been under significant strain due to staff shortages and inadequate capacity. Critical care bed capacity per capita in Ireland is among the lowest in Europe, thus, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put additional strain on an over-stretched system. COVID-19 Community Assessment Hubs (CAHs) were established to mitigate unnecessary admission to acute hospitals, and reduce infection spread by supporting COVID-19 positive or suspected positive patients to isolate at home, or in isolation facilities. There is some evidence that similar assessment centres may be a successful triage strategy to reduce burden on hospital and acute care. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 Community Assessment Hubs on service delivery in one region in Ireland. Methods: A mixed-methods approach will be used, incorporating co-design to engage stakeholders and ensure informed data capture and analysis. Online surveys will assess CAH patients’ experiences of access to and quality of care. Clinical patient data from CAHs will be collected and analysed using multinomial logistic regression to check for association with patient demographics and COVID-19 symptoms, and CAH early warning scores and outcomes (Transfer to Emergency Department, Transfer to isolation unit, Sent home with care plan). Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with: patients to elicit an in-depth understanding of experiences and acceptability of attending CAHs; and staff to understand challenges, benefits, and effectiveness of CAHs. Interview data will be analysed using a thematic analysis approach. Discussion: This study will provide valuable insights from both patient and staff perspectives on the operation of CAHs. We will evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of CAHs and propose areas for improvement of the service. This will contribute to international literature on the use of community assessment centres during infectious disease pandemics.

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