Fathers’ Uptake of Parental Leave: Forerunners and Laggards in Sweden, 1993–2010

AbstractSweden is often considered a forerunner in family change and developments towards less gendered family production patterns. In this study, we focus on recent developments towards more gender-equal sharing of parental leave in Sweden. We explore how fathers’ use of parental leave has changed over time before and since the turn of the century. As the parental leave benefit is individual and earnings-based, we examine how fathers’ individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics are associated with their parental leave uptake over time, to determine whether there are forerunners and laggards in recent family change. Multinomial logistic regression models were applied to data from national registers. Our study demonstrates a bifurcation in trends in recent decades. This is associated with the extension of reforms that reserve part of the leave for fathers, the so-called “daddy months”, but stretches beyond the impact of any such reforms. Taking a long leave of over two months was pioneered by better-educated residents of metropolitan areas and surrounding suburbs, as well as Swedish-born fathers. Young fathers, low-income earners and foreign-born fathers lagged behind in these developments. We regard the unstable labour market situation of the latter as a contributing factor in widening social inequalities in family-related behaviour.

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Is Leave for Fathers Pronatalist? A Mixed-Methods Study of the Impact of Fathers’ Uptake of Parental Leave on Couples’ Childbearing Intentions in South Korea

Population Research and Policy Review ◽

10.1007/s11113-022-09697-4 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Youngcho Lee

Keyword(s):

Mixed Methods ◽

South Korea ◽

Parental Leave ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Unplanned Pregnancy ◽

Low Fertility ◽

Birth Rates ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Fertility Trends ◽

The Impact

AbstractWhile many countries with low birth rates have implemented policies incentivizing fathers to take parental leave with the anticipation that it will contribute to raising birth rates, there is scant research empirically testing whether fathers’ uptake of leave is pronatalist. Existing research is limited to a few European (mostly Nordic) countries, and it is unclear whether there exists a positive causal relationship. Using mixed methods, this paper seeks to explore the processes and mechanisms by which fathers’ uptake of parental leave impacts intentions for additional children in South Korea, a country characterized by lowest-low fertility and low but rapidly expanding uptake of leave by fathers. Results based on multinomial logistic regression models suggest that in comparison to fathers who expect to take their first leave shortly, fathers with leave experience are less likely to report couple-level intentions for another child, significantly so at parity two. Interviews of fathers with parental leave experience confirm that fathers attenuate their fertility intentions downwards in light of the difficulties of childcare during their leave. While these intentions may change further down the line and/or couples may decide to continue an unplanned pregnancy, results suggest that fathers’ parental leave has an anti- rather than pronatalist effect in South Korea. This study demonstrates that in countries with poor support for the reconciliation of employment and childcare, equalizing the gendered division of parental leave may not be sufficient to see a reversal in its fertility trends.

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Correlates of Transitions in Food Insecurity Status during the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic among Ethnically Diverse Households in Central Texas

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13082597 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 2597

Author(s):

Kathryn M. Janda ◽

Nalini Ranjit ◽

Deborah Salvo ◽

Aida Nielsen ◽

Pablo Lemoine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Food Availability ◽

Low Income ◽

Food Access ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Related Factors ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Early Stages ◽

Central Texas ◽

June July

Food insecurity increased substantially in the USA during the early stages of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to identify potential sociodemographic and food access-related factors that were associated with continuing or transitioning into food insecurity in a diverse population. An electronic survey was completed by 367 households living in low-income communities in Central Texas during June–July 2020. Multinomial logistic regression models were developed to examine the associations among food insecurity transitions during COVID-19 and various sociodemographic and food access-related factors, including race/ethnicity, children in the household, loss of employment/wages, language, and issues with food availability, accessibility, affordability, and stability during the pandemic. Sociodemographic and food access-related factors associated with staying or becoming newly food insecure were similar but not identical. Having children in the household, changes in employment/wages, changing shopping location due to food availability, accessibility and/or affordability issues, issues with food availability, and stability of food supply were associated with becoming newly food insecure and staying food insecure during the pandemic. Identifying as Latino and/or Black was associated with staying food insecure during COVID-19. These findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic did not create new food insecurity disparities. Rather, the pandemic exacerbated pre-existing disparities.

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Associations Between Socioeconomic Status and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Greater Magnitude of Perinatal Inequities in Montreal Than in Brussels

10.21203/rs.3.rs-239950/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mouctar Sow ◽

Marie-France Raynault ◽

Myriam Spiegelaere

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Preterm Birth ◽

Low Income ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Administrative Databases ◽

Income Quintile ◽

Adverse Pregnancy ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objective This paper compares the associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and 1) low birth weight (LBW) and 2) preterm birth, in Brussels and Montreal, and discusses hypotheses that may explain the differences between these two regions. Methods This population-based study uses administrative databases from Belgian and Quebec birth records. The analysis is based on 97,844 and 214,620 singleton live births in Brussels and Montreal, respectively. Logistic regression models were developed for each region in order to estimate the relationship between SES (maternal education and income quintile) and pregnancy outcomes. The analyses were performed for all births according to the mother’s origin. Results SES is associated with LBW and preterm birth in both regions. This association varies according to the mother’s birth place; the impact of SES being greater for mothers born in Belgium or Canada than for those born abroad. The main difference between the two regions concerns the magnitude of perinatal inequalities, which is greater in Montreal than in Brussels, whether among the general population, native-born mothers, or immigrant mothers. Conclusion Significant differences in social inequalities in perinatal health are observed between Brussels and Montreal. The different characteristics of low-income and immigrant households between the two contexts help explain these results. In fact, the poor are relatively poorer in Quebec than in Belgium and live in a more unequal context.

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To Move Home or Move On? Investigating the Impact of Recovery Aid on Migration Status as a Potential Tool for Disaster Risk Reduction in the Aftermath of Volcanic Eruptions in Merapi, Indonesia

10.31235/osf.io/qcm58 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan A. Muir ◽

Michael R. Cope ◽

Jorden E. Jackson ◽

Leslie R. Angeningsih

Keyword(s):

Risk Reduction ◽

Regression Models ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Forced Migration ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Migration Status ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

The Impact ◽

Financial Recovery ◽

Potential Tool

Disasters are associated strongly with forced migration. Indeed, migration is a standard survival strategy for those facing disruptions of this kind. Such is the case with Mt. Merapi, Indonesia, where a series of eruptions occurred in 2010. Mechanisms related to forced migration in such scenarios are fairly well understood, yet it remains less clear what factors may influence return migration. Given local interest in facilitating resettlement out of hazardous areas as a means of risk reduction, we seek to better understand the extent to which recovery aid may create incentives for households to move on rather than move home. We draw upon data collected from a pilot study in the aftermath of the 2010 eruptions and use multinomial logistic regression models to explore the influence of various forms of aid on migration status. Of the various forms of aid considered, financial recovery aid provided to households was consistently associated with moving on. The combination of financial recovery aid with remittances resulted in an association with having moved on that was even stronger than just receiving financial recovery aid. Ultimately, analyses of "aid packages'" suggest that a combination of most, if not all, of the aid was relatively more effective in fostering resettlement, suggesting that while food and health recovery aid as well as remittances may not have been sufficient in and of themselves to increase resettlement, they may enhance the effect of financial recovery aid.

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Health symptom trajectories and neurotoxicant exposures in Gulf War veterans: the Ft. Devens cohort

Environmental Health ◽

10.1186/s12940-021-00812-0 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maxine H. Krengel ◽

Clara G. Zundel ◽

Timothy Heeren ◽

Megan Yee ◽

Avron Spiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Models ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

A Priori ◽

Gulf War ◽

Health Symptoms ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Gulf War Veterans ◽

Symptom Trajectories ◽

Case Status ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background Thirty years ago, Gulf War (GW) veterans returned home with numerous health symptoms that have been associated with neurotoxicant exposures experienced during deployment. The health effects from these exposures have been termed toxic wounds. Most GW exposure-outcome studies utilize group analyses and thus individual fluctuations in symptoms may have been masked. This study investigates health symptom trajectories in the same veterans over 25 years. Methods Veterans were categorized into 5 a priori trajectory groups for each health symptom and Chronic Multisymptom Illness (CMI) clinical case status. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to investigate associations between these trajectories and neurotoxicant exposures. Results Results indicate that more than 21 Pyridostigmine Bromide (PB) pill exposure was associated with consistent reporting of fatigue, pain, and cognitive/mood symptoms as well as the development of six additional symptoms over time. Chemical weapons exposure was associated with both consistent reporting and development of neurological symptoms over time. Reported exposure to tent heater exhaust was associated with later development of gastrointestinal and pulmonary symptoms. Veterans reporting exposure to more than 21 PB pills were more than 8 times as likely to consistently meet the criteria for CMI over time. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of the continued documentation of the health impacts experienced by GW veterans’, their resulting chronic health symptoms, and the importance of exposure-outcome relationships in these veterans now 30 years post-deployment.

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Testing the Spatial Assimilation Model on Black Ethnic Immigrant Locational Outcomes within Mature and Developing Suburbs

Urban Science ◽

10.3390/urbansci3030080 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 80

Author(s):

Argeros

Keyword(s):

Group Differences ◽

Place Of Birth ◽

Foreign Born ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Spatial Assimilation ◽

Nativity Status ◽

Using Data ◽

The One ◽

The Impact ◽

Assimilation Model

This study investigates black ethnic immigrant group differences in residential outcomes between developing and mature suburbs. It evaluates the extent to which foreign-born black ethnic groups’ socioeconomic status (SES) and acculturation characteristics agree with the outlines of the spatial assimilation model. Binomial logistic regression models are calculated, using data from the 2012–2016 IPUMS ACS, to examine the impact of place of birth/nativity status, SES, acculturation, family/household characteristics, and region on residence in developing versus mature suburbs within U.S. metropolitan areas. The results reveal mixed results for the expectations of the spatial assimilation model. On the one hand, and in agreement with the spatial assimilation model, residence in mature and developing suburbs is a function of increments in household income and educational levels. On the other hand, the multivariate results reveal suburban type residential outcomes that vary by place of birth and nativity status. The effects of acculturation also reveal findings that diverge from the expectations of the spatial assimilation model.

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Fusiform Rust Incidence in Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/15.2.79 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 79-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alexandros A. Arabatzis ◽

Timothy G. Gregoire ◽

J. David Lenhart

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Regression Models ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Slash Pine ◽

East Texas ◽

Fusiform Rust ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Free Tree ◽

Pinus Taeda L ◽

Over Time

Abstract A method to predict the incidence of fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) in unthinned loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Englem.) plantations located on non-old-fields in East Texas is presented. In addition, procedures are described to estimate changes in rust incidence over time as: 1. A rust-free tree remains rust free, develops stem or branch galls, or dies. 2. A tree with branch galls remains with branch galls only, develops stem galls, or dies. 3. A tree with stem galls remains with stem galls, or dies. Multinomial logistic regression models utilizing basic plantation parameters as predictors were fit to estimate current rust incidence and, then, the change in rust condition over time. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):79-84.

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Perceived threat and officer-involved shootings: characteristics leading to fatal vs non-fatal instances

Policing An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management ◽

10.1108/pijpsm-01-2021-0004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Zavin Nazaretian ◽

Cedrick Heraux ◽

David Merolla

Keyword(s):

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Perceived Threat ◽

Content Type ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Black And White ◽

Time Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Police Shootings ◽

Different Populations ◽

The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to compare the fatality rate of Black and White subjects shot by police. This comparison is meant to explore whether officer-involved shootings (OIS) are impacted more by perceived threat or by demographic characteristics. Beyond race, contextual and officer-level variables are examined for their influence on lethal vs non-lethal police shootings.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilizes data from the Tampa Bay Times database on police shootings in Florida from 2009 through 2014. Our analysis focuses on the substantive importance of this issue, using the population of OIS in one specific state over a specified time period. The authors also including multinomial logistic regression models analyzing the impact of race, contextual and officer-level variables on the lethal outcome of OIS is clear that the police are shooting at two very different populations.FindingsAlthough Black subjects are disproportionately represented as the subjects of OIS, there was no significant difference in the lethality of such incidents based simply on race. However, when we compare Black subjects to White subjects, it is clear that the police are shooting at two very different populations. Black subjects were younger, less likely to be armed, less likely to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and less likely to have suspected or known mental health considerations than their White counterparts.Research limitations/implicationsThus, it is possible that any racialized difference in the lethality of police shootings is being suppressed because we are comparing very different groups of subjects to one another.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to examine the racial threat that officers experience past the decision to engage in violence. The authors are looking at how they shoot at minorities vs the decision to shoot at minorities.

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Self-reported school demands and psychosomatic problems among adolescents – changes in the association between 1988 and 2011?

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494817725687 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 174-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Karina Nygren ◽

Curt Hagquist

Keyword(s):

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Student Groups ◽

Individual Level ◽

Psychosomatic Problems ◽

Data Collections ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

Aims: The aim of the present study was to examine changes over time in the relationship between self-reported school demands and psychosomatic problems, also considering the impact of student influence and teacher support. Methods: Data from a cross-sectional study (Young in Värmland) including eight data collections (1988–2011) among Swedish students aged 15–16 were used ( n = 20,115). Analyses with multinomial logistic regression and descriptive statistics were applied. Results: Between 1988 and 2011, the proportions of students with a higher degree of psychosomatic problems increased, as did the proportion of students experiencing school demands that were too high. Finer-level analyses based on stratification of student groups did not show any associations at the aggregated level between increases of school demands and psychosomatic problems. Similarly, individual level analyses showed that the strength of the association between school demands and psychosomatic problems was not affected by year of investigation. Conclusions: Changes in school demands over time could not explain the increasing trend in psychosomatic problems among adolescents. Since the relationship between school demands and psychosomatic problems is strong across time, there is, however, a continued need for school-based interventions. More studies are required to gain further understanding of adolescent mental health from a trend perspective.

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The Impact of Natural Disasters on Neighborhood Poverty Rate: A Neighborhood Change Perspective

Journal of Planning Education and Research ◽

10.1177/0739456x18769144 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 447-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dalbyul Lee

Keyword(s):

Natural Disasters ◽

Low Income ◽

Poverty Rate ◽

Neighborhood Change ◽

Physical Damage ◽

Neighborhood Poverty ◽

Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽

Natural Processes ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

Neighborhoods change over time through an underlying systematic mechanism. Natural disasters change the socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods by causing physical damage, after which outside resources are brought in to support recovery efforts, thereby impacting the natural processes by which neighborhoods change. This study examines the impact of a natural disaster on neighborhood poverty rate and its differential impacts according to neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics. The results show that natural disasters cause a shift in the pattern of the neighborhood poverty rate trajectory and that disasters’ impacts on neighborhood poverty rates are differential across neighborhoods. In particular, natural disasters impact the poverty rates of low-income neighborhoods most adversely.

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