scholarly journals Gut microbiota-derived succinate: Friend or foe in human metabolic diseases?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Fernández-Veledo ◽  
Joan Vendrell
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Messenger Molecules ◽  
New Perspective

Abstract There is now a wealth of evidence showing that communication between microbiota and the host is critical to sustain the vital functions of the healthy host, and disruptions of this homeostatic coexistence are known to be associated with a range of diseases including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Microbiota-derived metabolites act both as nutrients and as messenger molecules and can signal to distant organs in the body to shape host pathophysiology. In this review, we provide a new perspective on succinate as a gut microbiota-derived metabolite with a key role governing intestinal homeostasis and energy metabolism. Thus, succinate is not merely a major intermediary of the TCA traditionally considered as an extracellular danger signal in the host, but also a by-product of some bacteria and a primary cross-feeding metabolite between gut resident microbes. In addition to maintain a healthy microbiome, specific functions of microbiota-derived succinate in peripheral tissues regulating host nutrient metabolism should not be rule out. Indeed, recent research point to some probiotic interventions directed to modulate succinate levels in the intestinal lumen, as a new microbiota-based therapies to treat obesity and related co-morbidities. While further research is essential, a large body of evidence point to succinate as a new strategic mediator in the microbiota-host cross-talk, which might provide the basis for new therapeutically approaches in a near future.

scholarly journals Sensing Home; Creating a Framework for Haptic Living

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sophie Kolmer
Keyword(s):  
Interior Design ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Senses ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Sense Of Touch

<p><b>This thesis looks at developing a new method of designing small living spaces using the sensory body. It intends to re-imagine ways to provide a unique experience for each occupant, while offering a new perspective on how interior architectures can be designed for living in.</b></p> <p>In the context of a rising housing crisis and with a specific lack of accommodation for students and young professionals, living in smaller spaces is fast becoming a necessity. A large body of research into the design methods utilised for smaller living within city centres expose an omission of the senses for the greater part of the process.</p> <p>This research looks at a re-thinking of interior design processes where factoring the senses takes precedence over other considerations. More specifically the role of the sense of touch as the primary motivator is considered, supported by the sense of sight as its secondary factor. A series of experiments explore the ways the body interacts with surfaces, and how tactile qualities can define a space and create form. These lead to the making of a framework for design which in turn is tested through the creation of the interior of a small dwelling. This design-led research challenges the ways in which touch is used to design and reimagines ways in which small living spaces are created, with a focus on the senses.</p> <p>Key words: Interior architecture, Exploration of the senses, Touch, Tactile design methods, Design framework, Small space living</p>

scholarly journals Serotonergic regulation of energy metabolism in peripheral tissues

2020 ◽  
Vol 245 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R10
Author(s):  
Wonsuk Choi ◽  
Joon Ho Moon ◽  
Hail Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Serotonin Receptors ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Neuronal Tissues ◽  
Serotonin Signaling ◽  
Amino Acid Tryptophan

Serotonin is a biogenic amine synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan. Because serotonin cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, it functions differently in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. In the CNS, serotonin regulates mood, behavior, appetite, and energy expenditure. Although most serotonin in the body is synthesized at the periphery, its biological roles have not been well elucidated. Older studies using chemical agonists and antagonists yielded conflicting results, because the complexity of serotonin receptors and the low selectivity of agonists and antagonists were not known. Several recent studies using specific knock-out of serotonin receptors have been performed to assess the role of peripheral serotonin in regulating energy metabolism. This review discusses (1) the tissue-specific roles of peripheral serotonin in regulating energy metabolism, (2) the mechanism by which dysfunctional peripheral serotonin signaling can progress to metabolic diseases, and (3) how peripheral serotonin signaling could be a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Glucosensing in the gastrointestinal tract: Impact on glucose metabolism

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (9) ◽  
pp. G645-G658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audren Fournel ◽  
Alysson Marlin ◽  
Anne Abot ◽  
Charles Pasquio ◽  
Carla Cirillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Autonomous Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
The Brain

The gastrointestinal tract is an important interface of exchange between ingested food and the body. Glucose is one of the major dietary sources of energy. All along the gastrointestinal tube, e.g., the oral cavity, small intestine, pancreas, and portal vein, specialized cells referred to as glucosensors detect variations in glucose levels. In response to this glucose detection, these cells send hormonal and neuronal messages to tissues involved in glucose metabolism to regulate glycemia. The gastrointestinal tract continuously communicates with the brain, especially with the hypothalamus, via the gut-brain axis. It is now well established that the cross talk between the gut and the brain is of crucial importance in the control of glucose homeostasis. In addition to receiving glucosensing information from the gut, the hypothalamus may also directly sense glucose. Indeed, the hypothalamus contains glucose-sensitive cells that regulate glucose homeostasis by sending signals to peripheral tissues via the autonomous nervous system. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which glucosensors along the gastrointestinal tract detect glucose, as well as the results of such detection in the whole body, including the hypothalamus. We also highlight how disturbances in the glucosensing process may lead to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. A better understanding of the pathways regulating glucose homeostasis will further facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Sensing Home; Creating a Framework for Haptic Living

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sophie Kolmer
Keyword(s):  
Interior Design ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Senses ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Sense Of Touch

<p><b>This thesis looks at developing a new method of designing small living spaces using the sensory body. It intends to re-imagine ways to provide a unique experience for each occupant, while offering a new perspective on how interior architectures can be designed for living in.</b></p> <p>In the context of a rising housing crisis and with a specific lack of accommodation for students and young professionals, living in smaller spaces is fast becoming a necessity. A large body of research into the design methods utilised for smaller living within city centres expose an omission of the senses for the greater part of the process.</p> <p>This research looks at a re-thinking of interior design processes where factoring the senses takes precedence over other considerations. More specifically the role of the sense of touch as the primary motivator is considered, supported by the sense of sight as its secondary factor. A series of experiments explore the ways the body interacts with surfaces, and how tactile qualities can define a space and create form. These lead to the making of a framework for design which in turn is tested through the creation of the interior of a small dwelling. This design-led research challenges the ways in which touch is used to design and reimagines ways in which small living spaces are created, with a focus on the senses.</p> <p>Key words: Interior architecture, Exploration of the senses, Touch, Tactile design methods, Design framework, Small space living</p>

scholarly journals From Short- to Long-Term Effects of C-Section Delivery on Microbiome Establishment and Host Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2122
Author(s):  
David Ríos-Covian ◽  
Philippe Langella ◽  
Rebeca Martín
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vaginal Microbiome ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The establishment of gut microbiota has been proven to be impacted by several factors during pregnancy, delivery, and neonate periods. The body of evidence describing C-section delivery (CSD) as one of the most disruptive events during early life has expanded in recent years, concluding that CSD results in a drastic change in microbiota establishment patterns. When comparing the gut microbiota composition of CSD babies with vaginally delivered (VD) babies, the former show a microbiome that closely resembles that found in the environment and the mother’s skin, while VD babies show a microbiome more similar to the vaginal microbiome. Although these alterations of normal gut microbiota establishment tend to disappear during the first months of life, they still affect host health in the mid–long term since CSD has been correlated with a higher risk of early life infections and non-transmissible diseases, such as inflammatory diseases, allergies, and metabolic diseases. In recent years, this phenomenon has also been studied in other mammals, shedding light on the mechanisms involved in the effects of a CSD on host health. In addition, strategies to revert the disruptions in gut microbiomes caused by a CSD are currently in the process of development and evaluation. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in CSD research, from the alteration of gut microbiota establishment to the possible effects on host health during early life and development.

Corni Fructus as a Natural Resource Can Treat Type 2 Diabetes by Regulating Gut Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (06) ◽  
pp. 1385-1407
Author(s):  
Dou Niu ◽  
Shujing An ◽  
Xue Chen ◽  
Huailong Bi ◽  
Qiusheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alcohol Extract

Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The nutrient-rich resource Cornus Fructus (CF) showed curative effects on diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism underlying its hyperglycemic activity remains obscure. Herein, the antidiabetic potential of four extracts from CF, including saponin (CTS), iridoid glycoside (CIG), tannin (CT), and alcohol extract (CCA) was evaluated in vivo. The results showed that all four extracts could increase the body weight, decrease the blood glucose levels, and elevate the glucose tolerance. Moreover, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile were significantly improved in fed mice. In the [Formula: see text]-diversity index of samples, compared to the DM group, the diversity and richness of gut microbiota in mice to a certain extent were reduced in both CF extracts and Metformin (PC). Among them, there was statistical significance in PC (ACE, [Formula: see text]) and CCA (ACE, [Formula: see text]; chao1: [Formula: see text]). Beta diversity showed the same trend as the UPGMA clustering trees, which revealed that CF extracts could improve intestinal homeostasis in T2DM mice. Also, CF extracts could elevate the production of short-chain fatty acids, as well as regulate the composition of gut microbiota. The key bacteria related to T2DM including Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium were modulated by metformin and CF. Altogether, CF is a potential nutrient-rich candidate that can be used in functional foods for the treatment of T2DM, and the change of gut microbiota might be a novel mechanism underlying its hyperglycemic activity.

Folate and vitamin B-12 deficiencies additively impaired memory function and disturbed the gut microbiota in amyloid-β infused rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunmin Park ◽  
Sunna Kang ◽  
Da Sol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Ca1 Region ◽  
Folate And Vitamin B12

Abstract. Folate and vitamin B12(V-B12) deficiencies are associated with metabolic diseases that may impair memory function. We hypothesized that folate and V-B12 may differently alter mild cognitive impairment, glucose metabolism, and inflammation by modulating the gut microbiome in rats with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like dementia. The hypothesis was examined in hippocampal amyloid-β infused rats, and its mechanism was explored. Rats that received an amyloid-β(25–35) infusion into the CA1 region of the hippocampus were fed either control(2.5 mg folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-CON, n = 10), no folate(0 folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FA, n = 10), no V-B12(2.5 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-V-B12, n = 10), or no folate plus no V-B12(0 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FAB12, n = 10) in high-fat diets for 8 weeks. AD-FA and AD-VB12 exacerbated bone mineral loss in the lumbar spine and femur whereas AD-FA lowered lean body mass in the hip compared to AD-CON(P < 0.05). Only AD-FAB12 exacerbated memory impairment by 1.3 and 1.4 folds, respectively, as measured by passive avoidance and water maze tests, compared to AD-CON(P < 0.01). Hippocampal insulin signaling and neuroinflammation were attenuated in AD-CON compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-FAB12 impaired the signaling (pAkt→pGSK-3β) and serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels the most among all groups. AD-CON decreased glucose tolerance by increasing insulin resistance compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-VB12 and AD-FAB12 increased insulin resistance by 1.2 and 1.3 folds, respectively, compared to the AD-CON. AD-CON and Non-AD-CON had a separate communities of gut microbiota. The relative counts of Bacteroidia were lower and those of Clostridia were higher in AD-CON than Non-AD-CON. AD-FA, but not V-B12, separated the gut microbiome community compared to AD-CON and AD-VB12(P = 0.009). In conclusion, folate and B-12 deficiencies impaired memory function by impairing hippocampal insulin signaling and gut microbiota in AD rats.

Neutral Lipids of Oats Fruit (Avena Sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
N. K. Yuldasheva ◽  
S. D. Gusakova ◽  
D. Kh. Nurullaeva ◽  
N. T. Farmanova ◽  
R. P. Zakirova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Active Substances

Introduction. Lipids are a widespread group of biologically active substances in nature, making up the bulk of the organic substances of all living organisms. They accumulate in plants in seeds, as well as in fruits and perform a number of vital functions: they are the main components of cell membranes and the energy reserve for the body.Aim. Study of neutral lipids of sown oats (Avena sativa L.).Materials and methods. The objects of the study were fruits (grains) of oats of the sown variety "Tashkent 1," harvested in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Results and discussions. Neutral lipids of oat grains have been found to contain 13 fatty acids with a predominance of the sum of oleic, linolenic and linoleic acids. The total degree of unsaturation was almost 78%. Absorption bands characteristic of these substances were observed in the IR spectrum of MEGC.Conclusion. According to the results of the NL analysis, oat grains consisted of triacylglycerides and free LCDs, which were accompanied by hydrocarbons, phytosterols, triterpenoids and tocopherols.

Role of Rasayana in Prevention of COVID-19 - A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 716-722
Author(s):  
Sneha Dhakite ◽  
Sadhana Misar Wajpeyi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Healthy Life Style ◽  
And Control

The “Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)” is caused by “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”, a newly discovered member of the Coronaviridae family of viruses which is a highly communicable. There is no effective medical treatment till date for Coronavirus disease hence prevention is the best way to keep disease away. Rasayana proved to be highly efficacious and cost effective for the Prevention and Control of viral infections when vaccines and standard therapies are lacking. Rasayana Chikitsa is one of the eight branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda which helps to maintain healthy life style. Rasayana improves immunity and performs many vital functions of human body. Vyadhikshamatva that is immune mechanism of the body is involved in Prevention of the occurrence of a new disease and it also decreases the virulence and progression of an existing disease. In COVID-19 the Respiratory system mainly get affected which is evident from its symptoms like cold, cough and breathlessness. Here the drugs help in enhancing immune system and strengthening functions of Respiratory system can be useful. For this purpose, the Rasayana like Chyavanprasha, Agastya Haritaki, Pippali Rasayana, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Haridra, Ashwagandha, Tulsi are used. Rasayana working on Respiratory system are best for Prevention of Coronavirus and boosting immune system. Rasayana Chikitsa can be effective in the Prevention as well as reducing symptoms of COVID-19.

Novel Approaches for Oral Delivery of Insulin and Current Status of Oral Insulin Products

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinesh V P ◽  
Neelam D P ◽  
Punit B ◽  
Bhavesh S.B ◽  
Pragna K. S
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Dose Dependent

Diabetes mellitus is a serious pathologic condition that is responsible for major healthcare problems worldwide and costing billions of dollars annually. Insulin replacement therapy has been used in the clinical management of diabetes mellitus for more than 84 years. The present mode of insulin administration is by the subcutaneous route through which insulin is presented to the body in a non-physiological manner having many challenges. Hence novel approaches for insulin delivery are being explored. Challenges to oral route of insulin administration are: rapid enzymatic degradation in the stomach, inactivation and digestion by proteolytic enzymes in the intestinal lumen and poor permeability across intestinal epithelium because of its high molecular weight and lack of lipophilicity. Liposomes, microemulsions, nanocubicles, and so forth have been prepared for the oral delivery of insulin. Chitosan-coated microparticles protected insulin from the gastric environment of the body and released intestinal pH. Limitations to the delivery of insulin have not resulted in fruitful results to date and there is still a need to prepare newer delivery systems, which can produce dose-dependent and reproducible effects, in addition to increased bioavailability.

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