Plasma bicarbonate and total carbon dioxide: terms to be employed with precision

Background: The H+ mobilization model has been recently reported to accurately describe intradialytic kinetics of plasma bicarbonate concentration; however, the ability of this model to predict changing bicarbonate kinetics after altering the hemodialysis treatment prescription is unclear. Methods: We considered the H+ mobilization model as a pseudo-one-compartment model and showed theoretically that it can be used to determine the acid generation (or production) rate for hemodialysis patients at steady state. It was then demonstrated how changes in predialytic, intradialytic, and immediate postdialytic plasma bicarbonate (or total carbon dioxide) concentrations can be calculated after altering the hemodialysis treatment prescription. Results: Example calculations showed that the H+ mobilization model when considered as a pseudo-one-compartment model predicted increases or decreases in plasma total carbon dioxide concentrations throughout the entire treatment when the dialysate bicarbonate concentration is increased or decreased, respectively, during conventional thrice weekly hemodialysis treatments. It was further shown that this model allowed prediction of the change in plasma total carbon dioxide concentration after transfer of patients from conventional thrice weekly to daily hemodialysis using both bicarbonate and lactate as dialysate buffer bases. Conclusion: The H+ mobilization model can predict changes in plasma bicarbonate or total carbon dioxide concentration during hemodialysis after altering the hemodialysis treatment prescription.

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Impact of Dursban and Abate on Microbial Numbers and Some Chemical Properties of Standing Ponds

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.1975.006 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 33-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Butcher ◽

M. Boyer ◽

CD. Fowle

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Active Ingredient ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Dissolved Carbon ◽

Photosynthetic Productivity ◽

Dissolved Carbon Dioxide ◽

Microbial Numbers

Abstract Eleven small ponds, lined with polyethylene, were used to assess the consequences of applications of *DursbanR at 0.004, 0.030, 0.100 and 1.000 ppm and AbateR at 0.025 and 0.100 ppm active ingredient. The treated ponds showed a more pronounced long-term increase in pH and dissolved oxygen and decreasing total and dissolved carbon dioxide in comparison with untreated ponds. Algal blooms were of longer duration in treated ponds than in controls. Total photosynthetic productivity was higher in treated ponds but bacterial numbers did not change significantly. Photosynthetic productivity was estimated by following the changes in total carbon dioxide.

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Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Automation and calibration

Marine Chemistry ◽

10.1016/0304-4203(87)90033-8 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 117-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 231

Author(s):

K.M Johnson ◽

J.McN Sieburth ◽

P.J.leB Williams ◽

L Brändström

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Carbon Dioxide Analysis

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Comparison of Gas Chromatographic Method and pH-Alkalinity Method for Determination of Total Carbon Dioxide in Sea Water.

Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.1021/ac60214a068 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 36 (8) ◽

pp. 1686-1686 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Kilho. Park ◽

G. H. Kennedy ◽

H. H. Dobson

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Chromatographic Method ◽

Sea Water ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Gas Chromatographic Method

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Comparative Study on BRIC Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Econometric Empirical Test Based on Cross-Century Time Series Data

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1512 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 616-618 ◽

pp. 1512-1515

Author(s):

Wei Hua Du

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Time Series ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Comparative Statics ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Series Data ◽

Per Capita Gdp ◽

Bric Countries ◽

Per Capita

Take for example the BRIC economies: Brazil, Russia, India and China. We investigated the time series data on the relationship between carbon dioxide emission and economic growth in these fast-growing developing countries by both comparative statics and comparative dynamics. The results show that there is the monotonic relationship between total carbon dioxide emissions, carbon dioxide emissions per capita and per capita GDP in any one of the BRIC countries. And there is decreasing relationship between the carbon dioxide emissions per unit GDP and per capita GDP.

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Electricity production and its effects on carbon dioxide emissions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: إنتاج الكهرباء وآثاره في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في المملكة العربية السعودية

Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences - مجلة العلوم الطبيعية و الحياتية والتطبيقية ◽

10.26389/ajsrp.r130621 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 134-108

Author(s):

Zakiah Radhi Alhajji, Mohamed Elsayed Hafez Ali Zakiah Radhi Alhajji, Mohamed Elsayed Hafez Ali

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Electricity Production ◽

Energy Productivity ◽

Gulf Region ◽

Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia

Because of increased demand for electrical energy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which has resulted in an increase in carbon dioxide emissions, the electricity system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest in the Gulf region and the Arab world, with approximately 61.7 gigatons (GW) of peak demand and 89.2 gigatons (GW) of available capacity in 2018 of electricity power. It has grown rapidly over more than 20 years and has almost doubled in size since 2000. Where we observe that the total carbon dioxide emissions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 1990 to 2020; where shows rapid growth in emissions of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases, as it was found that CO2 emissions in 1990 amounted to 151 million metric tons compared to 2011 when it reached about 435 million metric tons, and the increase continued until 2020 when it reached about 530 million metric tons. The comprehensive study relied on time series analysis to carefully analyze the electric energy productivity rate from fossil fuels and the significant amount of carbon dioxide emissions typically resulting from promptly burning fossil fuels to naturally produce electric energy. Therefore, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, through Vision 2030 and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, looks to reduce the rate of carbon dioxide emissions in the field of electric power generation by diversifying the fuels used or replacing them with clean and renewable energy such as solar and wind energy.

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Using airborne HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) to evaluate model and remote sensing estimates of atmospheric carbon dioxide

10.5194/acp-2015-961 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Frankenberg ◽

S. S. Kulawik ◽

S. Wofsy ◽

F. Chevallier ◽

B. Daube ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Added Value ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Atmospheric Carbon ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

Global Carbon ◽

Comparable Quality

Abstract. In recent years, space-borne observations of atmospheric carbon-dioxide (CO2) have become increasingly used in global carbon-cycle studies. In order to obtain added value from space-borne measurements, they have to suffice stringent accuracy and precision requirements, with the latter being less crucial as it can be reduced by just enhanced sample size. Validation of CO2 column averaged dry air mole fractions (XCO2) heavily relies on measurements of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network TCCON. Owing to the sparseness of the network and the requirements imposed on space-based measurements, independent additional validation is highly valuable. Here, we use observations from the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) flights from January 2009 through September 2011 to validate CO2 measurements from satellites (GOSAT, TES, AIRS) and atmospheric inversion models (CarbonTracker CT2013B, MACC v13r1). We find that the atmospheric models capture the XCO2 variability observed in HIPPO flights very well, with correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.93 and 0.95 for CT2013B and MACC, respectively. Some larger discrepancies can be observed in profile comparisons at higher latitudes, esp. at 300 hPa during the peaks of either carbon uptake or release. These deviations can be up to 4 ppm and hint at misrepresentation of vertical transport. Comparisons with the GOSAT satellite are of comparable quality, with an r2 of 0.85, a mean bias μ of −0.06 ppm and a standard deviation σ of 0.45 ppm. TES exhibits an r2 of 0.75, μ of 0.34 ppm and σ of 1.13 ppm. For AIRS, we find an r2 of 0.37, μ of 1.11 ppm and σ of 1.46 ppm, with latitude-dependent biases. For these comparisons at least 6, 20 and 50 atmospheric soundings have been averaged for GOSAT, TES and AIRS, respectively. Overall, we find that GOSAT soundings over the remote pacific ocean mostly meet the stringent accuracy requirements of about 0.5 ppm for space-based CO2 observations.

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Evaluation of nutrient content and in-vitro gas production of complete feed based on corn stover (Zea mays) supplemented by mimosa powder and myristic acid

Livestock and Animal Research ◽

10.20961/lar.v18i2.42998 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 191

Author(s):

Muchamad Muchlas ◽

Siti Chuzaemi ◽

Mashudi Mashudi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Corn Stover ◽

Myristic Acid ◽

Block Design ◽

Gas Production ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Methane Gas ◽

In Vitro Gas Production

Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect supplementation of mimosa powder as a source of condensed tannins and a single fatty acid, myristic acid, in a complete feed based on corn stover (Zea mays) using the in-vitro gas production method. This research has been carried out at the Animal Nutrition and Food Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Brawijaya University. The time of the research was conducted in August until December 2019.Methods: The experimental design used randomized complete block design by ANOVA consisting four treatments and three replications which were P1= a complete feed based on corn stover (Zea mays) as control Diet (CD) (40% corn stover + 60 % concentrate), P2= (CD) + Mimosa Powder(MP) 1.5 %/kg DM + myristic acid (MA)2% /kg DM, P3= CD + MP 1.5 % /kg DM + MA 3% /kg DM, and P4= CD + MP 1.5 %/kg DM + MA 4 %/kg DM.Results: The results showed that the treatments affected total gas production (p<0.01). The highest value for total gas production was found in P1 (86.67 ml/500 mg DM) and the lowest was found in P3 (73.30 ml/500 mg DM). The results showed that gas production decreased concurrently with the increase of MA level. In vitro methane gas and carbon dioxide production was showed different (p<0.05) from the control treatment. The lowest concentration of methane production was in P4 (82863.07 ppm) and the highest concentration was in treatment P1 86530.89 ppm. The highest total carbon dioxide content was P1 (436711.57 ppm) and the lowest concentration was P3 (350287.72 ppm).Conclusions: The results of the research concluded that the addition of mimosa powder and 3 different levels of myristic acid in a complete feed based on corn stover can increase the nutritional value of a complete feed and reduce the production of methane gas.

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Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation of Udawattakele Forest Reserve in Kandy District of Sri Lanka

Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment ◽

10.31357/jtfe.v8i2.3760 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

A.M.S.K. Abeysekara ◽

S.K. Yatigammana ◽

K.T. Premakantha

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Moderate Amount ◽

Forest Reserve ◽

Rate Of Increase

Carbon dioxide has gained lot of attention in recent past as a greenhouse gas, and therefore it has a potential to affect the climate pattern of the world. Several anthropogenic activities are known to be responsible for the increased level of carbon in the atmosphere and disruption of the global carbon cycle. However, nature has its own mechanism of sequestering and storing the carbon in its “reservoirs”. Forest has the ability to sequester carbon in their biomass and reduce the rate of increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The carbon sequestered in the forest trees are mostly referred to as the biomass of a tree or a forest. It has been identified five carbon pools of the terrestrial ecosystem, involving biomass. The study was designed to estimate biomass stock and then the carbon stock of the Udawattakele Forest Reserve (7°17'58 "N, 80°38'20’’E) in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Allometric equations were used to calculate biomass of trees. The total biomass stock was estimated to be 9475.56 t ha-1 (Mega gram-Mg) and the total carbon stock was estimated to be 4,453.55 t ha-1 (Mg) in the Udawattakele Forest Reserve (UFR). This amount is equivalent to 16,344.52 Mg of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. UFR holds a moderate amount of biomass/carbon stock and the total carbon density of natural forest and plantations was found to be 36.55 Mg ha-1 and 44.89 Mg ha-1 respectively.

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Carbon dioxide excretion in fishes

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z86-083 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 565-572 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

S. F. Perry

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Minor Amount ◽

Acid Base ◽

Plasma Bicarbonate ◽

Convective Processes ◽

Adrenergic Control ◽

And Control ◽

The Relationship ◽

Rate Limiting ◽

Subsequent Diffusion

The pattern and control of carbon dioxide excretion in fish is reviewed with particular emphasis on the site(s) of bicarbonate dehydration, the involvement of diffusive and convective processes, and the relationship with ionic and acid–base regulation. The principal route for carbon dioxide excretion in fish involves the catalysed dehydration of plasma bicarbonate within erythrocytes to form physically dissolved CO2 and the subsequent diffusion of physically dissolved CO2 across the gill epithelium. It is likely that bicarbonate entry into the erythrocyte in exchange for intracellular chloride, rather than branchial CO2 diffusion or blood/water convection, is the rate-limiting process in carbon dioxide excretion, although a change in any one of these factors will affect overall CO2 elimination. Additionally, a relatively minor amount of CO2 is hydrated within gill epithelial cells to form H+ and HCO3− ions that are exchanged for Cl− ions and Na+ ions, respectively. Evidence is presented indicating that branchial and erythrocytic HCO3−/Cl− exchanges are under adrenergic control and that modulations of these processes by elevated levels of circulating catecholamines may be important in regulating acid–base disturbances.

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