The Effects of Groundwater and Surface Water Use on Total Water Availability and Implications for Water Management: The Case of Lake Naivasha, Kenya

Crete, located in the South Mediterranean Sea, is characterized by long coastal areas, varied terrain relief and geology, and great spatial and inter-annual variations in precipitation. Under average meteorological conditions, the island is water-sufficient (969 mm precipitation; theoretical water potential 3284 hm3; and total water use 610 hm3). Agriculture is by far the greatest user of water (78% of total water use), followed by domestic use (21%). Despite the high average water availability, water scarcity events commonly occur, particularly in the eastern-south part of the island, driven by local climatic conditions and seasonal or geographical mismatches between water availability and demand. Other critical issues in water management include the over-exploitation of groundwater, accounting for 93% of the water used in agriculture; low water use efficiencies in the farms; limited use of non-conventional water sources (effluent reuse); lack of modern frameworks of control and monitoring; and inadequate cooperation among stakeholders. These deficiencies impact adversely water use efficiency, deteriorate quality of water resources, increase competition for water and water pricing, and impair agriculture and environment. Moreover, the water-limited areas may display low adaptation potential to climate variability and face increased risks for the human-managed and natural ecosystems. The development of appropriate water governance frameworks that promote the development of integrated water management plans and allow concurrently flexibility to account for local differentiations in social-economic favors is urgently needed to achieve efficient water management and to improve the adaptation to the changing climatic conditions. Specific corrective actions may include use of alternative water sources (e.g., treated effluent and brackish water), implementation of efficient water use practices, re-formation of pricing policy, efficient control and monitoring, and investment in research and innovation to support the above actions. It is necessary to strengthen the links across stakeholders (e.g., farmers, enterprises, corporations, institutes, universities, agencies, and public authorities), along with an effective and updated governance framework to address the critical issues in water management, facilitate knowledge transfer, and promote the efficient use of non-conventional water resources.

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Assessing Impacts of Climate Extremes and Human Water Use on GRACE Total Water Storage Trends in Major U.S. Aquifers

10.5194/gstm2020-61 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bridget Scanlon ◽

Ashraf Rateb ◽

Alexander Sun ◽

Himanshu Save

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Water Use ◽

Groundwater Level ◽

Water Storage ◽

Climate Extremes ◽

High Plains ◽

Total Water ◽

Groundwater Storage ◽

Grace Data ◽

The U.S

There is considerable concern about water depletion caused by climate extremes (e.g., drought) and human water use in the U.S. and globally. Major U.S. aquifers provide an ideal laboratory to assess water storage changes from GRACE satellites because the aquifers are intensively monitored and modeled. The objective of this study was to assess the relative importance of climate extremes and human water use on GRACE Total Water Storage Anomalies in 14 major U.S. aquifers and to evaluate the reliability of the GRACE data by comparing with groundwater level monitoring (~-23,000 wells) and regional and global models. We quantified total water and groundwater storage anomalies over 2002 &#8211; 2017 from GRACE satellites and compared GRACE data with groundwater level monitoring and regional and global modeling results. &#160; The results show that water storage changes were controlled primarily by climate extremes and amplified or dampened by human water use, primarily irrigation. The results were somewhat surprising, with stable or rising long-term trends in the majority of aquifers with large scale depletion limited to agricultural areas in the semi-arid southwest and southcentral U.S. GRACE total water storage in the California Central Valley and Central/Southern High Plains aquifers was depleted by drought and amplified by groundwater irrigation, totaling ~70 km3 (2002&#8211;2017), about 2&#215; the capacity of Lake Mead, the largest surface reservoir in the U.S. In the Pacific Northwest and Northern High Plains aquifers, lower drought intensities were partially dampened by conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater for irrigation and managed aquifer recharge, increasing water storage by up to 22 km3 in the Northern High Plains over the 15 yr period. GRACE-derived total water storage changes in the remaining aquifers were stable or slightly rising throughout the rest of the U.S. GRACE data compared favorably with composite groundwater level hydrographs for most aquifers except for those with very low signals, indicating that GRACE tracks groundwater storage dynamics. Comparison with regional models was restricted to the limited overlap periods but showed good correspondence for modeled aquifers with the exception of the Mississippi Embayment, where the modeled trend is 4x the GRACE trend. The discrepancy is attributed to uncertainties in model storage parameters and groundwater/surface water interactions. Global hydrologic models (WGHM-2d and PCR-GLOBWB-5.0 overestimated trends in groundwater storage in heavily exploited aquifers in the southwestern and southcentral U.S. Land surface models (CLSM-F2.5 and NOAH-MP) seem to track GRACE TWSAs better than global hydrologic models but underestimated TWS trends in aquifers dominated by irrigation. Intercomparing GRACE, traditional hydrologic monitoring, and modeling data underscore the importance of considering all data sources to constrain water storage changes.&#160; GRACE satellite data have critical implications for many nationally important aquifers, highlighting the importance of conjunctively using surface-water and groundwater and managed aquifer recharge to enhance sustainable development.

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Easy to say, hard to do: integrated surface water and groundwater management in the Murray–Darling Basin

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2012.129 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 709-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Andrew Ross

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Surface Water ◽

Groundwater Management ◽

Water Use ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Catchment Scale ◽

Integrated Water Management ◽

Aquifer Storage ◽

Surface Water And Groundwater ◽

Murray Darling Basin

Integrated management of surface water and groundwater can provide efficient and flexible use of water through wet and dry periods, and address the impacts of water use on other users and the environment. It can also help adaptation to climate variation and uncertainty by means of supply diversification, storage and exchange. Integrated water management is affected by surface water and groundwater resources and their connections, water use, infrastructure, governance arrangements and interactions. Although the Murray–Darling Basin is considered to be a leading example of integrated water management, surface water and groundwater resources are generally managed separately. Key reasons for this separation include the historical priority given to surface water development, the relative neglect of groundwater management, shortfalls in information about connections between groundwater and surface water and their impacts, gaps and exemptions in surface water and groundwater use entitlements and rules, coordination problems, and limited stakeholder engagement. Integration of surface water and groundwater management can be improved by the establishment of more comprehensive water use entitlements and rules, with extended carry-over periods and legislated rules for aquifer storage and recovery. Collective surface water and groundwater management offers greater efficiency and better risk management than uncoordinated individual action. There are opportunities for more effective engagement of stakeholders in planning and implementation through decentralized catchment scale organizations.

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Assessment of impacts of climate change on surface water availability using coupled SWAT and WEAP models: case of upper Pangani River Basin, Tanzania

Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences ◽

10.5194/piahs-378-23-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 378 ◽

pp. 23-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Peter Kishiwa ◽

Joel Nobert ◽

Victor Kongo ◽

Preksedis Ndomba

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Surface Water ◽

River Basin ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Availability ◽

Swat Model ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Peak Flows ◽

Global Circulation Models ◽

The Impact

Abstract. This study was designed to investigate the dynamics of current and future surface water availability for different water users in the upper Pangani River Basin under changing climate. A multi-tier modeling technique was used in the study, by coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) models, to simulate streamflows under climate change and assess scenarios of future water availability to different socio-economic activities by year 2060. Six common Global Circulation Models (GCMs) from WCRP-CMIP3 with emissions Scenario A2 were selected. These are HadCM3, HadGEM1, ECHAM5, MIROC3.2MED, GFDLCM2.1 and CSIROMK3. They were downscaled by using LARS-WG to station scale. The SWAT model was calibrated with observed data and utilized the LARS-WG outputs to generate future streamflows before being used as input to WEAP model to assess future water availability to different socio-economic activities. GCMs results show future rainfall increase in upper Pangani River Basin between 16–18 % in 2050s relative to 1980–1999 periods. Temperature is projected to increase by an average of 2 ∘C in 2050s, relative to baseline period. Long-term mean streamflows is expected to increase by approximately 10 %. However, future peak flows are estimated to be lower than the prevailing average peak flows. Nevertheless, the overall annual water demand in Pangani basin will increase from 1879.73 Mm3 at present (2011) to 3249.69 Mm3 in the future (2060s), resulting to unmet demand of 1673.8 Mm3 (51.5 %). The impact of future shortage will be more severe in irrigation where 71.12 % of its future demand will be unmet. Future water demands of Hydropower and Livestock will be unmet by 27.47 and 1.41 % respectively. However, future domestic water use will have no shortage. This calls for planning of current and future surface water use in the upper Pangani River Basin.

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Trends in Demand of Urban Surface Water Extractions and in Situ Use Functions

Water Resources Management ◽

10.1007/s11269-020-02700-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (15) ◽

pp. 4943-4958

Author(s):

E. S. van der Meulen ◽

N. B. Sutton ◽

F. H. M. van de Ven ◽

P. R. van Oel ◽

H. H. M. Rijnaarts

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Use ◽

Scientific Literature ◽

Urban Surface ◽

Urban Water ◽

Urban Water Management ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Waste Products

AbstractScientific literature currently lacks comprehensive understanding of urban surface water use functions. This hampers sound analysis of the demand and potential supply of these functions. This study provides a comprehensive overview of potential use functions, by integrating knowledge from ecosystem services and integrated urban water management fields. Analysis of water-related management plans for Toronto and Amsterdam shows that surface water is currently being used for a variety of functions related to nutrition, energy, water regulation, recreation, symbolic use, transportation and floating buildings. Notably, many use functions involve in situ use, rather than water extractions. Interviewed water managers and spatial planners in both cities expect demand of most use functions to increase by 2040, especially demand for thermal energy extraction, recreation and transportation. Some identified novel demands, such as climate regulation and reuse of waste products from waterway maintenance. Increasing demand is mainly driven by urban growth, climate change and sustainability ambitions. This study found urban surface water uses that are usually not acknowledged in scientific literature on urban water management. This comprehensive overview supports planning, design, and maintenance of urban surface waters, laying the foundation for future research on supply and demand of urban water use functions.

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Analisis Ketersediaan Air Permukaan dan Proyeksi Kebutuhan Air DAS Bodri Tahun 2040

Majalah Geografi Indonesia ◽

10.22146/mgi.62382 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 84

Author(s):

Chafda Larasati ◽

Aji Wijaya Abadi ◽

M Galih Prakoso ◽

Novanna Dwi S ◽

Venny Vivid F ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Balance ◽

Water Availability ◽

Water Demand ◽

Total Water ◽

Landuse Change ◽

Calculation Of Parameters ◽

Surface Water Resources ◽

Total Water Demand

Abstrak Sumberdaya air penting untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan semua makhluk hidup termasuk manusia. DAS Bodri menyediakan suplai air permukaan melalui sungai-sungai yang ada dalam DAS, yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh penduduk sekitar. Seiring berjalannya waktu, DAS Bodri mengalami perubahan penggunaan lahan yang menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan kebutuhan air dan terjadi ketidakseimbangan antara kebutuhan dan ketersediaan air permukaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, yaitu mengetahui keseimbangan antara kebutuhan air di masa yang akan datang dengan ketersediaan air permukaan di DAS Bodri tahun 2040. Perhitungan keseimbangan antara kebutuhan dan ketersediaan air permukaan dilakukan dengan membandingkan antara kebutuhan air total dan ketersediaan air permukaan. Parameter kebutuhan air total terdiri dari kebutuhan air domestik, fasilitas kesehatan, fasilitas pendidikan, fasilitas peribadatan, perkantoran, industri, pertokoan dan pasar, warung makan, peternakan, irigasi, dan tambak. Kebutuhan air di tahun mendatang diketahui melalui proyeksi secara eksponensial dan tetap dari data jumlah dalam perhitungan parameter. Kebutuhan air untuk aktivitas domestik dan nondomestik diestimasikan mencapai 2,44 miliar m3 pada tahun 2040. Hasil analisis neraca air menunjukkan bahwa status neraca air DAS Bodri tahun 2010-2019 mengalami defisiensi. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa potensi sumberdaya air permukaan masih belum mencukupi untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan air di DAS Bodri hingga tahun 2040. Abstract Water resources play an important role in meeting the needs of all living things, including humans. The Bodri watershed provides surface water supply through rivers on the watershed, which the local residents can use and utilize. Over time, the Bodri watershed underwent landuse change, which led to an increase in water demand, resulting in an imbalance between water demand and surface water availability. Calculation of the balance between demand and surface water availability is done by comparing the total water demand and the surface water availability. This study aims to determine the balance between future water demand and surface water availability in the Bodri watershed in 2040. The parameters used to determine total water demand consist of water needs of the following sectors; domestic, health facilities, educational facilities, religious facilities, offices, industry, shops and markets, food stalls, livestock, irrigation, and ponds. In the coming year, water demand is known through projections exponentially and permanently from the amount of data in the calculation of parameters. Water demand for domestic and non-domestic activities is estimated to reach 2.44 billion m3 in 2040. The water balance analysis results show that the status of the Bodri watershed water balance in 2010-2019 is deficient. The potential for surface water resources is still insufficient to meet the water needs in the Bodri watershed until 2040.

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Characterizing the Potential for Drought Action from Combined Hydrological and Societal Perspectives

10.5194/hess-2018-202 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erin Towler ◽

Heather Lazrus ◽

Debasish PaiMazumder

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Availability ◽

Feedback Loop ◽

Yield Data ◽

Sustainable Water Management ◽

South Central ◽

Local Stakeholders ◽

Water Uses

Abstract. Drought is a function of both natural and human influences, but fully characterizing the interactions between human and natural influences on drought remains challenging. To better characterize parts of the drought feedback loop, this study combines hydrological and societal perspectives to characterize and quantify the potential for drought action. For the hydrological perspective, we examine historical groundwater data, from which we determine the decadal likelihoods of exceeding hydrologic thresholds relevant to different water uses. Stakeholder interviews yield data about how people rate the importance of water for different water uses. We combine these to quantify the Potential Drought Action Index (PDAI). The PDAI is demonstrated for a study site in south-central Oklahoma, where water availability is highly influenced by drought and management of water resources is contested by local stakeholders. For the hydrological perspective, we find that the historical decadal likelihood of exceedance for a moderate threshold associated with municipal supply has ranged widely: from 23 % to 75 %, which corresponds well with natural drought variability in the region. For the societal perspective, stakeholder interviews reveal that people value water differently for various uses. Combining this information into the PDAI illustrates that potential drought action increases as the hydrologic threshold is exceeded more often; this occurs as conditions get drier and when water use thresholds are more moderate. The PDAI also shows that for water uses where stakeholders have diverse views of importance, the PDAI will be diverse as well, and this is exacerbated under drier conditions. The variability in stakeholder views of importance is partially explained by stakeholders' cultural worldviews, pointing to some implications for managing water when drought risks threaten. We discuss how the results can be used to reduce potential disagreement among stakeholders and promote sustainable water management, which is particularly important for planning under increasing drought.

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Integrated management of water resources in the National Capital Region-Delhi

Social Change ◽

10.1177/004908570103100205 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 31 (1-2) ◽

pp. 38-60

Author(s):

Ashis Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Water Resources ◽

Ground Water ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Availability ◽

Large Scale ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Legal Aspects ◽

National Capital Region

Competing demands between various sectors of water users such as agriculture, industry, urban and domestic use have put enormous pressure on the fresh water availability in India. Some investigations have shown that the per capita availability of water has gone down drastically in the last few decades. Yet, there is a little evidence to show that measures are being drawn up either to augment fresh water resources or to manage existing resource equitably. The reasons usually cited for the decline of water availability are deforestation, intensive water use in agriculture, growing population etc. Remedies must therefore be addressed to all these issues. However, there is an urgent need to look at the opportunities available in a country which is said to have had a riverine civilization and one which has the blessings of intensive precipitation during the monsoon months. Thus, on the one hand there are enormous possibilities available in rationalising water use in the agriculture sector, recycling water for industrial use and harnessing monsoon precipitation through water harvesting on a very large scale. It is also necessary to look at some of the policy aspects, legal aspects and financial aspects of water management. For instance, it needs to be asked whether official policy of conjunctive use of surface and ground water is being followed adequately. Also it needs to be asked whether, given that water is a State subject, there is adequate coordination among the States in order to facilitate optimalities in water use. In this context, it may be useful to re-evaluate all the existing inter-State water agreements which were drawn up several decades ago. Further, it needs to be investigated whether the moneys being spent on different aspects of water management such as inter-basin transfers, dam and canal construction, ground water management etc. are being done in a manner that is economically justifiable. Simultaneously, the existing fiscal mechanism in relation to water use should also be reexamined to see the future scope of making water use economically viable.

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Satellite Precipitation Data–Driven Hydrological Modeling for Water Resources Management in the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna Basins

Earth Interactions ◽

10.1175/ei-d-14-0017.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 18 (17) ◽

pp. 1-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

A. H. M. Siddique-E-Akbor ◽

Faisal Hossain ◽

Safat Sikder ◽

C. K. Shum ◽

Steven Tseng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Surface Water ◽

Time Scales ◽

Water Availability ◽

Hydrological Model ◽

Data Availability ◽

Satellite Precipitation ◽

Spatially Distributed ◽

The Ganges

Abstract The Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) river basins exhibit extremes in surface water availability at seasonal to annual time scales. However, because of a lack of basinwide hydrological data from in situ platforms, whether they are real time or historical, water management has been quite challenging for the 630 million inhabitants. Under such circumstances, a large-scale and spatially distributed hydrological model, forced with more widely available satellite meteorological data, can be useful for generating high resolution basinwide hydrological state variable data [streamflow, runoff, and evapotranspiration (ET)] and for decision making on water management. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model was therefore set up for the entire GBM basin at spatial scales ranging from 12.5 to 25 km to generate daily fluxes of surface water availability (runoff and streamflow). Results indicate that, with the selection of representative gridcell size and application of correction factors to evapotranspiration calculation, it is possible to significantly improve streamflow simulation and overcome some of the insufficient sampling and data quality issues in the ungauged basins. Assessment of skill of satellite precipitation forcing datasets revealed that the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) product of 3B42RT fared comparatively better than the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) morphing technique (CMORPH) product for simulation of streamflow. The general conclusion that emerges from this study is that spatially distributed hydrologic modeling for water management is feasible for the GBM basins under the scenario of inadequate in situ data availability. Satellite precipitation forcing datasets provide the necessary skill for water balance studies at interannual and interseasonal scales. However, further improvement in skill may be required if these datasets are to be used for flood management at daily to weekly time scales and within a data assimilation framework.

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The Relative Economic Benefits of Conjunctive Use of Water over Surface and Ground Water in the Cauvery Command Area

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i4431150 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 45-51

Author(s):

M. N. Venkataramana ◽

L. Muralidhar ◽

A. D. Ranganatha ◽

B. Gururaj

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Conjunctive Use ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Command Area ◽

Productivity Level ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Use Efficiency

In command areas, overutilization of surface water led to deleterious effects, viz. water logging, salinization, alkalinisation of soils results into lower crop productivity and deficit water supply at the tail ends. As consequences, tail end a farmer heavily depends on groundwater will lead to emptying the aquifer and the low-quality water is pumped from deep wells. So, overuse of both the sources of water would leads to imbalance in water management as results into unsustainable water management. Thus, Conjunctive use is a single input to address the physical and economic scarcity of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) and it offers the solution to a large extent to hurtful effects of SW and GW. The present study was carried out in Mysuru and Mandya of Cauvery command area with 180 farmers of which 60 each from surface water (SW) groundwater (GW) and conjunctive use regime (CU). The results imply that significant difference in productivity level and gross returns for selected crops at 5 per cent significance. The conjunctive irrigation practicing sugarcane farmers realized higher gross returns over GW and SW to the extent of 24 percent and 5 percent respectively. There exists a positive relationship between net return and water use efficiency with correlation coefficient of 0.78 in case of maize and ragi crops. The higher water use efficiency found in CU water for all selected crops.

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