scholarly journals Low-delay single holoscopic 3D computer-generated image to multiview images

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 2015-2027
Author(s):  
Taha Alfaqheri ◽  
Akuha Solomon Aondoakaa ◽  
Mohammad Rafiq Swash ◽  
Abdul Hamid Sadka
Keyword(s):  
Visual Quality ◽  
Content Adaptation ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
3D Display ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Low Delay ◽  
Multiview Images ◽  
Autostereoscopic Displays ◽  
3D Scene ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Due to the nature of holoscopic 3D (H3D) imaging technology, H3D cameras can capture more angular information than their conventional 2D counterparts. This is mainly attributed to the macrolens array which captures the 3D scene with slightly different viewing angles and generates holoscopic elemental images based on fly’s eyes imaging concept. However, this advantage comes at the cost of decreasing the spatial resolution in the reconstructed images. On the other hand, the consumer market is looking to find an efficient multiview capturing solution for the commercially available autostereoscopic displays. The autostereoscopic display provides multiple viewers with the ability to simultaneously enjoy a 3D viewing experience without the need for wearing 3D display glasses. This paper proposes a low-delay content adaptation framework for converting a single holoscopic 3D computer-generated image into multiple viewpoint images. Furthermore, it investigates the effects of varying interpolation step sizes on the converted multiview images using the nearest neighbour and bicubic sampling interpolation techniques. In addition, it evaluates the effects of changing the macrolens array size, using the proposed framework, on the perceived visual quality both objectively and subjectively. The experimental work is conducted on computer-generated H3D images with different macrolens sizes. The experimental results show that the proposed content adaptation framework can be used to capture multiple viewpoint images to be visualised on autostereoscopic displays.

Sourcing and Qualifying Passive Polarised 3D TVs

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-1-100-6
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
3D Display ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Testing Technique ◽  
Stereoscopic 3D ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
3D Displays ◽  
Liquid Crystal Shutter ◽  
Rear Projection

Millions of Stereoscopic 3D capable TVs were sold into the consumer market from 2007 through to 2016. A wide range of display technologies were supported including rear-projection DLP, Plasma, LCD and OLED. Some displays supported the Active 3D method using liquid-crystal shutter glasses, and some displays supported the Passive 3D method using circularly polarised 3D glasses. Displays supporting Full-HD and Ultra-HD (4K) resolution were available in sizes ranging from 32" to 86" diagonal. Unfortunately display manufacturers eventually changed their focus to promoting other display technologies and 2016 was the last year that new 3D TVs were made for the consumer market. Fortunately, there are still millions of 3D displays available through the secondhand- market, however it can be difficult to know which displays have 3D display support. This paper will provide a listing of specifically Passive 3D TVs manufactured by LG, however it has been our experience that the 3D quality varied considerably from one display to another hence it is necessary to qualify the quality of the 3D available on these displays using a testing technique that will be described in the paper.

scholarly journals 366 Effects of organic versus conventional diets on dystocia rates in Nubian dams

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
Matthew J Soyland ◽  
Isabella V Panetta ◽  
Bailey Armentrout-Shoaf ◽  
Christina Rocco ◽  
Toree Williams
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Certified Organic ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Organic products have been growing in popularity in the consumer market, often without evidence to support potential benefits. Many organic products promise better results than conventional products, yet research examining the use of organic products as a feedstuff in caprine diets is lacking. Additionally, the cost of organic feedstuff is much greater when compared to conventional. Reproductive success of an animal has a direct correlation with nutrition throughout pregnancy and could be impacted by organic products. Thus, potential benefits of increase of reproductive health could outweigh the initial cost of organic feedstuffs. The objective of the current study was to determine differences in dystocia occurrence between caprine dams fed conventional and organic feedstuffs in the last 6 wk of gestation. Eight gestating Nubian does (n = 4) ranging from 1 to 5 yr of age with initial BW between 45.4 and 68.5 kg were separated into two treatment groups based on BCS utilizing the American Dairy Goat Association’s BCS 1 to 5 scale. Treatment A was fed a conventional diet including 14% CP concentrate, mineral supplementation, and molasses. Treatment B was fed an equivalent USDA certified organic concentrate, mineral supplement and molasses. Dams were fed 0.907kg/d/45.4kg of BW of concentrate and mineral supplement at 0.012kg/d/45.4kg of BW in individual feeding stocks at 0630 and 1730 in the last 6 wk of gestation. All Dams were provided ad libitum to hay and water. During parturition, dystocia was defined as requiring obstetrical assistance at any point during kidding. Differences in dystocia rate between conventional and organic groups were analyzed by independent T-Test at P < 0.05. As expected, no differences were observed between organic and conventional treatment groups (p = 0.28). As a result, the increased priced of organic feedstuff was not justified for feeding over conventional products.

scholarly journals Minimum Phase Property of Chebyshev-Sharpened Cosine Filters

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Miriam Guadalupe Cruz Jiménez ◽  
David Ernesto Troncoso Romero ◽  
Gordana Jovanovic Dolecek
Keyword(s):  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Group Delay ◽  
Minimum Phase ◽  
Similar Magnitude ◽  
Low Delay ◽  
Phase Property ◽  
Decimation Filter ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Lower Group

We prove that the Chebyshev sharpening technique, recently introduced in literature, provides filters with a Minimum Phase (MP) characteristic when it is applied to cosine filters. Additionally, we demonstrate that cascaded expanded Chebyshev-Sharpened Cosine Filters (CSCFs) are also MP filters, and we show that they achieve a lower group delay for similar magnitude characteristics in comparison with traditional cascaded expanded cosine filters. The importance of the characteristics of cascaded expanded CSCFs is also elaborated. The developed examples show improvements in the group delay ranged from 23% to 47% at the cost of a slight increase of usage of hardware resources. For an application of a low-delay decimation filter, the proposed scheme exhibits a 24% lower group delay, with 35% less computational complexity (estimated in Additions per Output Sample) and slightly less usage of hardware elements.

scholarly journals A costloss analysis to evaluate the value of weather estimates as inputs to a disease risk model

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 296-300
Author(s):  
K.S. Kim ◽  
R.M. Beresford ◽  
W.R. Henshall
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Interpolation ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Bunch Rot ◽  
The Cost

To assess the value of weather estimates the expenses including the cost of spray application and the losses incurred because of a disease were analysed using disease risk simulations In this case study the risk of botrytis bunch rot was simulated using weather estimates as inputs to a disease risk model Those estimates were obtained using spatial interpolation and nearest neighbour methods Possible cost was calculated based on 2 by 2 matrices under the assumption that fungicide spray decisions were made using the disease risk model with estimated weather data The expenses associated with each combination of decisions on spray application and outcome were compared between weather estimates and measurements

Market-driven pricing structures for drinking water

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
S.H.F.M. Meij ◽  
C.J.M. Ruiters ◽  
J.C.J. Stumphius
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Generic Structure ◽  
Fixed Prices ◽  
Noticeable Reduction ◽  
Water Companies ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Supply Capacity ◽  
The Cost

In the Netherlands, water company sales are being driven down by water conservation measures adopted in households and by the emergence of feasible alternatives to mains water. Because the cost structure is largely fixed, prices are rising as a result. These developments are at odds with the community responsibility which water companies bear in their capacity as quasi-monopolists in relation to those of their customers who do not have access to alternative sources. A number of water companies are therefore working on new pricing structures with which they are seeking to stabilise their income and to reduce the financial appeal of switching to substitutes for mains water. At the same time, incentives designed to ensure sparing use in the consumer market should not disappear. Waterleiding Maatschappij Limburg is working on two new pricing structures. A cost allocation method has been developed for bulk users which can be used as a basis for setting customer-specific water tariffs. In addition, a generic structure is being developed to boost revenues from standing charges. More than previously, this structure makes earnings more dependent on the supply capacity installed on a customer's premises. In this article we discuss the background to these new structures and our initial experience. These pricing structures can also be employed in situations and countries where no noticeable reduction of sales has occurred yet, in order to keep ahead of the developments that are sketched here.

scholarly journals Popularity, novelty and relevance in point of interest recommendation: an experimental analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Massimo ◽  
Francesco Ricci
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Inverse Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
On Line ◽  
Observed Behaviour ◽  
The Cost

AbstractRecommender Systems (RSs) are often assessed in off-line settings by measuring the system precision in predicting the observed user’s ratings or choices. But, when a precise RS is on-line, the generated recommendations can be perceived as marginally useful because lacking novelty. The underlying problem is that it is hard to build an RS that can correctly generalise, from the analysis of user’s observed behaviour, and can identify the essential characteristics of novel and yet relevant recommendations. In this paper we address the above mentioned issue by considering four RSs that try to excel on different target criteria: precision, relevance and novelty. Two state of the art RSs called and follow a classical Nearest Neighbour approach, while the other two, and are based on Inverse Reinforcement Learning. and optimise precision, tries to identify the characteristics of POIs that make them relevant, and , a novel RS here introduced, is similar to but it also tries to recommend popular POIs. In an off-line experiment we discover that the recommendations produced by and optimise precision essentially by recommending quite popular POIs. can be tuned to achieve a desired level of precision at the cost of losing part of the best capability of to generate novel and yet relevant recommendations. In the on-line study we discover that the recommendations of and are liked more than those produced by . The rationale of that was found in the large percentage of novel recommendations produced by , which are difficult to appreciate. However, excels in recommending items that are both novel and liked by the users.

Edge-correction needs in estimating indices of spatial forest structure

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1723-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Pommerening ◽  
Dietrich Stoyan
Keyword(s):  
Forest Structure ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Reflection Method ◽  
Limited Size ◽  
Neighbour Effects ◽  
Unbiased Estimates ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Algorithmic Structure

Indices quantifying spatial forest structure are frequently used to monitor spatial aspects of tree attributes including biodiversity in research plots of limited size. The treatment of edge trees, which are close to the plot boundaries, can affect the estimation of such indices that include neighbour effects, since some of their neighbours are likely to fall outside the plot. This paper investigates whether and under what circumstances edge-correction methods are necessary and evaluates the performance of six different approaches: no edge correction, translation, reflection, buffer zone, and two new nearest-neighbour methods. The performance of edge-correction methods depends strongly on the algorithmic structure of the indices and the spatial pattern of tree positions involved. Some edge-correction methods introduce more error than ignoring edge bias altogether. For indices accounting for the diversity of tree positions and especially for those computing angles, translation or buffer zone methods reduce the estimation error regardless of the sample size. The use of the reflection method is associated with large bias values. One of the new nearest-neighbour edge-correction methods proves to be capable of reducing the bias considerably. The results confirm the need for sufficiently large monitoring plots to avoid bias from edge effects. Where this is impossible, neighbours beyond the plot boundary need to be included in the survey, thus providing unbiased estimates but at the cost of extra measurements. Sensitivity analysis is required for newly introduced indices prior to their first application.

scholarly journals Do Rising Rents Complicate Inflation Assessment?

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Brent H. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
House Prices ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Market Basket ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Cost

In the face of falling house prices, decreasing rates of homeownership, and a glut of vacant homes, the Consumer Price Index’s measure of the cost of owner-occupied housing—owners’ equivalent rent of residences (OER)—has begun to accelerate, rising at an annualized rate of 2.3 percent over the past six months. Given a backdrop of generally subdued underlying inflation elsewhere in the index, a persistent increase in the relative price of OER—the largest component of the consumer market basket by far—may create upward pressure on measured inflation.

scholarly journals Time-Sequential Working Wavelength-Selective Filter for Flat Autostereoscopic Displays

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
René De La Barré ◽  
Roland Bartmann ◽  
Silvio Jurk ◽  
Mathias Kuhlmey ◽  
Bernd Duckstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Filter ◽  
3D Display ◽  
Slant Angle ◽  
Selective Filter ◽  
Computational Evaluation ◽  
Autostereoscopic Displays ◽  
Filter Array ◽  
Single User ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Single User System

A time-sequential working, spatially multiplexed autostereoscopic 3D display design consisting of a fast switchable RGB-color filter array is presented. The wavelength-selective filter barrier emits the light from a display over a larger active area than common autostereoscopic barrier displays. An optical modelling of wavelength-selective barriers has been used for instance to calculate the light ray distribution properties of that arrangement. To find well working display designs, automated searches by simulation and computational evaluation has been proceeded. Wavelength-selective filter barrier arrangements exhibit characteristics different from common barrier displays with similar barrier pitch and ascent. In particular, these constructions show strong angular luminance dependency under barrier inclination specified by correspondent slant angle. In time-sequential implementation it is important to avoid that quick eye or eyelid movement lead to visible color artifacts. In the millisecond regime tunable liquid crystal Fabry-P&eacute;rot color filters for the colors red, green and blue are presented. They consist of a sub-micrometer thick nematic layer sandwiched between dielectric mirrors and ITO-electrodes. These cells shall switch narrow-banding light of red, green or blue. An array for a glasses-free 3D display has to be equipped with several thousand switchable filter elements having different color apertures. The newly introduced design is usable as a multi user display as well as a single user system with user adaptive control.

Introduction to Autostereoscopic Displays

2011 ◽  
pp. 346-362
Author(s):  
Armin Grasnick
Keyword(s):  
Singular Point ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Image Representation ◽  
3D Display ◽  
Display Design ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Autostereoscopic Displays ◽  
3D Displays ◽  
The Creation

This chapter is an introduction to the principles of operation in autostereoscopic displays. It explains the most important autostereoscopic technologies and their principles, the image representation, and the resulting strengths and weaknesses. Beside the general principles, all necessary steps for a successful 3D display design are illustrated. This includes the fundamental dimensions, the generation of the screen images, as well as the creation of the 3D optics. To characterize and classify a certain 3D display, a display metric for autostereoscopic displays is proposed. Even though all parameters are explained for a static 3D system, the basic principles are also applicable for dynamic systems (i.e. 3D displays with head or eye tracking). In such cases, the described geometrics are only correct for a singular point in time.

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