scholarly journals Factors Conditioning the Potential Effects TiO2 NPs Exposure on Human Microbiota: a Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Wide Group ◽  
The Impact ◽  
White Colour

AbstractThe recent years have seen a significant interest in the applications of nanotechnology in various facets of our lives. Due to their increasingly widespread use, human exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) is fast becoming unavoidable. Among the wide group of nanoparticles currently employed in industry, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, TiO2 NPs, are particularly popular. Due to its white colour, TiO2 is widely used as a whitening food additive (E 171). Yet, there have been few studies aimed at determining its direct impact on bacteria, while the available data suggest that TiO2 NPs may influence microbiota causing problems such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, or immunological disorders. Indeed, there are increasing concerns that its presence may lead to intestinal barrier impairment, including dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota. This article aims to present an overview of studies conducted to date with regard to the impact of TiO2 NPs on human microbiota as well as factors that can affect the same. Such information is necessary if we are to conclusively determine the potential toxicity of inorganic nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Minor alterations in the intestinal microbiota composition upon Rotavirus infection do not affect susceptibility to DSS colitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kedir Hussen Hamza ◽  
Emma Dunér ◽  
Isabel Ulmert ◽  
Armando Arias ◽  
Daniel Sorobetea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dextran Sulfate ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Enteric Infection ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Dss Colitis ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Impact

AbstractViral triggers at the intestinal mucosa can have multiple global effects on intestinal integrity, causing elevated intestinal barrier strength and relative protection from subsequent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) induction in various models. As viruses can interfere with the intestinal immune system both directly and indirectly through commensal bacteria, cause-effect relationships are difficult to define. Due to the complexity of putatively causative factors, our understanding of such virus-mediated protection is currently very limited. We here set out to better understand the impact that adult enteric infection with rotavirus (RV) might have on the composition of the intestinal microbiome and on the severity of IBD. We found that RV infection neither induced significant long-lasting microbiota community changes in the small or large intestine nor affected the severity of subsequent dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Hence, adult murine RV infection does not exert lasting effects on intestinal homeostasis.

scholarly journals Nanotoxicology and Nanosafety: Safety-by-Design and Testing at a Glance

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Zielińska ◽  
Beatriz Costa ◽  
Maria V. Ferreira ◽  
Diogo Miguéis ◽  
Jéssica M. S. Louros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Design And Testing

This review offers a systematic discussion about nanotoxicology and nanosafety associated with nanomaterials during manufacture and further biomedical applications. A detailed introduction on nanomaterials and their most frequently uses, followed by the critical risk aspects related to regulatory uses and commercialization, is provided. Moreover, the impact of nanotoxicology in research over the last decades is discussed, together with the currently available toxicological methods in cell cultures (in vitro) and in living organisms (in vivo). A special focus is given to inorganic nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In vitro and in vivo case studies for the selected nanoparticles are discussed. The final part of this work describes the significance of nano-security for both risk assessment and environmental nanosafety. “Safety-by-Design” is defined as a starting point consisting on the implementation of the principles of drug discovery and development. The concept “Safety-by-Design” appears to be a way to “ensure safety”, but the superficiality and the lack of articulation with which it is treated still raises many doubts. Although the approach of “Safety-by-Design” to the principles of drug development has helped in the assessment of the toxicity of nanomaterials, a combination of scientific efforts is constantly urgent to ensure the consistency of methods and processes. This will ensure that the quality of nanomaterials is controlled and their safe development is promoted. Safety issues are considered strategies for discovering novel toxicological-related mechanisms still needed to be promoted.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles in the Food Industry and Their Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1942
Author(s):  
Merry Ghebretatios ◽  
Sabrina Schaly ◽  
Satya Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

The use of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) has expanded into various industries including food manufacturing, agriculture, cosmetics, and construction. This has allowed NPs access to the human gastrointestinal tract, yet little is known about how they may impact human health. As the gut microbiome continues to be increasingly implicated in various diseases of unknown etiology, researchers have begun studying the potentially toxic effects of these NPs on the gut microbiome. Unfortunately, conflicting results have limited researcher’s ability to evaluate the true impact of NPs on the gut microbiome in relation to health. This review focuses on the impact of five inorganic NPs (silver, iron oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and silicon dioxide) on the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal tract with consideration for various methodological differences within the literature. This is important as NP-induced changes to the gut could lead to various gut-related diseases. These include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, and colorectal cancer. Research in this area is necessary as the use of NPs in various industries continues to grow along with the number of people suffering from chronic gastrointestinal diseases.

The Impact of Alcohol in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley A White ◽  
Guilherme Piovezani Ramos ◽  
Sunanda Kane
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Symptom Control ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Several environmental factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD); however, the evidence for alcohol is sparse, as is its implications on disease activity and overall management. Here, we examine the available evidence for the effect of alcohol on IBD, including its association with the development of IBD, role in exacerbations, and potential medication interactions. Several mechanisms have been demonstrated to mediate the effects of ethanol in the gastrointestinal tract. Alcohol has been shown to alter the gut microbiome, disrupt intestinal barrier, and increase intestinal permeability, directly and indirectly promoting immune activation. Conversely, specific alcoholic beverages, notably red wine, may have anti-inflammatory properties capable of assisting in disease control and affecting disease monitoring. Nonetheless, most alcohol-mediated effects seem to facilitate intestinal inflammation and consequently impact disease onset, recurrence, and symptom control. Furthermore, alcohol use interferes with the metabolism of several medications leading to increased side effect profiles or even loss of effect. Notably, mesalamine, azathioprine, methotrexate, and biologic medications can all be affected by concomitant alcohol intake via a variety of mechanisms.

Role of MicroRNAs in Colon Cancer Progression and Metastasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruthi Sanjitha Sampath ◽  
Sivaramakrishnan Venkatabalsubramanian ◽  
Satish Ramalingam
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Colon Cancer Progression ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

: MicroRNAs regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by binding to the mRNA of their target genes. The dysfunction of miRNAs is strongly associated with the inflammation of the colon. Besides, some microRNAs are shown to suppress tumours while others promote tumour progression and metastasis. Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis which increase the risk factor for inflammation-associated colon cancer. MicroRNAs are shown to be involved in gastrointestinal pathologies, by targeting the transcripts encoding proteins of the intestinal barrier and their regulators that are associated with inflammation and colon cancer. Detection of these microRNAs in the blood, serum, tissues, faecal matter, etc will enable us to use these microRNAs as biomarkers for early detection of the associated malignancies and design novel therapeutic strategies to overcome the same. Information on MicroRNAs can be applied for the development of targeted therapies against inflammation-mediated colon cancer.

scholarly journals Disease monitoring of biologic treatment in IBD: early impact and future implications of COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
pp. flgastro-2020-101563
Author(s):  
Stephanie Shields ◽  
Allan Dunlop ◽  
John Paul Seenan ◽  
Jonathan Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Care ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Disease Monitoring ◽  
Biologic Treatment ◽  
Faecal Calprotectin ◽  
Routine Clinical Care ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Impact

COVID-19 has dominated life in 2020 with, at the time of writing, over 4.9M global cases and >320 000 deaths. The impact has been most intensely felt in acute and critical care environments. However, with most UK elective work postponed, laboratory testing of faecal calprotectin halted due to potential risk of viral transmission and non-emergency endoscopies and surgeries cancelled, the secondary impact on chronic illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming apparent. Data from the Scottish Biologic Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) service shows a dramatic drop in TDM testing since the pandemic onset. April 2020 saw a 75.6% reduction in adalimumab testing and a 36.2% reduction in infliximab testing when compared with February 2020 data, a reduction coinciding with the widespread cancellation of outpatient and elective activity. It is feared that disruption to normal patterns of care and disease monitoring of biologic patients could increase the risk of disease flare and adverse clinical outcomes. Urgent changes in clinical practice have been instigated to mitigate the effects of the pandemic on routine clinical care. Further transformations are needed to maintain safe, effective, patient-centred IBD care in the future.

scholarly journals Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Expression of Efflux Pump and Quorum-Sensing Genes in MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 625
Author(s):  
Fatma Y. Ahmed ◽  
Usama Farghaly Aly ◽  
Rehab Mahmoud Abd El-Baky ◽  
Nancy G. F. M. Waly
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
The Impact

Most of the infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa strains are extremely difficult to be treated with conventional antibiotics. Biofilm formation and efflux pumps are recognized as the major antibiotic resistance mechanisms in MDR P. aeruginosa. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa depends mainly on the cell-to-cell communication quorum-sensing (QS) systems. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDN) have been used as antimicrobial agents against several microorganisms but have not been reported as an anti-QS agent. This study aims to evaluate the impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDN) on QS and efflux pump genes expression in MDR P. aeruginosa isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 25 P. aeruginosa isolates were performed by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDN) were prepared by the sol gel method and characterized by different techniques (DLS, HR-TEM, XRD, and FTIR). The expression of efflux pumps in the MDR isolates was detected by the determination of MICs of different antibiotics in the presence and absence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Biofilm formation and the antibiofilm activity of TDN were determined using the tissue culture plate method. The effects of TDN on the expression of QS genes and efflux pump genes were tested using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The average size of the TDNs was 64.77 nm. It was found that TDN showed a significant reduction in biofilm formation (96%) and represented superior antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa strains in comparison to titanium dioxide powder. In addition, the use of TDN alone or in combination with antibiotics resulted in significant downregulation of the efflux pump genes (MexY, MexB, MexA) and QS-regulated genes (lasR, lasI, rhll, rhlR, pqsA, pqsR) in comparison to the untreated isolate. TDN can increase the therapeutic efficacy of traditional antibiotics by affecting efflux pump expression and quorum-sensing genes controlling biofilm production.

scholarly journals Assessment of Physico-Chemical and Toxicological Properties of Commercial 2D Boron Nitride Nanopowder and Nanoplatelets

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 567
Author(s):  
Brixhilda Domi ◽  
Kapil Bhorkar ◽  
Carlos Rumbo ◽  
Labrini Sygellou ◽  
Spyros N. Yannopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Boron Nitride ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Impact

Boron nitride (BN) nanomaterials have been increasingly explored for potential applications in chemistry and biology fields (e.g., biomedical, pharmaceutical, and energy industries) due to their unique physico-chemical properties. However, their safe utilization requires a profound knowledge on their potential toxicological and environmental impact. To date, BN nanoparticles have been considered to have a high biocompatibility degree, but in some cases, contradictory results on their potential toxicity have been reported. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed two commercial 2D BN samples, namely BN-nanopowder (BN-PW) and BN-nanoplatelet (BN-PL), with the objective to identify whether distinct physico-chemical features may have an influence on the biological responses of exposed cellular models. Morphological, structural, and composition analyses showed that the most remarkable difference between both commercial samples was the diameter of their disk-like shape, which was of 200–300 nm for BN-PL and 100–150 nm for BN-PW. Their potential toxicity was investigated using adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells) and the unicellular fungus Saccharomycescerevisiae, as human and environmental eukaryotic models respectively, employing in vitro assays. In both cases, cellular viability assays and reactive oxygen species (ROS) determinations where performed. The impact of the selected nanomaterials in the viability of both unicellular models was very low, with only a slight reduction of S. cerevisiae colony forming units being observed after a long exposure period (24 h) to high concentrations (800 mg/L) of both nanomaterials. Similarly, BN-PW and BN-PL showed a low capacity to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species in the studied conditions. Even at the highest concentration and exposure times, no major cytotoxicity indicators were observed in human cells and yeast. The results obtained in the present study provide novel insights into the safety of 2D BN nanomaterials, indicating no significant differences in the toxicological potential of similar commercial products with a distinct lateral size, which showed to be safe products in the concentrations and exposure conditions tested.

scholarly journals Exploitation of Marine-Derived Robust Biological Molecules to Manage Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Leonardo Vieira Nunes ◽  
Marco Thúlio Saviatto Duarte ◽  
Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira ◽  
Renato Nery Soriano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Clinical Translation ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Biological Entities ◽  
The Impact

Naturally occurring biological entities with extractable and tunable structural and functional characteristics, along with therapeutic attributes, are of supreme interest for strengthening the twenty-first-century biomedical settings. Irrespective of ongoing technological and clinical advancement, traditional medicinal practices to address and manage inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are inefficient and the effect of the administered therapeutic cues is limited. The reasonable immune response or invasion should also be circumvented for successful clinical translation of engineered cues as highly efficient and robust bioactive entities. In this context, research is underway worldwide, and researchers have redirected or regained their interests in valorizing the naturally occurring biological entities/resources, for example, algal biome so-called “treasure of untouched or underexploited sources”. Algal biome from the marine environment is an immense source of excellence that has also been demonstrated as a source of bioactive compounds with unique chemical, structural, and functional features. Moreover, the molecular modeling and synthesis of new drugs based on marine-derived therapeutic and biological cues can show greater efficacy and specificity for the therapeutics. Herein, an effort has been made to cover the existing literature gap on the exploitation of naturally occurring biological entities/resources to address and efficiently manage IBD. Following a brief background study, a focus was given to design characteristics, performance evaluation of engineered cues, and point-of-care IBD therapeutics of diverse bioactive compounds from the algal biome. Noteworthy potentialities of marine-derived biologically active compounds have also been spotlighted to underlying the impact role of bio-active elements with the related pathways. The current review is also focused on the applied standpoint and clinical translation of marine-derived bioactive compounds. Furthermore, a detailed overview of clinical applications and future perspectives are also given in this review.

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