Nanoparticles in the Food Industry and Their Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Diseases

The use of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) has expanded into various industries including food manufacturing, agriculture, cosmetics, and construction. This has allowed NPs access to the human gastrointestinal tract, yet little is known about how they may impact human health. As the gut microbiome continues to be increasingly implicated in various diseases of unknown etiology, researchers have begun studying the potentially toxic effects of these NPs on the gut microbiome. Unfortunately, conflicting results have limited researcher’s ability to evaluate the true impact of NPs on the gut microbiome in relation to health. This review focuses on the impact of five inorganic NPs (silver, iron oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and silicon dioxide) on the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal tract with consideration for various methodological differences within the literature. This is important as NP-induced changes to the gut could lead to various gut-related diseases. These include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, and colorectal cancer. Research in this area is necessary as the use of NPs in various industries continues to grow along with the number of people suffering from chronic gastrointestinal diseases.

Download Full-text

Diet and Nutrients in Gastrointestinal Chronic Diseases

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092693 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2693

Author(s):

Antonio Corsello ◽

Daniela Pugliese ◽

Antonio Gasbarrini ◽

Alessandro Armuzzi

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

Daily Amount ◽

Progression Of Disease ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Irritable Bowel ◽

The Impact ◽

Therapeutic Possibilities

Diet and nutrition are known to play key roles in many chronic gastrointestinal diseases, regarding both pathogenesis and therapeutic possibilities. A strong correlation between symptomatology, disease activity and eating habits has been observed in many common diseases, both organic and functional, such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. New different dietary approaches have been evaluated in order improve patients’ symptoms, modulating the type of sugars ingested, the daily amount of fats or the kind of metabolites produced in gut. Even if many clinical studies have been conducted to fully understand the impact of nutrition on the progression of disease, more studies are needed to test the most promising approaches for different diseases, in order to define useful guidelines for patients.

Download Full-text

Factors Conditioning the Potential Effects TiO2 NPs Exposure on Human Microbiota: a Mini-Review

Biological Trace Element Research ◽

10.1007/s12011-021-02578-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽

Potential Toxicity ◽

Human Microbiota ◽

Significant Interest ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Wide Group ◽

The Impact ◽

White Colour

AbstractThe recent years have seen a significant interest in the applications of nanotechnology in various facets of our lives. Due to their increasingly widespread use, human exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) is fast becoming unavoidable. Among the wide group of nanoparticles currently employed in industry, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, TiO2 NPs, are particularly popular. Due to its white colour, TiO2 is widely used as a whitening food additive (E 171). Yet, there have been few studies aimed at determining its direct impact on bacteria, while the available data suggest that TiO2 NPs may influence microbiota causing problems such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, or immunological disorders. Indeed, there are increasing concerns that its presence may lead to intestinal barrier impairment, including dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota. This article aims to present an overview of studies conducted to date with regard to the impact of TiO2 NPs on human microbiota as well as factors that can affect the same. Such information is necessary if we are to conclusively determine the potential toxicity of inorganic nanoparticles.

Download Full-text

Histopathological study of gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies in pediatric patients

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcab112.003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Faten A Ghazal ◽

Wesam M Osman ◽

Sarah A Hakim ◽

Nada N Tamem

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Celiac Disease ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

University Hospital ◽

Gastrointestinal Lesions ◽

Different Types ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Gastrointestinal Inflammation

Abstract Background Non neoplastic GI lesions in pediatrics are variable and differ in types and prevalence among each pediatric age group. Helicobacter pylori is an important pathogen that can cause gastritis and peptic ulcers in adults as well as in children. Celiac disease is a gluten-dependent autoimmune disorder which affects individuals having genetic susceptibility. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases are disorders that primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract with eosinophil-rich inflammation in the absence of known causes for eosinophilia. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, mainly affecting the gastrointestinal tract with extraintestinal manifestations and associated immune disorders. It seems that it is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases affecting children in the developed countries. Aim of the work To study different types of paediatric non neoplastic gastrointestinal lesions from gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies received at the Pathology Department in Ain Shams University hospital during a period of 2 years (2017-2018), and to correlate them with the clinicopathological presentations and endoscopic findings. Patients and Methods A cross sectional study was conducted on all pediatric gastrointestinal biopsies received at Pathology Department in Ain Shams University Hospital during the period of two years (2017- 2018). Only cases with information for all the covariates (n = 580) were selected and the results were statistically analyzed. Results Total 580 pediatric cases were enrolled according to inclusion criteria. Nonspecific gastrointestinal inflammation represented (47.1%), Helicobacter pylori associated gastrointestinal inflammation represented (43.5%), Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease represented (3.8%), Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represented (3.7%), Celiac disease represented (1.9%). Conclusion This is the first study conducted in Ain Shams University Hospitals to assess the different types of pediatric non neoplastic gastrointestinal lesions received with clinicopathological and endoscopic correlation. The most common pediatric non neoplastic GI lesion is Helicobacter pylori infection. The diagnosis of pediatric non neoplastic GI disorder necessitates interdepartmental teamwork between GI pediatricians and pathologists.

Download Full-text

Irritable bowel syndrome: new insights into symptom mechanisms and advances in treatment

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.7992.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 780 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Robin Spiller

Keyword(s):

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽

New Agents ◽

Enteric Nerves ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽

Irritable Bowel ◽

Fodmap Diet ◽

And Function ◽

The Impact

Despite being one of the most common conditions leading to gastroenterological referral, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is poorly understood. However, recent years have seen major advances. These include new understanding of the role of both inflammation and altered microbiota as well as the impact of dietary intolerances as illuminated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has thrown new light on IBS. This article will review new data on how excessive bile acid secretion mediates diarrhea and evidence from post infectious IBS which has shown how gut inflammation can alter gut microbiota and function. Studies of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have also shown that even when inflammation is in remission, the altered enteric nerves and abnormal microbiota can generate IBS-like symptoms. The efficacy of the low FODMAP diet as a treatment for bloating, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort has been demonstrated by randomized controlled trials. MRI studies, which can quantify intestinal volumes, have provided new insights into how FODMAPs cause symptoms. This article will focus on these areas together with recent trials of new agents, which this author believes will alter clinical practice within the foreseeable future.

Download Full-text

IMAGINE Network’s Mind And Gut Interactions Cohort (MAGIC) Study: a protocol for a prospective observational multicentre cohort study in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041733 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. e041733

Author(s):

Paul Moayyedi ◽

Glenda MacQueen ◽

Charles N Bernstein ◽

Stephen Vanner ◽

Premysl Bercik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Psychological Status ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Gi Symptoms ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Irritable Bowel

IntroductionGut microbiome and diet may be important in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and comorbid psychiatric conditions, but the mechanisms are unclear. We will create a large cohort of patients with IBS, IBD and healthy controls, and follow them over time, collecting dietary and mental health information and biological samples, to assess their gastrointestinal (GI) and psychological symptoms in association with their diet, gut microbiome and metabolome.Methods and analysisThis 5-year observational prospective cohort study is recruiting 8000 participants from 15 Canadian centres. Persons with IBS who are 13 years of age and older or IBD ≥5 years will be recruited. Healthy controls will be recruited from the general public and from friends or relatives of those with IBD or IBS who do not have GI symptoms. Participants answer surveys and provide blood, urine and stool samples annually. Surveys assess disease activity, quality of life, physical pain, lifestyle factors, psychological status and diet. The main outcomes evaluated will be the association between the diet, inflammatory, genetic, microbiome and metabolomic profiles in those with IBD and IBS compared with healthy controls using multivariate logistic regression. We will also compare these profiles in those with active versus quiescent disease and those with and without psychological comorbidity.Ethics and disseminationApproval has been obtained from the institutional review boards of all centres taking part in the study. We will develop evidence-based knowledge translation initiatives for patients, clinicians and policymakers to disseminate results to relevant stakeholders.Trial registration number:NCT03131414

Download Full-text

Dynamics of the human gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease

Nature Microbiology ◽

10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.4 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 341

Author(s):

Jonas Halfvarson ◽

Colin J. Brislawn ◽

Regina Lamendella ◽

Yoshiki Vázquez-Baeza ◽

William A. Walters ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Human Gut ◽

Human Gut Microbiome ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

Download Full-text

Study Insights into Gastrointestinal Cancer through the Gut Microbiota

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/8721503 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Fanli Kong ◽

Yi Cai

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

Human Gut ◽

Future Studies ◽

Common Cancer ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Gi Cancers

The gut microbiome in human is recognized as a “microbial organ” for its roles and contributions in regulating the human homeostasis and metabolism. Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, especially colorectal cancer (CRC), rank as the most common cancer-related deaths worldwide. Evidences have suggested that the disorder of gut microbiota, also named as “dysbiosis,” is related to the development of a variety of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the CRC. However, detailed mechanisms between disease and gut microbiota remain largely unknown. This review introduced the correlation between gastrointestinal diseases and the microbiota in human gut from the recent studies, as well as the roles of microbiota in manipulating the CRC and IBDs development, in order to facilitate future studies and to develop novel methods for the precaution, diagnosis, or even cure of gastrointestinal diseases. Additionally, we also elucidated the possibility of probiotics in treatment against CRC.

Download Full-text

Psychological Issues in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Overview

Gastroenterology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2012/106502 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

M. S. Sajadinejad ◽

K. Asgari ◽

H. Molavi ◽

M. Kalantari ◽

P. Adibi

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Illness Behavior ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Treatment Protocols ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

The Impact

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and disabling disease with unknown etiology. There have been some controversies regarding the role of psychological factors in the course of IBD. The purpose of this paper is to review that role. First the evidence on role of stress is reviewed focusing on perceived stress and patients’ beliefs about it in triggering or exacerbating the course of IBD. The possible mechanisms by which stress could be translated into IBD symptoms, including changes in motor, sensory and secretory gastrointestinal function, increase intestinal permeability, and changes in the immune system are, then reviewed. The role of patients’ concerns about psychological distress and their adjustment to disease, poor coping strategies, and some personality traits that are commonly associated with these diseases are introduced. The prevalence rate, the timing of onset, and the impact of anxiety and depression on health-related quality of life are then reviewed. Finally issues about illness behavior and the necessity of integrating psychological interventions with conventional treatment protocols are explained.

Download Full-text

A Tree of Human Gut Bacterial Species and its Applications to Metagenomics and Metaproteomics Data Analysis

10.1101/2020.09.24.311720 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Moses Stamboulian ◽

Thomas G. Doak ◽

Yuzhen Ye

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Phylogenetic Trees ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Taxonomic Composition ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Missing Information ◽

Human Gut ◽

Taxonomic Profiling ◽

Tree Building ◽

The Impact

Abstract1BackgroundRecent advances in genome and metagenome sequencing have dramatically enriched the collection of genomes of bacterial species related to human health and diseases. In metagenomic studies phylogenetic trees are commonly used to depict, describe, and compare the bacterial members of the community under study. The most accurate tree-building algorithms now use large sets of marker genes taken from across genomes. However, many of the current bacterial genomes were assembled from metagenomic datasets (i.e., metagenome assembled genomes, MAGs), and often contain missing information. It is therefore important to study how well the phylogeny approach performs on such genomes. Further, phylogeny methods are not perfect and it is important to know how reliable an inferred tree is.ResultsHere we examined the impact of incompleteness of the genomes on the tree reconstruction, and we showed that phylogeny approaches including RAxML (which handles missing data explicitly) and FastTree generally performed well on simulated collection of 400 genomes with missing information. As RAxML is computationally prohibitive for the much larger collections of gut genomes, we chose FastTree to build a unified tree of human-gut associated bacterial species (referred to as gut tree), including more than 3000 genomes, most of which are incomplete. We developed two downstream applications of the gut tree: peptide-centric analysis of metaproteomics datasets; and taxonomic characterization of metagenomic sequences. In both applications, the gut tree provided the basis for quantification of species composition at various taxonomic resolutions.ConclusionsThe gut tree presented in this study provides a useful framework for taxonomic profiling of human gut microbiome. Including MAGs in the tree provides more comprehensive representation of microbial species diversity associated with human gut, important for studying the taxonomic composition of gut microbiome.Availability and ImplementationThe tree construction pipeline and downstream applications of the gut tree are freely available at https://github.com/mgtools/guttree.

Download Full-text

Anti-α4β7 therapy targets lymphoid aggregates in the gastrointestinal tract of HIV-1 infected individuals

10.1101/346684 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mathieu Uzzan ◽

Minami Tokuyama ◽

Adam K. Rosenstein ◽

Costin Tomescu ◽

Ivo N. SahBandar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Human Study ◽

Gi Tract ◽

Viral Reservoirs ◽

Therapy Targets ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

The Impact ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Lymphoid Aggregates ◽

Human Primate

ABSTRACTHerein, we present the first human study of anti-α4β7 therapy in a cohort of HIV-1 infected subjects with mild inflammatory bowel disease. α4β7+ gut homing CD4+ T cells are early viral targets and contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis, likely by seeding the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with HIV. Although, simianized anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibodies (Mab) have shown promise in preventing or attenuating the disease course of SIV in Non-Human Primate studies, the mechanisms of drug action remain elusive and the impact on HIV-1 persistence remains unanswered. By sampling the immune inductive and effector sites of the GI tract, we have discovered that anti-α4β7 therapy led to a significant and unexpected attenuation of lymphoid aggregates, most notably in the terminal ileum. Given that lymphoid aggregates serve as important sanctuary sites for establishing and maintaining viral reservoirs, their attrition by anti-α4β7 therapy has important implications for HIV-1 therapeutics and eradication efforts, and defines a rational basis for the continued evaluation of anti-α4β7 therapy in HIV-1 infection.One Sentence SummaryAnti-α4β7 integrin therapy results in attrition of lymphoid aggregates within the gastrointestinal tract of HIV-1 infected individuals

Download Full-text