scholarly journals Inca human sacrifices from the Ampato and Pichu Pichu volcanoes, Peru: new results from a bio-anthropological analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmara M. Socha ◽  
Johan Reinhard ◽  
Ruddy Chávez Perea
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Inca Empire ◽  
Female Children ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Social Status ◽  
Age Category

AbstractOne of the most important rituals in the Inca Empire was the capacocha. It required the most prestigious sacrificial offering of male and female children and young women who were characterized by their beauty and purity. The aim of this paper is to present the results of a bio-anthropological analysis of the remains of five individuals sacrificed on the summits of Ampato and Pichu Pichu during this ritual. Various methods (bone analysis and radiography) were applied in the investigation due to the diverse states of preservation of the remains. Four individuals were in the same age category: 6–7 years old. The individual Pichu Pichu #2 was sacrificed at age 3.5 years, which makes him the youngest capacocha sacrifice currently known. Results show proper development of the victims’ bodies, the presence of stress markers related to the early childhood period, and, in the case of the Ampato boy, malformation of the cervical vertebrae. The studies of the Pichu Pichu and Ampato sacrifices confirm their widespread origins, privileged position, and high social status. They show that the victims were well-nourished and had proper body growth compared to juveniles from the lower social strata in different cemeteries in the region.

scholarly journals Differences of anteroposterior facial dimensions in male and female children on intermediate mixed and early permanent dentition using Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Ica Listania ◽  
Sri Kuswandari ◽  
Putri Kusuma Wardani Mahendra
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Sella Turcica ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Permanent Dentition ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Anterior Cranial Base ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Maturation Index ◽  
Cervical Vertebral Maturation

Introduction: Cervical vertebrae are one of the indicators for craniofacial bones maturation. Timing of craniofacial bone maturation determined achievement of orthodontic early treatment. Some previous researchers recommended cervical vertebral maturation to assess craniofacial growth. This study was aimed to analyse the differences of anteroposterior facial dimensions in male and female children on intermediate mixed and early permanent dentition using Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Index (CVMI). Methods: An analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on the students of Islamic Elementary School (Madrasah Ibtidaiyah) in Depok district, Sleman, Yogyakarta, from July 2019 to January 2020. Subjects consisted of 22 males and 22 females aged 8-11 years, obtained by a consecutive sampling technique. The anteroposterior facial analysis was performed on the lateral cephalometry for measuring the distance of Sella turcica to Nasion (S-N) representing the anterior cranial base, Posterior Nasal Spine to Anterior Nasal Spine (PNS-ANS) representing the maxilla and Gonion-Menton (Go-Me) and Condylion-Gnathion (Co-Gn) represents the mandible. Assessment of CVMI was decided by the Hassel and Farman methods. Data were analysed by One Way ANOVA. Results: The mean value of S-N, PNS-ANS, Go-Me, and Co-Gn dimensions, generally were higher in males than females; however, only dimensions of maxillary and mandibular were showed significant difference (p<0.05), while the S-N dimension was not significantly different (p>0.05). At the interval of CVMI 3 and 4, the Go-Me and Co-Gn dimensions showed a significant difference (p<0.05) both in males and females. Conclusion: There was a difference in anteroposterior dimensions of the maxillary and mandibular in cervical vertebral maturation in children with intermediate mixed and early permanent dentition, however, no difference was found in the anterior cranial base.

Alumni of National Civic Service: Comparing the experience of at-risk and mainstream volunteers

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anat Zeira ◽  
Rivka Tuval-Mashiach ◽  
Galit Meir ◽  
Drorit Levy ◽  
Tehila Refaeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Civic Service ◽  
Youth At Risk ◽  
The Individual

This article describes the perspectives of alumni of National Civic Service (NCS) in Israel on its impact at the individual level. We compared 250 young women who were identified as youth at risk with 295 mainstream volunteers. Overall, the two groups show similar outcomes that are typical to this developmental stage of life. Yet youth at risk experience more difficulties. While NCS aims at increasing equality between groups, it seems that it is not enough to bridge the gaps between the groups. The findings imply a need for a continued intervention to accompany the at-risk alumni that would leverage the progress made during the NCS period.

scholarly journals THE ANDRONOVO AGE WOMEN’S COSTUME, BASED ON FINDS FROM MAYTAN, CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
A. A. Tkachev ◽  
N. A. Tkacheva
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
Head Neck ◽  
Age Category ◽  
Two Age Groups

This article describes burials of women at a Middle Bronze Age cemetery of Maytan—the only completely excavated Andronovo burial ground in the steppes of central Kazakhstan. On the basis of the location of ornaments in burials, an attempt is made to reconstruct details of costume with regard to age groups. The composition and arrangement of the individual elements of the costume indicate several decoration areas such as head; neck and chest; hands and feet. Exceptional areas are accessories (bags and boxes), belt, and lap of dress. Most ornaments mark the age category of women. There are two age groups: girls and adult women. Though many graves have been looted, a tentative reconstruction of the costume with regard to these groups is possible. Such a reconstruction is relevant to cultural tradition, ideas of beauty, and social status.

scholarly journals Hyperostosis frontalis interna in Arctic groups according to craniology

2021 ◽  
pp. 102-120
Author(s):  
Alexandra P. Buzhilova ◽  
◽  
Anna S. Kolyasnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Age Category

We have examined 942 skulls from the collections of the Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology (13 craniological collections of the Arctic groups). We have analyzed the total frequency of HFI, used a comparative intergroup analysis, and evaluated the degree of HFI expression and the distribution of the trait according to sex and age. Univariate nonparametric statistics was applied. Results. It was found that the rate of HFI in the Arctic groups is much lower than in other groups of modern Eurasian and American populations. In the combined series, HFI was equally represented in both males and females. However, according to the age distribution, the male and female groups are different. HFI was more frequent in males in the Adultus and Maturus groups and in the Senilis group in females. Discussion. The significantly lower frequency of HFI in the Arctic series relative to the other modern groups show us a low level of metabolic disorders in the Arctic population and a good adaptation to the type of nutrition and living in extreme conditions. The obtained data show the predominance of the trait in the groups of mature and elderly women, and the appearance of HFI of different severity in men regardless of the age category. Probably, in the Arctic samples in women, HFI identifies metabolic disorders due to normal hormonal changes in women aging. HFI should be considered as an indicator of the presence of metabolic disorders in young and mature age in Arctic men group.

scholarly journals PROVIDING EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION WITH PROGRAMS: UKRAINIAN AND EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-235
Author(s):  
Olena Litichenko ◽  
Olena Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
State Standards ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
European Experience ◽  
The Individual

The article presents the results of theoretical study of normative documents of early childhood education of Ukraine and European Union countries; the opinion of authoritative scientists on the issue of providing early childhood education of Ukraine is examined. Attention is focused on the fact that the qualitative development of preschool children depends on the ability of teachers to ensure the individual development of each child, so the issue of creating a quality education program is especially relevant. Based on the analysis of discussion issues related to the providing early childhood educational institutions with programs, an empirical study of the awareness of preschool teachers and practitioners with the variety of educational programs for preschool institutions in Ukraine, their right to choose and create their own. Experience of Bulgaria, Lithuania, Great Britain, Switzerland is considered. The results of the analysis of state standards and programs for preschool education shows that there are common views on the education of preschool children in the European education. Іn this article, the authors prove the importance and necessity opportunity for teachers to create their own programs for the development of preschool children.

scholarly journals Genetic homozygosity as a marker of smoking dependency

Genetika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1009-1019
Author(s):  
Slavko Brankovic ◽  
Dejan Nikolic ◽  
Dragoslav Marinkovic ◽  
Suzana Cvjeticanin
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

The aim of our study was to evaluate the morphogenetic variability as a marker of smoking dependency in adult smokers versus controls and to investigate the presence and the degree of morphogenetic variability difference between male and female smokers versus same gender controls. The cross-sectional study evaluated 241 smokers and 185 nonsmoker individuals as controls. We analyzed 17 homozygous recessive characteristics (HRC). There was a significant difference in the individual variations of 17 HRCs between the controls and smokers (??2=61.400, p<0.001; for females ??2=79.440, p<0.001; for males ??2=84.972, p<0.001). The mean values of HRCs significantly differed between smokers and controls (MV?SEM(Controls) -4.79?0.13, MV?SEM(Smokers) -5.70?0.12; p<0.001). For males, presence of 6/17 (35.29% genetic homozygosity) HRCs (OR=6.12) was to the certain degree predictor for smoking dependency. Higher degree of genetic homozygosity, changed variability and male gender, might be some among potential numerous factors that could have impact on smoking development and dependence.

INDICATIONS FOR EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1040
Author(s):  
John Askin ◽  
Thomas Reichelderfer ◽  
Julian Salik ◽  
Jules Merritt
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Recurrent Abdominal Pain ◽  
Excretory Urography ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Abdominal Masses ◽  
Female Children

The indications for excretory urography derived from the results of 797 examinations in 656 subjects are presented. Twenty-eight per cent of all urograms performed were abnormal (191 patients). The most important indications for performing this procedure were, in order of frequency, pyuria, recurrent abdominal pain, hematuria and abdominal masses. The results of the study emphasize the importance of urographic examination in both male and female children after the first attack of pyuria, and in children with repeated attacks of unexplained abdominal pain.

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