Glass-based pigments in painting: smalt blue and lead–tin yellow type II

Abstract Glass-based pigments have an important role in the panorama of artistic production due to the fact that their manufacturing processes involve a combination of different skills and understanding, and they have a role in disciplines ranging from glass technology to metallurgy, from glazed ceramic to stone imitation and from vitreous mosaic tesserae to painting materials. The main goal of this manuscript is to present a critical review of the literature relating to blue smalt and “yellow glass” (lead–tin yellow type II) pigments: presenting their historical background, the analytical protocol, the processes of alteration and decay and finally tracing issues. Several case studies analyzed by the authors will be presented. Particular attention was devoted to the correlation between micro-textural features and decay processes affecting the studied pigments, though the widespread heterogeneity of the analyzed materials and the variability of the artistic techniques in which the pigments were used as well as the effect of the relevant (micro-)environmental conditions dictate a cautious approach. These studies are presented in the context of information about the chain of production, the selection of the raw materials and relevant provenance studies.

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Characterization of glass beads from Nanhai I shipwreck and new evidence of lead tin yellow type II in China

Heritage Science ◽

10.1186/s40494-021-00540-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chenxin Tian ◽

Yihang Zhou ◽

Kai Wang ◽

Jian Sun ◽

Yong Cui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Song Dynasty ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽

Glass Beads ◽

Type Ii ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Southern Song ◽

Chinese Origin ◽

Yellow Type

AbstractGlass beads excavated from Nanhai I shipwreck were investigated with scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM–EDS), Raman spectroscopy, multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Dating back to the Southern Song Dynasty, these beads help to study Chinese maritime trades during the twelfth–thirteenth century. The bead samples are categorized into five groups by color, i.e., yellow, orange-red, blue, dark red and light red. All beads are of K2O-PbO-SiO2 and PbO-SiO2 glass systems and in form of coil bead, which further confirms the Chinese origin of them. Lead tin yellow type II was identified in the opaque yellow coil beads, and K2SnxPb(1-x)Si3O9 crystals were found in both yellow and orange-red samples. Through the preparation of glass with the same formula as the ancient yellow beads, lead tin yellow type II was probably synthesized beforehand and added as colorant because its raw materials tend to form K2SnxPb(1-x)Si3O9 crystals in the K2O-PbO-SiO2 glass during firing. As lead tin yellow type II is an atypical colorant in China, these beads from Nanhai I shipwreck may serve as the first clear evidence of lead tin yellow type II presenting in the Chinese glass system. The lead isotope ratios of the yellow beads suggest they were produced in Fujian Province, China. The introduction of the lead tin yellow coloring technique might have a close connection to the glass making in the Southeast Asia and these beads seemed to be made specifically for overseas markets.

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BÖHLER W403 VMR

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ts0721 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 62 (9) ◽

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tool Steel ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Diffusion Annealing ◽

Selection Of

Abstract Böhler (or Boehler) W403 VMR is a tool steel with outstanding properties, based not only on a modified chemical composition, but on the selection of highly clean raw materials for melting, remelting under vacuum (VMF), optimized diffusion annealing, and a special heat treatment. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: TS-721. Producer or source: Böhler Edelstahl GmbH.

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Mineralogical Characterization and Firing Temperature Delineation on Minoan Pottery, Focusing on the Application of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy

Heritage ◽

10.3390/heritage2030163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 2652-2664 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. Grammatikakis ◽

Kyriakidis ◽

D. Demadis ◽

Cabeza Diaz ◽

Leon-Reina

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Firing Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Ceramic Technology ◽

Phase Identification ◽

Mineralogical Characterization ◽

Analytical Protocol ◽

Crucial Information ◽

Analytical Tools

Ceramic objects in whole or in fragments usually account for the majority of findings in an archaeological excavation. Thus, through examination of the values these items bear, it is possible to extract important information regarding raw materials provenance and ceramic technology. For this purpose, either traditional examination protocols could be followed, focusing on the macroscopic/morphological characteristics of the ancient object, or more sophisticated physicochemical techniques are employed. Nevertheless, there are cases where, due to the uniqueness and the significance of an object of archaeological value, sampling is impossible. Then, the available analytical tools are extremely limited, especially when molecular information and mineral phase identification is required. In this context, the results acquired from a multiphase clay ceramic dated on Early Neopalatioal period ΜΜΙΙΙΑLMIA (1750 B.C.E.–1490 B.C.E.), from the Minoan Bronze Age site at Philioremos (Crete, Greece) through the application of Raman confocal spectroscopy, a nondestructive/ noninvasive method are reported. The spectroscopic results are confirmed through the application of Xray microdiffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive Xray spectrometry. Moreover, it is demonstrated how it is made possible through the application of microRaman (μRaman) spectroscopy to examine and collect crucial information from very small inclusions in the ceramic fabric. The aim of this approach is to develop an analytical protocol based on μRaman spectroscopy, for extracting firing temperature information from other ceramic finds (figurines) where due to their uniqueness sampling and analyses through other techniques is not possible. This information can lead to dating but also to firing kiln technology extrapolations that are very significant in archaeology.

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Optimized genotyping method for identification of bacterial contaminants in pharmaceutical industry

Acta Pharmaceutica ◽

10.1515/acph-2016-0011 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 289-295

Author(s):

Borche Stamatoski ◽

Miroslava Ilievska ◽

Hristina Babunovska ◽

Nikola Sekulovski ◽

Sasho Panov

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Dna Sequencing ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Pcr Primers ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Bacterial Identification ◽

Bacterial Contaminants ◽

Microbiological Control ◽

Selection Of

AbstractMicrobiological control is of crucial importance in the pharmaceutical industry regarding the possible bacterial contamination of the environment, water, raw materials and finished products. Molecular identification of bacterial contaminants based on DNA sequencing of the hypervariable 16SrRNA gene has been introduced recently. The aim of this study is to investigate the suitability of gene sequencing using our selection of PCR primers and conditions for rapid and accurate bacterial identification in pharmaceutical industry quality control.DNA was extracted from overnight incubated colonies from 10 bacterial ATCC strains, which are common contaminants in the pharmaceutical industry. A region of bacterial 16SrRNA gene was analyzed by bidirectional DNA sequencing. Bacterial identification based on partial sequencing of the 16SrRNA gene is the appropriate method that could be used in the pharmaceutical industry after adequate validations. We have successfully identified all tested bacteria with more than 99 % similarity to the already published sequences.

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Development of Coolsmart Functional Knitted Fabrics

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.498 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 503-504 ◽

pp. 498-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lan Qing Feng ◽

Yan Jun Liu

Keyword(s):

Pattern Formation ◽

Moisture Absorption ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Knitted Fabric ◽

Machine Code ◽

Knitted Fabrics ◽

Bacterial Function ◽

Fabric Structures ◽

Selection Of

Based on the main features of coolsmart fiber and the theory of knitted fabric structures， two structures of sports and leisure knitted fabrics with fast moisture absorption, description and anti-bacterial function are introduced in this article, detailing the selection of raw materials, pattern formation effect, the machine code organization and cam set out.

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Categorization of the main descriptors of different ampicillin crystal habits

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502010000400009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 679-685 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oscar Flórez-Acosta ◽

Gloria Tobón-Zapata ◽

Jaime Valencia-Velasquez

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Principal Component ◽

Crystal Habit ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Effective Diameter ◽

Fourier Descriptors ◽

Morphological Descriptors ◽

Digital Methods ◽

Selection Of

With the purpose of enabling the analysis by digital methods of particles of multisource pharmaceutical raw materials, this study analyzed different crystal habits of ampicillin particles, by grouping the external shapes obtained from 3 different solvents (acetonitrile, ethanol, and methanol), thereby reducing the number of descriptors necessary to adequately represent each shape. For this purpose, a selection of morphological descriptors was used including: circularity, roughness, roundness, compactness, aspect ratio, effective diameter, solidity, convexity, fractal dimension, and 10 Complex Fourier descriptors. These measures cover highly diverse morphological properties and define the crystal habit of a particle. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Cluster Analysis (CA) were the grouping techniques used, which demonstrated the possibility of using between 2 and 4 descriptors instead of the 18 proposed initially.

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Optimization of Cultural Conditions for Solid State Fermentation of Amylase Production by Aspergillus species

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v14i1.8924 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 67-74

Author(s):

Bina Gautam ◽

Tika B Karki ◽

Om Prakash Panta

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Solid State Fermentation ◽

Food Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Amylolytic Enzyme ◽

Cultural Conditions ◽

Amylase Production ◽

Selection Of

Amylase is an amylolytic enzyme used in food industry which is generally produced by Aspergillus spp. under solid state fermentation. The present study is concerned with the isolation, screening and selection of suitable strains of Aspergillus spp. and optimization of cultural conditions for the biosynthesis of amylase. Rice and wheat brans were used as substrates which are readily available inexpensive raw materials for amylase production. From 85 samples of rice and wheat grains, 55 colonies obtained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) were suspected to be Aspergillus oryzae and only 35 colonies possessed the morphological characteristics similar to that of A. oryzae indicating the isolates were most likely the strains of A. oryzae. Of all the fungal isolates of Aspergillus spps., Asp.31 gave maximum production of amylase (720.782 IUgds-1) in solid state fermentation media. This strain was selected as a parental strain for optimization for cultural conditions. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS- 11.5 program. Of all the substrates (rice bran, wheat bran and their mixture), rice bran was the best for producing amylase of highest activity 611.614 IUgds-1.The highest enzyme activity of 698.749 IUgds-1 was observed at 50% initial moisture level of the substrate. The optimum temperature was 25°C for producing the crude amylase enzyme with amylase activity of 577.757 IUgds-1. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 67-74 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8924

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Techno-morphological features of items made of antler from the site near the village of Michnievičy (north-western Belarus)

Samara Journal of Science ◽

10.17816/snv201984201 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 116-122

Author(s):

Anna Andreevna Malyutina ◽

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Vashanov ◽

Mariya Ivanovna Tkacheva ◽

Evgenia Sergeevna Tkach

Keyword(s):

Morphological Analysis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Morphological Features ◽

National Academy Of Sciences ◽

History Of ◽

The 1960S ◽

Academy Of Sciences ◽

The Village ◽

North Western ◽

Selection Of

The paper presents the results of a techno-morphological analysis of items made of antler obtained as a result of the collections from the 1960s-1990s from the site near the village of Michnievičy Smorgon District of the Grodno Region (north-western Belarus). Currently, more than 100 artifacts are known from this site, as well as a large number of fauna residues with no visible traces of processing. Radiocarbon dating was obtained for some categories of products, which link them to 9-2 thousand BC. The largest part of the collection refers to the period of the Mesolithic - Neolithic. At the first stage of work, the most expressive and numerous group of artifacts made of horn (24 exemplars), stored in the fonds of the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, was selected for a techno-morphological analysis. The degree of preservation of the external surface of objects is relatively good, which made it possible to analyze macro-traces related to the technology of manufacturing various categories of products, on the basis of which a process flow was proposed - from the selection of raw materials to the finished product. The analysis of the technological traces recorded on the products allowed us to highlight the differences in the manufacturing processes of the oldest tools. In addition, on the basis of the macro signs of utilitarian wear, preliminary observations on the functional using of objects were obtained. According to technological and morphological features, the whole of the analyzed material was divided into conditional categories of instruments with a selected heel and without it. The presence or absence of this element, apparently, influenced the method of using objects in various household situations.

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Selection of Fish Raw Material Suppliers by Integrating ANP and Topsis Methods in CV. Riki Utama Mandiri

Procedia of Engineering and Life Science ◽

10.21070/pels.v1i2.923 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Aula Fajar Iman Sakti ◽

Wiwik Sulistiyowati

Keyword(s):

Supplier Selection ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Rank Order ◽

Raw Material ◽

Network Process ◽

The Common ◽

Common Problems ◽

Frozen Fish ◽

A Company ◽

Selection Of

CV. Riki Utama Mandiri is a company in distributing an economic fish frozen product. This company distributed any kind of retail and wholesaler, both domestic and export. They distributing many frozen fish products variant such as Patin Fillet and Shark Fin. The all raw materials of those frozen seafood was obtained by three different suppliers. The common problems found in CV. Riki Utama Mandiri mostly about raw patin fish supplier which often committed delivery delays. The purpose of this research is to fixing the supply chain management in deciding the more accurate selections of raw materials supplier. To overcome the common problems that happen. Analytical network process (ANP) will simplify the criteria weight values and sub criteria of each supplier. Meanwhile, technique for others reference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is used for giving a rank order of the alternative supplier. This research is expected for being a consideration for the company in obtaining a good and more effective kind of raw supplier. We also expecting the company for tighten supplier selection more effective way so that it can fullfilled the existing standard. Also to overcome the common problems such as delivery delays, competing raw materials with uncertain quality, and difficulty in sort out the raw materials due to size issues.

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DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST ORIENTED FARMS OF LVIV REGION

GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM ◽

10.17721/2308-135x.2020.58.36-42 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 36-42

Author(s):

Olga Tsymbala ◽

Julia Dorosh

Keyword(s):

Dairy Products ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Educational Process ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Dominant Group ◽

Current State ◽

Tourism Sector ◽

Scientific Results ◽

Selection Of

Purpose. Characterize the development trends of the network of tourist-oriented farms which operate within the Lviv region. Systematize information about their specialization and key areas of work, identify and describe the main groups of farms in Lviv region in view of the priority of their activities, as well as reveal the features of the tourist offers for visitors and tourist groups. Methods. The research used the method of analysis to study the literature and information sources on the research topic; the method of scientific systematization is applied to the selection of tourist oriented farms of Lviv region and the characteristic of key areas of their activities; the cartographic method allowed to visualize the location of the studied farms within the region by forming a map of Lviv region with the indication of settlements where the tourist-oriented farms operate. Results. The role, place and significance of tourist-oriented farms for the development of rural tourism are outlined. The farms of Lviv region that are involved in the tourism sector, focused on the reception of tourists and presented in the information space are highlighted. The dominant group of tourist-oriented farms in Lviv region is formed by those farms that are engaged in the cultivation of cows, goats, sheep, specializing in the manufacture and sale of dairy products, especially various types of cheese. At the same time, a number of cheese factories have been formed within the region, operating on the basis of purchased raw materials. A separate group includes honey eco-farms, berry farms, snail farms, ostriches, etc. Systematized data on the specifics, features of the development of the studied farms are presented in the table, the main products and tourist services they offer on the market of tourist services are highlighted. A map of Lviv region with a presentation of the geography of location of tourist-oriented farms within the region are developed. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the generalization of information about the existing tourist-oriented farms of Lviv region and the analysis of their offer on the tourist market. The practical significance lies in the systematization of relevant information about the current state of development of tourist oriented farms in Lviv region. The obtained scientific results can be used in the process of forming tours in Lviv region as well as in the educational process in the training of future specialists in the specialty «Tourism».

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