scholarly journals Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Toxicity and Validation of Cannabidiol on Brain Dopamine Levels: An Assessment on Cannabis Duplicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-296
Author(s):  
Swapnali Chetia ◽  
Gaurab Borah
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Health Evaluation ◽  
Anti Psychotic ◽  
Brain Dopamine ◽  
Drastic Effect ◽  
Health Complications ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Therapeutic Medium ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) of cannabis is the main psychoactive component which is a global significant concern to human health. Evaluation on THC reported its drastic effect on the brain dopaminergic (DAergic) system stimulating mesolimbic DA containing neurons thereby increasing the level of striatal DA. Cannabidiol (CBD), with its anxiolytic and anti-psychotic property, is potent to ameliorate the THC-induced DAergic variations. Legal authorization of cannabis use and its analogs in most countries led to a drastic dispute in the elicitation of cannabis products. With a recent increase in cannabis-induced disorder rates, the present review highlighted the detrimental effects of THC and the effects of CBD on THC induced alterations in DA synthesis and release. Alongside the reported data, uses of cannabis as a therapeutic medium in a number of health complications are also being briefly reviewed. These evaluated reports led to an anticipation of additional research contradictory to the findings of THC and CBD activity in the brain DAergic system and their medical implementations as therapeutics. Graphic Abstract

Recent Review on Subclass B1 Metallo-β-lactamases Inhibitors: Sword for Antimicrobial Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 756-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Kaushik ◽  
Manish Kaushik ◽  
Viney Lather ◽  
J.S. Dua
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Powerful Strategy

An emerging crisis of antibiotic resistance for microbial pathogens is alarming all the nations, posing a global threat to human health. The production of the metallo-β-lactamase enzyme is the most powerful strategy of bacteria to produce resistance. An efficient way to combat this global health threat is the development of broad/non-specific type of metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors, which can inhibit the different isoforms of the enzyme. Till date, there are no clinically active drugs against metallo- β-lactamase. The lack of efficient drug molecules against MBLs carrying bacteria requires continuous research efforts to overcome the problem of multidrug-resistance bacteria. The present review will discuss the clinically potent molecules against different variants of B1 metallo-β-lactamase.

Putative neural consequences of captivity for elephants and cetaceans

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Jacobs ◽  
Heather Rally ◽  
Catherine Doyle ◽  
Lester O’Brien ◽  
Mackenzie Tennison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Behavioral Health ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Impoverished Environment ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The present review assesses the potential neural impact of impoverished, captive environments on large-brained mammals, with a focus on elephants and cetaceans. These species share several characteristics, including being large, wide-ranging, long-lived, cognitively sophisticated, highly social, and large-brained mammals. Although the impact of the captive environment on physical and behavioral health has been well-documented, relatively little attention has been paid to the brain itself. Here, we explore the potential neural consequences of living in captive environments, with a focus on three levels: (1) The effects of environmental impoverishment/enrichment on the brain, emphasizing the negative neural consequences of the captive/impoverished environment; (2) the neural consequences of stress on the brain, with an emphasis on corticolimbic structures; and (3) the neural underpinnings of stereotypies, often observed in captive animals, underscoring dysregulation of the basal ganglia and associated circuitry. To this end, we provide a substantive hypothesis about the negative impact of captivity on the brains of large mammals (e.g., cetaceans and elephants) and how these neural consequences are related to documented evidence for compromised physical and psychological well-being.

scholarly journals ANTI-PSYCHOTIC ACTIVITY OF PYRUS COMMUNIS JUICE

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Arzoo Singh Pannu ◽  
Milind Parle
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Models ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Anti Psychotic ◽  
Head Bobbing ◽  
Stereotypic Behaviour ◽  
Biochemical Estimation ◽  
Pear Juice ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Grooming Behaviour

Objective: The present study aim to investigate the anti-psychotic potential of pyrus communis in the rodents.Methods: The fresh juice of pyrus communis (Pear) was administered orally to rodents for 21 d and the anti-psychotic activity was assessed by in vitro methods viz ketamine induced stereotypic behaviour, pole climbing avoidance in rats and swim induced grooming behaviour experimental models. The biochemical estimation was done on 21 d.Results: The different concentrations of fresh pyrus communis juice was assayed. When pyrus communis juice (PCJ) was administered chronically for 21 d remarkably decreased ketamine induced falling, head-bobbing, weaving and turning counts. Administration of Pear juice significantly delayed the latency time taken by the animals to climb the pole in Cook’s pole climb apparatus. In swim induced grooming behaviour model, Pear juice significantly reduced swim induced grooming behaviour. Moreover, Pear juice significantly decreased the brain dopamine levels and inhibited acetyl cholinesterase activity. In the present study, Pear juice significantly enhanced reduced glutathione levels in the brains of mice, thereby reflecting enhanced scavenging of free radicals and in turn preventing occurrence of psychotic attack.Conclusion: The present study revealed that pyrus communis juice possessed significant anti-psychotic activity.

Recommendations for Environmental Risks to Human Health: Evaluation and Regulatory Processes

2004 ◽  
pp. 415-421
Author(s):  
Christian Streffer ◽  
H. Bolt ◽  
D. Føllesdal ◽  
P. Hall ◽  
J. G. Hengstler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Health Evaluation ◽  
Regulatory Processes

scholarly journals A Paradigm Shift in Brain Research (1955-1970): Opportunities and Challenges

2018 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Arvid Carlsson
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Brain Research ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Anti Psychotic ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Complex Organ

When science began considering the brain from a chemistry rather than electrical standpoint, this marked the beginning of new perspectives on how this complex organ operated. Seminal work relating to dopamine helped to introduce the breakthrough concept of neurotransmitters leading to the understanding of the numerous circuitries within the brain. The observance of decreased dopamine levels when anti-psychotic drugs were administered helped to launch new medical treatments especially for patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Today stabilizer compounds are being tested to provide beneficial therapies for both elevated or decreased levels of dopamine as well as for other medical conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of novel phenothiazine derivatives on brain dopamine in Wistar rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandravadivelu Gopi ◽  
Vedula Girija Sastry ◽  
Magharla Dasaratha Dhanaraju
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dopamine Level ◽  
Phenothiazine Derivatives ◽  
Brain Dopamine ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Double Beam ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Neurotransmitters are involved in several functions in the brain and the body of living things. Changes in the level of neurotransmitters in the brain are associated with several illnesses. Some of the drugs are controlling the neurotransmitter by adjusting the level in the brain and are exclusively used in the treatment of psychological disorders. The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of novel synthesised phenothiazine derivatives (GC1, GC2 and GC8) either alone (7.5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg, oral) or in combination with amphetamine on the experimental animals. Results Dopamine level in rat brain was estimated by a spectroscopic method using the UV-visible double beam spectrophotometer at 735 nm. The results revealed that these derivatives blocked the brain dopamine level significantly. The compound GC8 (15 mg/kg) significantly reduced the level of dopamine (0.151 ± 0.04, 0.284 ± 0.03) as similar to that of a standard drug. Furthermore, compounds GC2 (15 mg/kg) and GC1 (15 mg/kg) exhibited a varying level of dopamine inhibition level and have been found at 0.203 ± 0.06 μg/ml, 0.302 ± 0.04 μg/ml, 0.234 ± 0.02 μg/ml and 0.318 ± 0.07 μg/ml, respectively, after the administration of these derivatives either alone or in combination with amphetamine. Conclusions The study revealed that the compound 2-amino-6-(3-hydroxy-4-methyl phenyl) pyrimidine-4-yl) (7-chloro-10-(3- (N, N-dimethylamino) propyl)-10H-phenothiazine-3-yl) methanone (GC8, 15 mg/kg) extensively reduced the dopamine level. The order of dopamine-inhibiting effect of the selected compound was found to be GC8 > GC2 > GC1. The increased body weight and relative brain-body weight were also observed in the tested animals due to more intake of food and fluid retention. Graphical abstract

P.3.009 Effects of naltrexone on amphetamine-induced changes in the brain dopamine system

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. S69-S70
Author(s):  
N. Jayaram-Lindström ◽  
J. Haggkvist ◽  
C. Halldin ◽  
B. Schilström ◽  
A.L. Nordström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Dopamine ◽  
Dopamine System ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Brain

Role of genotype in the adaptation of the brain dopamine system to stress

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Puglisi-Allegra ◽  
Eliane Kempf ◽  
Simona Cabib
Keyword(s):  
Brain Dopamine ◽  
Dopamine System ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Formulation strategies for the oral delivery of probiotics: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 4327-4333
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganism ◽  
Immunological Function

Probiotics are live microorganism possessing significance health benefits ranging from the effect on immunological function, protection against pathogenic microorganism to treatment of wide variety of diseases including cancer and tumour. Probiotics are simple, cost effective, intrinsic and receptive alternative for achieving health benefits. The present review article focuses on the mechanism and application of probiotics in different diseases/disorders. Mechanism of probiotics and different formulations for oral delivery of probiotics have been discussed in detail. Different patents on probiotics for oral delivery have also been tabulated. Overall the aim of the study was to underline the input of oral delivery of probiotics for human health and better lifestyle.

scholarly journals Maintaining the Balance of Intestinal Flora through the Diet: Effective Prevention of Illness

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2312
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Zhenying Zhang ◽  
Lei Xu ◽  
Xin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The human body is home to a complex community of dynamic equilibrium microbiota, including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. It is known that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, intestinal peristalsis, intestinal barrier homeostasis, nutrient uptake, and fat distribution. The complex relationship between the host and microbiome suggests that when this relationship is out of balance, the microbiome may contribute to disease development. The brain–gut–microbial axis is composed of many signal molecules, gastrointestinal mucosal cells, the vagus nerve, and blood–brain barrier, which plays an essential role in developing many diseases. The microbiome can influence the central nervous system function through the brain–gut axis; the central nervous system can also affect the composition and partial functions of the gut microbiome in the same way. Different dietary patterns, specific dietary components, and functional dietary factors can significantly affect intestinal flora’s structure, composition, and function, thereby affecting human health. Based on the above, this paper reviewed the relationship between diet, intestinal flora, and human health, and the strategies to prevent mental illness through the dietary modification of intestinal microorganisms.

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