scholarly journals Research trends of microplastics in the soil environment: Comprehensive screening of effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Woong Kim ◽  
Matthias C. Rillig
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Sensitivity Distribution

AbstractWe collated and synthesized previous studies that reported the impacts of microplastics on soil parameters. The data were classified and integrated to screen for the proportion of significant effects, then we suggest several directions to alleviate the current data limitation in future experiments. We compiled 106 datasets capturing significant effects, which were analyzed in detail. We found that polyethylene and pellets (or powders) were the most frequently used microplastic composition and shape for soil experiments. The significant effects mainly occurred in broad size ranges (0.1–1 mm) at test concentrations of 0.1%–10% based on soil dry weight. Polyvinyl chloride and film induced significant effects at lower concentrations compared to other compositions and shapes, respectively. We adopted a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) and soil property effect distribution (SPED) method using available data from soil biota, and for soil properties and enzymes deemed relevant for microplastic management. The predicted-no-effect-concentration (PNEC)-like values needed to protect 95% of soil biota and soil properties was estimated to be between 520 and 655 mg kg−1. This study was the first to screen microplastic levels with a view toward protecting the soil system. Our results should be regularly updated (e.g., quarterly) with additional data as they become available.

Applying the Method of Lagrange Multipliers to Derive an Estimator for Unsampled Soil Properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Set Foong Ng ◽  
Pei Eng Ch’ng ◽  
Yee Ming Chew ◽  
Kok Shien Ng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Lagrange Multipliers ◽  
Unbiased Estimator ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Minimum Variance ◽  
Distance Method ◽  
True Value ◽  
A Site ◽  
Method Of Lagrange Multipliers ◽  
Inverse Distance

Soil properties are very crucial for civil engineers to differentiate one type of soil from another and to predict its mechanical behavior. However, it is not practical to measure soil properties at all the locations at a site. In this paper, an estimator is derived to estimate the unknown values for soil properties from locations where soil samples were not collected. The estimator is obtained by combining the concept of the ‘Inverse Distance Method’ into the technique of ‘Kriging’. The method of Lagrange Multipliers is applied in this paper. It is shown that the estimator derived in this paper is an unbiased estimator. The partiality of the estimator with respect to the true value is zero. Hence, the estimated value will be equal to the true value of the soil property. It is also shown that the variance between the estimator and the soil property is minimised. Hence, the distribution of this unbiased estimator with minimum variance spreads the least from the true value. With this characteristic of minimum variance unbiased estimator, a high accuracy estimation of soil property could be obtained.

scholarly journals Land Uses, Altitude and Texture Effects on Soil Parameters. A Comparative Study in Two Districts of Nagaland, Northeast India

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Gaurav Mishra ◽  
Rosa Francaviglia
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Available N ◽  
P Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soc Stocks

Northeast (NE) India is a typical tropical ecosystem with a luxuriant forest vegetation cover, but nowadays forests are under stress due to exploitation and land use changes, which are known to affect soil health and productivity. However, due to a scarcity of data, the influence of land uses and altitude on soil properties of this peculiar ecosystem is poorly quantified. This study presents the changes in soil properties in two districts of Nagaland (Mon and Zunheboto) in relation to land uses (forest, plantation, jhum and fallow jhum), altitude (<500 m, 500–1000 m, >1000 m) and soil texture (coarse, medium, fine). For this, a random soil sampling was performed in both the districts. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and available potassium (K) were significantly influenced by land uses in the Mon district, while in Zunheboto a significant difference was observed in available phosphorus (P) content. SOC stocks showed an increasing trend with elevation in both districts. The influence of altitude on P was significant and the maximum concentration was at lower elevations (<500 m). In Mon, soil texture significantly affected SOC stocks and the available N and P content. The variability in soil properties due to land uses, altitudinal gradients and textural classes can be better managed with the help of management options, which are still needed for this ecosystem.

scholarly journals A Comparison, Validation, and Evaluation of the S-world Global Soil Property Database

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 544
Author(s):  
Jetse J. Stoorvogel ◽  
Vera L. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Database ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Global Soil ◽  
Mean Square Difference ◽  
Methodological Evaluation

Despite the increased usage of global soil property maps, a proper review of the maps rarely takes place. This study aims to explore the options for such a review with an application for the S-World global soil property database. Global soil organic carbon (SOC) and clay content maps from S-World were studied at two spatial resolutions in three steps. First, a comparative analysis with an ensemble of seven datasets derived from five other global soil databases was done. Second, a validation of S-World was done with independent soil observations from the WoSIS soil profile database. Third, a methodological evaluation of S-world took place by looking at the variation of soil properties per soil type and short distance variability. In the comparative analysis, S-World and the ensemble of other maps show similar spatial patterns. However, the ensemble locally shows large discrepancies (e.g., in boreal regions where typically SOC contents are high and the sampling density is low). Overall, the results show that S-World is not deviating strongly from the model ensemble (91% of the area falls within a 1.5% SOC range in the topsoil). The validation with the WoSIS database showed that S-World was able to capture a large part of the variation (with, e.g., a root mean square difference of 1.7% for SOC in the topsoil and a mean difference of 1.2%). Finally, the methodological evaluation revealed that estimates of the ranges of soil properties for the different soil types can be improved by using the larger WoSIS database. It is concluded that the review through the comparison, validation, and evaluation provides a good overview of the strengths and the weaknesses of S-World. The three approaches to review the database each provide specific insights regarding the quality of the database. Specific evaluation criteria for an application will determine whether S-World is a suitable soil database for use in global environmental studies.

Impact of random soil properties on stress–strain response

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Stolle ◽  
Peijun Guo ◽  
Gabriel Sedran
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Constitutive Modelling ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
Constitutive Behaviour ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Deterministic Analysis ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Random Variability ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyzes the impact of natural random variation of soil properties on the constitutive modelling of geomaterial behaviour. A theoretical framework for accommodating variation in soil properties is presented. The framework is then used to examine the consequence of parameter variability on stress–strain relations. An important observation is that average soil parameters from a series of tests on small specimens, in which density of the specimens varies randomly, do not necessarily reflect the average constitutive behaviour of soil. Model predictions are shown to be consistent with the experimental data.Key words: random variability, deterministic analysis, soil parameters, constitutive model.

Profile Soil Property Estimation Using a VIS-NIR-EC-Force Probe

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjin Cho ◽  
Kenneth A. Sudduth ◽  
Scott T. Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Reflectance Spectra ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Strength Data ◽  
Soil Sensors ◽  
Combining Data

Abstract. Combining data collected in-field from multiple soil sensors has the potential to improve the efficiency and accuracy of soil property estimates. Optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) has been used to estimate many important soil properties, such as soil carbon, water content, and texture. Other common soil sensors include penetrometers that measure soil strength and apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) sensors. Previous field research has related these sensor measurements to soil properties such as bulk density, water content, and texture. A commercial instrument that can simultaneously collect reflectance spectra, ECa, and soil strength data is now available. The objective of this research was to relate laboratory-measured soil properties, including bulk density (BD), total organic carbon (TOC), water content (WC), and texture fractions to sensor data from this instrument. At four field sites in mid-Missouri, profile sensor measurements were obtained to 0.9 m depth, followed by collection of soil cores at each site for laboratory measurements. Using only DRS data, BD, TOC, and WC were not well-estimated (R2 = 0.32, 0.67, and 0.40, respectively). Adding ECa and soil strength data provided only a slight improvement in WC estimation (R2 = 0.47) and little to no improvement in BD and TOC estimation. When data were analyzed separately by major land resource area (MLRA), fusion of data from all sensors improved soil texture fraction estimates. The largest improvement compared to reflectance alone was for MLRA 115B, where estimation errors for the various soil properties were reduced by approximately 14% to 26%. This study showed promise for in-field sensor measurement of some soil properties. Additional field data collection and model development are needed for those soil properties for which a combination of data from multiple sensors is required. Keywords: NIR spectroscopy, Precision agriculture, Reflectance spectra, Soil properties, Soil sensing.

scholarly journals Microbial soil characteristics of grassland and arable soils linked to thermogravimetry data: correlations, use and limits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Doležalová-Weissmannová ◽  
Stanislav Malý ◽  
Martin Brtnický ◽  
Jiří Holátko ◽  
Michael Scott Demyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Grassland Soils ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
C And N

Abstract. Thermogravimetry (TG) is a simple method that enables rapid analysis of soil properties such as the content of total organic C, nitrogen, clay and C fractions with different stability. However, the possible link between TG data and microbiological soil properties has not been systematically tested yet and limits TG application for soil and soil organic matter assessment. This work aimed to search and to validate relationships of thermal mass losses (TML) to total C and N contents, microbial biomass C and N, basal and substrate-induced respiration, extractable organic carbon content, anaerobic ammonification, urease activity, short-term nitrification activity, specific growth rate, and time to reach the maximum respiration rate for two sample sets of arable and grassland soils. Analyses of the training soil set revealed significant correlations of TML with basic soil properties such as carbon and nitrogen content with distinguishing linear regression parameters and temperatures of correlating mass losses for arable and grassland soils. In a second stage the equations of significant correlations were used for validation with an independent second sample set. This confirmed applicability of developed equations for prediction of microbiological properties mainly for arable soils. For grassland soils was the applicability lower, which was explained as the influence of rhizosphere processes. Nevertheless, the application of TG can facilitate the understanding of changes in soil caused by microorganism’s activity and the different regression equations between TG and soil parameters reflect changes in proportions between soil components caused by land use management.

“Single Value” Soil Properties: A Study of the Significance of Certain Soil Constants. V. On the Changes Produced in a Soil by Oven Drying (With One Text-figure.)

1930 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. H. Coutts
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Smooth Curves ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Satisfactory Degree ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Text Figure ◽  
Soil Colloids

1. It is shown that results for the loss in weight of a soil on oven heating can be obtained to a very satisfactory degree of accuracy when a Hearson electrically controlled oven is used.2. Results obtained by heating soils to temperatures ranging from 5° to 250° give smooth curves connecting loss in weight with rise in temperature; from which it is concluded that there is no sudden alteration in the structure of a soil when it is heated to 100°, and that the airdry moisture of a soil, as determined with sufficient accuracy by the usual methods, is a convenient empirical factor, but not a representation of any fundamental soil property.3. An examination is made of the factors contributing to the observed total loss in weight when the soil is heated, and an explanation offered of the contributions made by the different types of soil water and by the soil colloids. It is found that the conclusions drawn from this discussion confirm views developed earlier with regard to the behaviour of the water in the soil, and the absence of any sharp dividing line between the different classes into which the soil water is usually divided.

The Potential Impact of Climate Change on Soil Health, Soil Biota, and Soil Properties: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Shikha Sharma ◽  
Arti Mishra ◽  
Kartikeya Shukla ◽  
Pratiksha Kumari ◽  
Tanu Jindal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Potential Impact

scholarly journals Spatial variability of vegetation index and soil properties in an integrated crop-livestock system

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 513-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto C. de C. Bernardi ◽  
Célia R. Grego ◽  
Ricardo G. Andrade ◽  
Ladislau M. Rabello ◽  
Ricardo Y. Inamasu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Livestock System

ABSTRACT The knowledge of soil property spatial variability is useful for determining the rational use of inputs, such as the site-specific application of lime and fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetation index and spatial variability of physical and chemical soil properties in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS). Soil samples were taken from a 6.9 ha area in a regular hexagon grid at 0-0.20 m depths. Soil P, K, Ca, Mg, and cation exchange capacity - CEC; base saturation; clay and sand were analyzed. Soil electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured with a contact sensor. The site was evaluated at the end of the corn season (April) and during forage production (October) using Landsat 5 images, remote sensing techniques and a geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was associated with ECa and soil parameters, indicating crop and pasture variations in the ICLS. Geostatistics and GIS were effective tools for collecting data regarding the spatial variability of soil and crop indicators, identifying variation trends in the data, and assisting data interpretation to determine adequate management strategies.

scholarly journals Changes in Soil Hydro-Physical Properties and SOM Due to Pine Afforestation and Grazing in Andean Environments Cannot Be Generalized

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Marín ◽  
Carlos Dahik ◽  
Giovanny Mosquera ◽  
Jan Feyen ◽  
Pedro Cisneros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Sampling Depth ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
The Impact

Andean ecosystems provide important ecosystem services including streamflow regulation and carbon sequestration, services that are controlled by the water retention properties of the soils. Even though these soils have been historically altered by pine afforestation and grazing, little research has been dedicated to the assessment of such impacts at local or regional scales. To partially fill this knowledge gap, we present an evaluation of the impacts of pine plantations and grazing on the soil hydro-physical properties and soil organic matter (SOM) of high montane forests and páramo in southern Ecuador, at elevations varying between 2705 and 3766 m a.s.l. In total, seven study sites were selected and each one was parceled into undisturbed and altered plots with pine plantation and grazing. Soil properties were characterized at two depths, 0–10 and 10–25 cm, and differences in soil parameters between undisturbed and disturbed plots were analyzed versus factors such as ecosystem type, sampling depth, soil type, elevation, and past/present land management. The main soil properties affected by land use change are the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), the water retention capacity (pF 0 to 2.52), and SOM. The impacts of pine afforestation are dependent on sampling depth, ecosystem type, plantation characteristics, and previous land use, while the impacts of grazing are primarily dependent on sampling depth and land use management (grazing intensity and tilling activities). The site-specific nature of the found relations suggests that extension of findings in response to changes in land use in montane Andean ecosystems is risky; therefore, future evaluations of the impact of land use change on soil parameters should take into consideration that responses are or can be site specific.

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