Trigger mechanisms and hydrodynamics of tsunamis

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-73
Author(s):  
Daisuke Sugawara
Keyword(s):  
Trigger Mechanisms

USE OF AN ELECTRONIC DATA WAREHOUSE TO ENHANCE CARDIAC SURGICAL SITE SURVEILLANCE AT A LARGE CANADIAN CENTRE

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
G W Rose ◽  
V R Roth ◽  
K N Suh ◽  
M Taljaard ◽  
C Van Walraven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Surgical Site Infection ◽  
Data Warehouse ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Electronic Data ◽  
Trigger Mechanism ◽  
Trigger Tool ◽  
Infection Surveillance ◽  
Trigger Mechanisms

Background/Purpose: Surgical site infection surveillance to determineincidence is a key infection control activity. Case detection is labour-intensive, therefore most infection control programs use manual or simple electronic mechanisms to “trigger” chart review. However, such “trigger” mechanisms are also labour-intensive, and often of poor specificity. Our objective is to develop a complex trigger mechanism using data from an electronic data warehouse, to improve specificity of surveillance of surgical site infection compared to current trigger mechanisms. Methods: We will derive an electronic trigger tool for cardiac surgical site infection surveillance using a nested case-control design, among a cohort of all patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, cardiac valve repairor replacement, or heart transplant at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, from July 1 2004 to June 30 2007. We will perform a systematic literature review to identify potential trigger factors to include in the model, then construct the trigger tool by backwards stepwise logistic regression. The best-fit model will be used to calculate the probability of surgical site infection. We will select the threshold probability to use in surveillance by visual inspection of receiver-operator-characteristic curves. The accuracy of this electronic trigger mechanism will be compared to pre-existing manual and simple electronic mechanisms using relative true positive ratios and relative false positive ratios. Results/Conclusions: We have selected 200 cases of surgical site infection and 541 controls from among 3744 procedures performed during the study period. As of the date ofthis abstract we are still undertaking the systematic review.

АНАЛИЗ ПРИЧИН МЕЖЭТНИЧЕСКОГО КОНФЛИКТА В ОШЕ В 2010 ГОДУ

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
D. A. Abgadzhava ◽  
A. S. Vlaskina
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
State Power ◽  
Political Context ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Interethnic Conflict ◽  
Social Demographic ◽  
Trigger Mechanisms

In this paper, there will be analyzed the determinants of the inter-ethnic conflict that occurred in the Fergana Valley in the Kyrgyz city of Osh in June 2010. In such a phenomenon as an inter-ethnic conflict, it is rather difficult to find out a single cause of events; it is rather a set of economic, social, demographic, cultural and historical factors that are in a particular political context. And by the summer of 2010 a political context was formed: as a result of the April coup, there was a change of elites in the state power, which led to the struggle for the redistribution of economic power and resources. And in the conditions of connections of power and economic structures with the criminals, that was clearly manifested in the country on the eve of the conflict, the contradictions became ethnic. Despite the fact that this ethnic conflict was the result of objective contradictions caused by lack of resources (primarily land), low living standards, demographic and social problems, namely the change of political power in the country, instability, the struggle of criminal and mafia structures for power and influence became the trigger mechanisms that produced violence. There are various versions claiming to explain the events of June 2010, as well as to evaluate the actions of official structures during the conflict. Thus, the Uzbek side claimed that the security forces were inactive, ignored the attacks, in turn, the official authorities argued that the conflict was aggravated by unknown, allegedly foreign mercenaries, besides the Kyrgyz side referred to the police’s unwillingness to such events in the first days of the conflict. Therefore, an analysis of the causes of interethnic conflict in Osh will make it possible to identify the main vectors of instability in society, to identify the main actors to which measures of state influence should be directed in order to prevent possible relapses.

scholarly journals Digestive Enzyme Activity and Protein Degradation in Plasma of Heart Failure Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Courelli ◽  
Alla Ahmad ◽  
Majid Ghassemian ◽  
Chris Pruitt ◽  
Paul J. Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Myocardial Cell ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Elevated Activity ◽  
Trigger Mechanisms

Abstract Introduction Heart failure is associated with degradation of cell functions and extracellular matrix proteins, but the trigger mechanisms are uncertain. Our recent evidence shows that active digestive enzymes can leak out of the small intestine into the systemic circulation and cause cell dysfunctions and organ failure. Methods Accordingly, we investigated in morning fasting plasma of heart failure (HF) patients the presence of pancreatic trypsin, a major enzyme responsible for digestion. Results Western analysis shows that trypsin in plasma is significantly elevated in HF compared to matched controls and their concentrations correlate with the cardiac dysfunction biomarker BNP and inflammatory biomarkers CRP and TNF-α. The plasma trypsin levels in HF are accompanied by elevated pancreatic lipase concentrations. The trypsin has a significantly elevated activity as determined by substrate cleavage. Mass spectrometry shows that the number of plasma proteins in the HF patients is similar to controls while the number of peptides was increased about 20% in HF patients. The peptides are derived from extracellular and intracellular protein sources and exhibit cleavage sites by trypsin as well as other degrading proteases (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD026332). Connclusions These results provide the first evidence that active digestive enzymes leak into the systemic circulation and may participate in myocardial cell dysfunctions and tissue destruction in HF patients. Conclusions These results provide the first evidence that active digestive enzymes leak into the systemic circulation and may participate in myocardial cell dysfunctions and tissue destruction in HF patients.

Adding Prolog Rules and OOPs Inheritance to Legacy Databases

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Art Goldschmidt ◽  
Dipayan Gangopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Logic Programming ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Database System ◽  
Storage Management ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
System Product ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
Trigger Mechanisms

Abstract We present a viable approach to add rules capability or object orientation to legacy databases. Using a combination of language compilation, run-time trigger mechanisms and inter-language call facility, we integrate an object-oriented logic programming language, called OOLP, with an existing CIM Database System Product, IBM’s CIM CDF. The result is a system that provides storage management of complex objects, rule-based validation, object oriented knowledge modelling and declarative query capability.

Consideration of Trigger Mechanisms of Natural and Man-made Disasters in the Earth’s Geospheres

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
A. Vorob'ev ◽  
Vladimir Dyachenko ◽  
Kirill Aleksandrovich Vorobyev
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Value ◽  
Graphic Representation ◽  
Trigger System ◽  
Trigger Mechanism ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Trigger Signal ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere ◽  
Trigger Mechanisms

Have been presented the trigger mechanisms of accidents emergence in different Earth's Geospheres. Has been given the definition for the trigger mechanism of initiation of changes in geosystems. The threshold value for the starting (initiating) trigger signal has been detailed. The graphic representation of work of a trigger system has been presented, and its functioning has been explained. Various ways for switching of a trigger system have been revealed. The principles of the trigger impact on the troposphere, the lower part of the Earth's atmosphere, initiation of cyclones and earthquakes, and descent of avalanches and glacial mudflows have been detailed.

scholarly journals The temporally varying roles of rainfall, snowmelt and soil moisture for debris flow initiation in a snow-dominated system

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3493-3513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Mostbauer ◽  
Roland Kaitna ◽  
David Prenner ◽  
Markus Hrachowitz
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Debris Flow ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Temporal Separation ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Trigger Mechanisms ◽  
Debris Flow Initiation

Abstract. Debris flows represent frequent hazards in mountain regions. Though significant effort has been made to predict such events, the trigger conditions as well as the hydrologic disposition of a watershed at the time of debris flow occurrence are not well understood. Traditional intensity-duration threshold techniques to establish trigger conditions generally do not account for distinct influences of rainfall, snowmelt, and antecedent moisture. To improve our knowledge on the connection between debris flow initiation and the hydrologic system at a regional scale, this study explores the use of a semi-distributed conceptual rainfall–runoff model, linking different system variables such as soil moisture, snowmelt, or runoff with documented debris flow events in the inner Pitztal watershed, Austria. The model was run on a daily basis between 1953 and 2012. Analysing a range of modelled system state and flux variables at days on which debris flows occurred, three distinct dominant trigger mechanisms could be clearly identified. While the results suggest that for 68 % (17 out of 25) of the observed debris flow events during the study period high-intensity rainfall was the dominant trigger, snowmelt was identified as the dominant trigger for 24 % (6 out of 25) of the observed debris flow events. In addition, 8 % (2 out of 25) of the debris flow events could be attributed to the combined effects of low-intensity, long-lasting rainfall and transient storage of this water, causing elevated antecedent soil moisture conditions. The results also suggest a relatively clear temporal separation between the distinct trigger mechanisms, with high-intensity rainfall as a trigger being limited to mid- and late summer. The dominant trigger in late spring/early summer is snowmelt. Based on the discrimination between different modelled system states and fluxes and, more specifically, their temporally varying importance relative to each other, this exploratory study demonstrates that already the use of a relatively simple hydrological model can prove useful to gain some more insight into the importance of distinct debris flow trigger mechanisms. This highlights in particular the relevance of snowmelt contributions and the switch between mechanisms during early to mid-summer in snow-dominated systems.

scholarly journals Avalanches of the martian north polar cap

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio Becerra ◽  
Susan Conway ◽  
Nicholas Thomas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Polar Regions ◽  
Martian Surface ◽  
Polar Cap ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
The North ◽  
Imaging Science ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
North Polar ◽  
Gas Expansion ◽  
Trigger Mechanisms

<p>In 2008, the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on board NASA’s MRO fortuitously captured several discrete clouds of material in the process of cascading down a steep scarp of the water-ice-rich north polar layered deposits (NPLD). The events were only seen during a period of ~4 weeks, near the onset of martian northern spring in 2008, when the seasonal cover of CO2 is beginning to sublimate from the north polar regions. Russell et al. [1] analyzed the morphology of the clouds, inferring that the particles involved were mechanically analogous to terrestrial “dry, loose snow or dust”, so that the events were similar to terrestrial “powder avalanches” [2]. HiRISE confirmed the seasonality of avalanche occurrence the following spring, and continued to capture between 30 and 50 avalanches per season (fig. 1b,c) between 2008 and 2019, for a total of 7 Mars Years (MY29–MY35) of continuous scarp monitoring.</p><p>In this work we will present statistics on these events, in an attempt to quantify their effect on the mass balance of the NPLD, and with respect to competing processes such as viscous deformation and stress-induced block falls that do not trigger avalanches [3,4]. We also use a 1D thermal model [5] to investigate the sources and trigger mechanisms of these events. The model tracks the accumulation and ablation of seasonal CO2 frost on a martian surface. Russell et al. [1] support an initiation through gas-expansion related to the presence of CO2 frost on the scarp. Therefore the amount of frost that lingers on different sections of the model scarp at the observed time of the avalanches will provide evidence either for or against this particular mechanism. We will present preliminary results and discuss their implications.</p><p>References: [1] P. Russell et al. (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L23204. [2] D. McClung, P.A. Schaerer (2006), Mountaineers, Seattle Wash. [3] Sori, M. M., et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 43. [4] Byrne et al. (2016), 6th Int. Conf. Mars Polar Sci. Exploration [4] C. M. Dundas and S. Byrne (2010) Icarus 206, 716.</p>

scholarly journals Crossbows and imperial craft organisation: the bronze triggers of China's Terracotta Army

Antiquity ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (339) ◽  
pp. 126-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuzhen Janice Li ◽  
Andrew Bevan ◽  
Marcos Martinón-Torres ◽  
Thilo Rehren ◽  
Wei Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Craft Production ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Administrative Control ◽  
The Third ◽  
Trigger Mechanisms ◽  
Qin Shihuang

The Terracotta Army that protected the tomb of the Chinese emperor Qin Shihuang offers an evocative image of the power and organisation of the Qin armies who unified China through conquest in the third century BC. It also provides evidence for the craft production and administrative control that underpinned the Qin state. Bronze trigger mechanisms are all that remain of crossbows that once equipped certain kinds of warrior in the Terracotta Army. A metrical and spatial analysis of these triggers reveals that they were produced in batches and that these separate batches were thereafter possibly stored in an arsenal, but eventually were transported to the mausoleum to equip groups of terracotta crossbowmen in individual sectors of Pit 1. The trigger evidence for large-scale and highly organised production parallels that also documented for the manufacture of the bronze-tipped arrows and proposed for the terracotta figures themselves.

On Thresholds and Trigger Mechanisms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oran R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Tipping Points ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Socioecological Systems ◽  
Governance Systems ◽  
State Changes ◽  
Trigger Mechanisms

Complex systems are subject to changes that are nonlinear, commonly hard to anticipate, often abrupt, and sometimes transformative. In recent years, these phenomena have become a focus of considerable interest among natural scientists who speak about thresholds or boundaries (often characterized as tipping points), trigger mechanisms, and state changes. Similar phenomena occur in social systems involving shifts from peace to war and back, the collapse and replacement of political systems, and fluctuations between periods of economic growth and depression. In this context, it is helpful to differentiate among explosions, cascades, and inflections. The dynamics of such transitions are determined by the fragility of the relevant systems and the intensity of the trigger mechanisms. Building on analyses of tipping points and trigger mechanisms in biophysical systems and socioeconomic systems leads to a consideration of similar phenomena in socioecological systems of the sort that are central to the pursuit of sustainability in the Anthropocene. In considering the role of governance in such settings, it is important to bear in mind that governance systems, too, are complex and dynamic.

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