Ozone effects on the physiology and marketable biomass of leafy vegetables under Mediterranean conditions: Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) and Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris L. var. cycla )

During the present investigations, effect of table salt on retention of ?-carotene from leafy vegetables from Marathwada was studied. Getting vegetables throughout the year is obscure in rain feed area like Marathwada. Retention of nutrition from vegetables is important for health in absence of in adequate preservation techniques. Five different green leafy vegetables which are consumed by the peoples on large scale have been tried during the present piece of work. These vegetables are Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), Shepu (Anathum graveolens L.) and Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) which are commonly consumed in Marathwada region. These vegetables were soaked with solution of common Table salt i.e. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) at different concentrations. After analysis it was noted that in Spinach, Coriander, Trigonella and Anthem. The results obtained during the work clearly indicate that, the common salt can act as excellent preservative for retention of ?-carotene from leafy vegetables.

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Peptone-Induced Physio-Biochemical Modulations Reduce Cadmium Toxicity and Accumulation in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9121806 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1806

Author(s):

Naila Emanuil ◽

Muhammad Sohail Akram ◽

Shafaqat Ali ◽

Mohamed A. El-Esawi ◽

Muhammad Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Proline Accumulation ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Edible Plant ◽

High Tendency ◽

Spinacia Oleracea L

The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in edible plant parts and fertile lands is a worldwide problem. It negatively influences the growth and productivity of leafy vegetables (e.g., spinach, Spinacia oleracea L.), which have a high tendency to radially accumulate Cd. The present study investigated the influences of peptone application on the growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, antioxidant enzymes activity, and Cd content of spinach plants grown under Cd stress. Cd toxicity negatively affected spinach growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange attributes. However, it increased malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), electrolyte leakage (EL), proline accumulation, ascorbic acid content, Cd content, and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in spinach plants. The exogenous foliar application of peptone increased the growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, proline accumulation, and gas exchange attributes of spinach plants. Furthermore, the application of peptone decreased Cd uptake and levels of MDA, H2O2, and EL in spinach by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. This enhancement in plant growth and photosynthesis might be due to the lower level of Cd accumulation, which in turn decreased the negative impacts of oxidative stress in plant tissues. Taken together, the findings of the study revealed that peptone is a promising plant growth regulator that represents an efficient approach for the phytoremediation of Cd-polluted soils and enhancement of spinach growth, yield, and tolerance under a Cd-dominant environment.

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Analysis of Salt Tolerance in Nine Leafy Vegetables Irrigated with Saline Drainage Water

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.125.5.658 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 125 (5) ◽

pp. 658-664 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Michael C. Shannon ◽

Catherine M. Grieve ◽

Scott M. Lesch ◽

John H. Draper

Keyword(s):

Salt Tolerance ◽

Brassica Rapa ◽

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Sand Culture ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Swiss Chard ◽

Pac Choi

Saline agricultural drainage water may be used as a resource to grow high value horticultural crops and reduce the volume of drainage for eventual disposal. To explore reuse options the effects of salinity and timing of application were tested on selected leafy vegetables grown in 24 sand culture plots in Riverside, Calif. The leafy winter vegetables included `Ruby Red Chard' Swiss chard [Beta vulgaris L. var. flavescens (Lam.) Lam.], `Space' spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), `Vitamin Green' salad greens [Brassica rapa L. (Narinosa Group)], `Red Giant' mustard greens [Brassica juncea L. (Czerniak)], pac choi [Brassica rapa L. (Chinensis Group)], `Winterbor' kale [Brassica oleracea L. (Acephala Group)], tatsoi [Brassica rapa L. (Narinosa Group)], `Salad King' curly endive (Cichorium endivia L.), and `Red Preco No. 1' radicchio (Cichorium intybus L.). All vegetables were planted at the same time and irrigated initially with tap water and nutrients. At 3 and 7 weeks after seeding (application times), six salinity treatments were initiated by adding salts to the irrigation water to represent the chemical compositions of drainage waters found typically in the San Joaquin Valley, Calif. The six salinity treatments had electrical conductivities of 3 (control), 7, 11, 15, 19, or 23 dS·m-1. A randomized complete block design was used with (6 salinities × 2 application times × 2 replications). Within each plot a 1.5-m row of each of the nine vegetables was grown as split plots. Salinity reduced fresh weight (FW) yields of all species. Salt stress applied at 3 weeks after seeding reduced FWs for seven of the nine vegetables compared to salination at 7 weeks. Analyses of salt tolerance curves, maximum yields, and the point of 50% yield reduction (C50) were conducted. Greens produced the highest biomass at 874 g/plant, but was the most affected by application time. Swiss chard and radicchio were not significantly affected by timing of salinity application, and Swiss chard was the most salt tolerant overall. Greens, kale, pac choi, and to a lesser extent, tatsoi, have potential as winter-grown, leafy vegetables in drainage water reuse systems.

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Alterations in the Chemical Composition of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) as Provoked by Season and Moderately Limited Water Supply in Open Field Cultivation

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae6020025 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christine Schlering ◽

Jana Zinkernagel ◽

Helmut Dietrich ◽

Matthias Frisch ◽

Ralf Schweiggert

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Seasonal Variation ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Water Supply ◽

Open Field ◽

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Spinacia Oleracea L ◽

Reduced Water

The current use and distribution of agricultural water resources is highly prone to effects of global climate change due to shifting precipitation patterns. The production of vegetable crops in open field cultivation often requires demanding water applications, being impaired in regions where climate change will increasingly evoke water scarcity. To date, increasingly occurring precipitation-free periods are already leading to moderate water deficits during plant growth, e.g., in southern Europe. Among all vegetable crops, leafy vegetables such as spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) are particularly vulnerable to limited water supply, because leaf expansion is highly dependent on water availability. Besides biomass production, water limitation might also affect the valuable nutritional composition of the produce. Therefore, we investigated the impact of moderately reduced water supply on the chemical composition of spinach, cultivated in the open field in three consecutive years. Two different water supply treatments, full and reduced irrigation, were used in a randomized block design consisting of three sets of six plots each. In the reduced water supply treatment, the total amount of supplied water, including both irrigation and natural precipitation, amounted to 90%, 94% and 96% in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, of the full, optimal water supply treatment. Spinach grown under limited water supply showed significantly higher fresh biomass-based contents of polyols (e.g., inositol, glycerol), ascorbic acid, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorous, zinc and manganese, as well as total flavonoids and carotenoids. Increased dry biomass-based levels were found for total inositol, zinc and manganese, as well as decreased levels for malic acid, fumaric acid, phosphate and chloride. Furthermore, we report a high seasonal variation of several minor phytochemicals, such as single flavonoids. Spinacetin derivatives, spinatoside-glucoside as well as a rather unusual hexuronylated methylenedioxy flavonoid showed highest amounts when grown under relatively low irradiation in autumn. Levels of patuletin derivatives tended to increase under high irradiation conditions during spring. In summary, the chemical composition of spinach was shown to be highly sensitive to moderately reduced water supply and seasonal variation, but the overall nutritional quality of fresh marketable spinach was only marginally affected when considering health-related constituents such as minerals, trace elements, flavonoids and carotenoids.

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Hydroponic Production of Reduced-Potassium Swiss Chard and Spinach: A Feasible Agronomic Approach to Tailoring Vegetables for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9100627 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 627 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Massimiliano D’Imperio ◽

Francesco F. Montesano ◽

Massimiliano Renna ◽

Angelo Parente ◽

Antonio F. Logrieco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Vegetable Consumption ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Tissue Content ◽

Swiss Chard ◽

Crop Performance ◽

Leaf Vegetables

Tailored foods are specifically suitable for target groups of people with particular nutritional needs. Although most research on tailored foods has been focused on increasing the nutrient content in plant tissues (biofortification), in populations with specific physiological conditions, it is recommended to reduce the uptake of specific nutrients in order to improve their health. People affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) must limit their consumption of vegetables because of the generally high potassium (K) content in the edible parts. This study aimed to define an appropriate production technique for two baby leaf vegetables, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris), with reduced K tissue content, minimizing the negative effects on their crop performance and overall nutritional quality. Plants were grown in a hydroponic floating system. The K concentration in the nutrient solution (NS) was reduced from 200 mg/L (K200, the concentration usually used for growing baby leaf vegetables in hydroponic conditions) to 50 mg/L over the entire growing cycle (K50) or only during the seven days before harvest (K50-7d). The reduction of K in the NS resulted in a significant decrease of K tissue content in both species (32% for K50 and 10% for K50-7d, on average), while it did not, in general, compromise the crop performance and quality traits or the bioaccessibility of K, magnesium, and calcium. The production of reduced-potassium leafy vegetables is a feasible tailored nutrition approach for CKD patients in order to take advantage of the positive effects of vegetable consumption on health without excessively increasing potassium intake.

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Damping-off of Swiss Chard, Caused by Rhizoctonia solani, in California

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.7.695d ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (7) ◽

pp. 695-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. T. Koike ◽

K. V. Subbarao

Keyword(s):

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Brassica Campestris ◽

Plant Density ◽

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Damping Off ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

High Plant Density ◽

Swiss Chard

In California, various leafy vegetables are planted at extremely high seeding rates (up to three million seed per acre), grown to the four- to eight-leaf stage, then mechanically clipped and bagged for market as “spring mix” or “baby leaf” salad products. The crops are planted in separate strips, usually four to 16 beds of each, and include Japanese mustard (Brassica campestris subsp. nipposinica), red mustard (Brassica juncea subsp. rugosa), tah tsai (Brassica campestris subsp. narinosa), multiple lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivars, spinach (Spinacia oleracea), arugula (Eruca sativa), and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla). In 1997 and 1998, severe damping-off disease of Swiss chard was observed in the Salinas Valley (Monterey County). Symptoms on emergent plants consisted of wilting, brown necrosis of crown tissue, and eventual death of seedlings. Because of the high plant density, disease incidence increased rapidly, affecting large numbers of plants. Rhizoctonia solani was isolated consistently from symptomatic plants. Pathogenicity was tested by placing agar plugs of representative isolates adjacent to crowns of potted Swiss chard at the two- to four-leaf stage. Brown stem necrosis and plant collapse occurred within 5 days after inoculation, and R. solani was reisolated. Control plants, inoculated with sterile agar plugs, did not develop disease. Tests were repeated and results were similar. Anastomosis group testing revealed that all five isolates belonged to AG3 (1). For California, this appears to be the first documentation of damping-off of Swiss chard caused by R. solani. Reference: (1) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1991.

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Regulation of Oxalate Metabolism in Spinach Revealed by RNA-Seq-Based Transcriptomic Analysis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22105294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 5294

Author(s):

Vijay Joshi ◽

Arianne Penalosa ◽

Madhumita Joshi ◽

Sierra Rodriguez

Keyword(s):

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Isocitrate Lyase ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Glyoxylate Cycle ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Spinacia Oleracea L ◽

Root Tissues ◽

Oxalate Metabolism

Although spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is considered to be one of the most nutrient-rich leafy vegetables, it is also a potent accumulator of anti-nutritional oxalate. Reducing oxalate content would increase the nutritional value of spinach by enhancing the dietary bioavailability of calcium and other minerals. This study aimed to investigate the proposed hypothesis that a complex network of genes associated with intrinsic metabolic and physiological processes regulates oxalate homeostasis in spinach. Transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) analysis of the leaf and root tissues of two spinach genotypes with contrasting oxalate phenotypes was performed under normal physiological conditions. A total of 2308 leaf- and 1686 root-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the high-oxalate spinach genotype. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs identified molecular functions associated with various enzymatic activities, while KEGG pathway analysis revealed enrichment of the metabolic and secondary metabolite pathways. The expression profiles of genes associated with distinct physiological processes suggested that the glyoxylate cycle, ascorbate degradation, and photorespiratory pathway may collectively regulate oxalate in spinach. The data support the idea that isocitrate lyase (ICL), ascorbate catabolism-related genes, and acyl-activating enzyme 3 (AAE3) all play roles in oxalate homeostasis in spinach. The findings from this study provide the foundation for novel insights into oxalate metabolism in spinach.

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