scholarly journals Regulation of Oxalate Metabolism in Spinach Revealed by RNA-Seq-Based Transcriptomic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5294
Author(s):  
Vijay Joshi ◽  
Arianne Penalosa ◽  
Madhumita Joshi ◽  
Sierra Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Isocitrate Lyase ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Glyoxylate Cycle ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Oxalate Metabolism

Although spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is considered to be one of the most nutrient-rich leafy vegetables, it is also a potent accumulator of anti-nutritional oxalate. Reducing oxalate content would increase the nutritional value of spinach by enhancing the dietary bioavailability of calcium and other minerals. This study aimed to investigate the proposed hypothesis that a complex network of genes associated with intrinsic metabolic and physiological processes regulates oxalate homeostasis in spinach. Transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) analysis of the leaf and root tissues of two spinach genotypes with contrasting oxalate phenotypes was performed under normal physiological conditions. A total of 2308 leaf- and 1686 root-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the high-oxalate spinach genotype. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs identified molecular functions associated with various enzymatic activities, while KEGG pathway analysis revealed enrichment of the metabolic and secondary metabolite pathways. The expression profiles of genes associated with distinct physiological processes suggested that the glyoxylate cycle, ascorbate degradation, and photorespiratory pathway may collectively regulate oxalate in spinach. The data support the idea that isocitrate lyase (ICL), ascorbate catabolism-related genes, and acyl-activating enzyme 3 (AAE3) all play roles in oxalate homeostasis in spinach. The findings from this study provide the foundation for novel insights into oxalate metabolism in spinach.

scholarly journals Retention of B-Carotene from Leafy Vegetables

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
Haribabu Narra
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Green Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Trigonella Foenum Graecum ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
The Common ◽  
Trigonella Foenum Graecum L

During the present investigations, effect of table salt on retention of ?-carotene from leafy vegetables from Marathwada was studied. Getting vegetables throughout the year is obscure in rain feed area like Marathwada. Retention of nutrition from vegetables is important for health in absence of in adequate preservation techniques. Five different green leafy vegetables which are consumed by the peoples on large scale have been tried during the present piece of work. These vegetables are Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), Shepu (Anathum graveolens L.) and Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) which are commonly consumed in Marathwada region. These vegetables were soaked with solution of common Table salt i.e. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) at different concentrations. After analysis it was noted that in Spinach, Coriander, Trigonella and Anthem. The results obtained during the work clearly indicate that, the common salt can act as excellent preservative for retention of ?-carotene from leafy vegetables.

scholarly journals Distinct Transcriptional Programs Underlie Differences in Virulence of Isolates on Host Plants in a Fungal Pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonsu Cheon ◽  
Young Soo Kim ◽  
Kotnala Balaraju ◽  
Younmi Lee ◽  
Hyeok Tae Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Isocitrate Lyase ◽  
Glyoxylate Cycle ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Different Types

Susceptible host plants challenged by fungal pathogens can display different types of lesions, which can be attributed to environmental factors affecting the nature of interactions between the host and pathogen. During our survey of apple anthracnose in Korea, two distinct types of disease symptoms, designated as progressive (PS) and static symptoms (SS), were recognized. PS is a typical, rapidly enlarging symptom of apple anthracnose, while SS is a small, dark speck that does not expand further until the harvesting season. Isolation and genotyping of pathogens from disease lesions suggested that all of them belong to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a well-known causal agent of apple anthracnose. Two types of isolates were comparable in growth on media, spore germination and appressorium formation, virulence test on fruits at various temperature conditions. Furthermore, they were analyzed at the molecular level by a phylogenetic tree, RNA-seq, and expression of virulence gene. However, the SS isolates were defective in appressorium-mediated penetration into the underlying substratum. RNA-seq analysis of PS and SS isolates showed that distinct transcriptional programs underlie the development of different types of anthracnose symptoms in host plants. One downregulated gene in SS encoded isocitrate lyase is essential for disease development via its involvement in the glyoxylate cycle. It partly explains why SS is less virulent than PS on host plants. Overall, our work challenges the traditional view on the development of different lesion types and provides valuable insights into variations that exist in the pathogen population.

Transcriptome profiling of differentially expressed genes of male and female inflorescences in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Genome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Liu ◽  
Haoying Wang ◽  
Zhaosheng Xu ◽  
Helong Zhang ◽  
Guoliang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is commonly considered a dioecious plant with heterogametic (XY) and homogametic (XX) sex chromosomes. The characteristic is also utilized for the production of spinach hybrid seeds. However, the molecular mechanisms of sex determination in spinach are still unclear because of a lack of genomic and transcriptomic information. In this study, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed in male and female inflorescences to provide insight into the molecular basis of sex determination in spinach. Comparative transcriptome analyses showed that 2,278 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between male and female inflorescences. A high correlation between the RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR validation for DEGs was observed. Among these, 182 DEGs were annotated to transcription factors including the MYB family protein, bHLH family, and MADS family, suggesting these factors might play a vital role in sex determination. Moreover, 26 DEGs related to flower development, including nine ABCE class genes, were detected. Expression analyses of hormone pathways showed that brassinosteroids may be key hormones related to sex determination in spinach. Overall, this study provides a large amount of DEGs related to sexual expression and lays a foundation for unraveling the regulatory mechanism of sex determination in spinach.

scholarly journals Peptone-Induced Physio-Biochemical Modulations Reduce Cadmium Toxicity and Accumulation in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1806
Author(s):  
Naila Emanuil ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Akram ◽  
Shafaqat Ali ◽  
Mohamed A. El-Esawi ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Proline Accumulation ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in edible plant parts and fertile lands is a worldwide problem. It negatively influences the growth and productivity of leafy vegetables (e.g., spinach, Spinacia oleracea L.), which have a high tendency to radially accumulate Cd. The present study investigated the influences of peptone application on the growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, antioxidant enzymes activity, and Cd content of spinach plants grown under Cd stress. Cd toxicity negatively affected spinach growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange attributes. However, it increased malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), electrolyte leakage (EL), proline accumulation, ascorbic acid content, Cd content, and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in spinach plants. The exogenous foliar application of peptone increased the growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, proline accumulation, and gas exchange attributes of spinach plants. Furthermore, the application of peptone decreased Cd uptake and levels of MDA, H2O2, and EL in spinach by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. This enhancement in plant growth and photosynthesis might be due to the lower level of Cd accumulation, which in turn decreased the negative impacts of oxidative stress in plant tissues. Taken together, the findings of the study revealed that peptone is a promising plant growth regulator that represents an efficient approach for the phytoremediation of Cd-polluted soils and enhancement of spinach growth, yield, and tolerance under a Cd-dominant environment.

scholarly journals Alterations in the Chemical Composition of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) as Provoked by Season and Moderately Limited Water Supply in Open Field Cultivation

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Schlering ◽  
Jana Zinkernagel ◽  
Helmut Dietrich ◽  
Matthias Frisch ◽  
Ralf Schweiggert
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Reduced Water

The current use and distribution of agricultural water resources is highly prone to effects of global climate change due to shifting precipitation patterns. The production of vegetable crops in open field cultivation often requires demanding water applications, being impaired in regions where climate change will increasingly evoke water scarcity. To date, increasingly occurring precipitation-free periods are already leading to moderate water deficits during plant growth, e.g., in southern Europe. Among all vegetable crops, leafy vegetables such as spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) are particularly vulnerable to limited water supply, because leaf expansion is highly dependent on water availability. Besides biomass production, water limitation might also affect the valuable nutritional composition of the produce. Therefore, we investigated the impact of moderately reduced water supply on the chemical composition of spinach, cultivated in the open field in three consecutive years. Two different water supply treatments, full and reduced irrigation, were used in a randomized block design consisting of three sets of six plots each. In the reduced water supply treatment, the total amount of supplied water, including both irrigation and natural precipitation, amounted to 90%, 94% and 96% in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, of the full, optimal water supply treatment. Spinach grown under limited water supply showed significantly higher fresh biomass-based contents of polyols (e.g., inositol, glycerol), ascorbic acid, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorous, zinc and manganese, as well as total flavonoids and carotenoids. Increased dry biomass-based levels were found for total inositol, zinc and manganese, as well as decreased levels for malic acid, fumaric acid, phosphate and chloride. Furthermore, we report a high seasonal variation of several minor phytochemicals, such as single flavonoids. Spinacetin derivatives, spinatoside-glucoside as well as a rather unusual hexuronylated methylenedioxy flavonoid showed highest amounts when grown under relatively low irradiation in autumn. Levels of patuletin derivatives tended to increase under high irradiation conditions during spring. In summary, the chemical composition of spinach was shown to be highly sensitive to moderately reduced water supply and seasonal variation, but the overall nutritional quality of fresh marketable spinach was only marginally affected when considering health-related constituents such as minerals, trace elements, flavonoids and carotenoids.

scholarly journals A robust method to isolate Drosophila fat body nuclei for transcriptomic analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanika Gupta ◽  
Brian P. Lazzaro
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTGene expression profiles are typically described at the level of the tissue or, often in Drosophila, at the level of the whole organism. Collapsing the gene expression of entire tissues into single measures averages over potentially important heterogeneity among the cells that make up that tissue. The advent of single-cell RNA-sequencing technology (sc-RNAseq) allows transcriptomic evaluation of the individual cells that make up a tissue. However, sc-RNAseq requires a high-quality suspension of viable cells or nuclei, and cell dissociation methods that yield healthy cells and nuclei are still lacking for many important tissues. The insect fat body is a polyfunctional tissue responsible for diverse physiological processes and therefore is an important target for sc-RNAseq. The Drosophila adult fat body consists of fragile cells that are difficult to dissociate while maintaining cell viability. As an alternative, we developed a method to isolate single fat body nuclei for RNA-seq. Our isolation method is largely free of mitochondrial contamination and yields higher capture of transcripts per nucleus compared to other nuclei preparation methods. Our method works well for single cell nuclei sequencing and potentially can be implemented for bulk RNA-seq.

scholarly journals Transcriptomal dissection of soybean circadian rhythmicity in two geographically, phenotypically and genetically distinct cultivars

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanlei Yue ◽  
Ze Jiang ◽  
Enoch Sapey ◽  
Tingting Wu ◽  
Shi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Circadian Rhythmicity ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Circadian Clock Genes

Abstract Background In soybean, some circadian clock genes have been identified as loci for maturity traits. However, the effects of these genes on soybean circadian rhythmicity and their impacts on maturity are unclear. Results We used two geographically, phenotypically and genetically distinct cultivars, conventional juvenile Zhonghuang 24 (with functional J/GmELF3a, a homolog of the circadian clock indispensable component EARLY FLOWERING 3) and long juvenile Huaxia 3 (with dysfunctional j/Gmelf3a) to dissect the soybean circadian clock with time-series transcriptomal RNA-Seq analysis of unifoliate leaves on a day scale. The results showed that several known circadian clock components, including RVE1, GI, LUX and TOC1, phase differently in soybean than in Arabidopsis, demonstrating that the soybean circadian clock is obviously different from the canonical model in Arabidopsis. In contrast to the observation that ELF3 dysfunction results in clock arrhythmia in Arabidopsis, the circadian clock is conserved in soybean regardless of the functional status of J/GmELF3a. Soybean exhibits a circadian rhythmicity in both gene expression and alternative splicing. Genes can be grouped into six clusters, C1-C6, with different expression profiles. Many more genes are grouped into the night clusters (C4-C6) than in the day cluster (C2), showing that night is essential for gene expression and regulation. Moreover, soybean chromosomes are activated with a circadian rhythmicity, indicating that high-order chromosome structure might impact circadian rhythmicity. Interestingly, night time points were clustered in one group, while day time points were separated into two groups, morning and afternoon, demonstrating that morning and afternoon are representative of different environments for soybean growth and development. However, no genes were consistently differentially expressed over different time-points, indicating that it is necessary to perform a circadian rhythmicity analysis to more thoroughly dissect the function of a gene. Moreover, the analysis of the circadian rhythmicity of the GmFT family showed that GmELF3a might phase- and amplitude-modulate the GmFT family to regulate the juvenility and maturity traits of soybean. Conclusions These results and the resultant RNA-seq data should be helpful in understanding the soybean circadian clock and elucidating the connection between the circadian clock and soybean maturity.

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