In vitro and in vivo enzymatic dephosphorylation of phytate in maize–soya bean meal diets for broiler chickens by phytase of Mitsuokella jalaludinii

SummaryThe in sacco, in vitro and in vivo effects of feeding proteins partially coated with calcium soaps of longchain fatty acids were examined.In sacco, 84–90% of whey powder and soya-bean meal coated with calcium salts of fatty acids remained after 20 h incubation in the rumen of sheep. In vitro tests revealed no effects on volatile fatty acid or ammonia production.In vivo sheep balance studies, where soya-bean meal coated with calcium soaps was substituted for soya-bean meal, showed no effects on ammonia or volatile fatty acid production in the rumen due to the calcium soap coated proteins. No changes were observed in digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen or acid detergent fibre; total fatty acid digestion increased. Nitrogen balance was improved slightly in sheep fed the protected protein.It appears that proteins coated with calcium soaps are not degraded in the rumen and thus energy and non-degradable protein can be supplied to ruminants by this route.

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PSVII-35 Late-Breaking Abstract: Microwave heat treatment feed effect on ruminal degradability and intestinal protein digestibility - a brief review

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.607 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 342-343

Author(s):

Md Safiqur Rahaman Shishir ◽

Muhammad Jamal Khan ◽

Hassan Khanaki ◽

Graham Brodie ◽

Brendan Cullen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Canola Meal ◽

Canola Seed ◽

Intestinal Protein ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Ruminal Degradability ◽

Soya Bean Meal

Abstract Rumen degradability of crude protein (CP) of feed is a major factor that determines the utilization of CP in ruminant production. This study briefly reviewed the findings from six international studies of microwave (MW) heat treatment effect on feed CP rumen degradability and intestinal CP digestibility. Six in vitro studies of concentrate feed (canola seed, canola meal, soya bean meal, cottonseed meal, corn, and barley) showed a decrease in effective rumen degradability of dry matter and protein by 4–40% and 17–40%, respectively compared to control group (untreated concentrate feed). Among the six studies, four studies identified the MW heat treatment effect on intestinal protein digestibility. Due to MW heat treatment, canola seed, canola meal, soya bean meal, and cottonseed meal showed an increase in intestinal CP digestibility by 17%, 20%, 21%, and 19%, respectively. Overall the briefly reviewed studies showed that, MW heat treatment substantially reduced feed CP ruminal degradability and increased in vitro CP digestibility of ruminally undegraded CP.

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The use of a novel in vitro technique for the assessment of the ruminal degradation of soya bean meal.

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600024892 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 1993 ◽

pp. 167-167

Author(s):

A T Chamberlain

Keyword(s):

Pore Size ◽

Cold Water ◽

Latin Square ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Base Line ◽

Artificial Fibre ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal ◽

In Sacco

The metabolisabie protein system (AFRC, 1992) requires the measurement of the dynamics of the degradation of protein in the rumen. However the recommended method, using fistulated animals, is slow, expensive and may be considered unacceptable by many in terms of animal welfare. The objective of this work was to develop an in vitro technique for the routine assessment of feed protein degradability.A 101 vessel fitted with an automatic stirrer was filled with modified van Soest media and rumen liquor (pooled from two sheep) and maintained under anaerobic conditions at 39.5°C. Small artificial fibre bags (4.5x3cm, pore size 54 micro-m ±4) were filled with 0.4g of soya bean meal and incubated in the vessel for 3,6,10 and 24 hours using 3 replicates at each time. Bags were washed in running cold water for 30 mins immediately after removal. Four replicates of 3g samples in large Dacron bags (10x7cm, pore size 55 micro-m ±22) were also incubated in sacco in fistulated yearling wethers using a 4x4 Latin square design to assess the base line degradability. In sacco bags were rinsed and frozen after removal and washed in a domestic washing machine at the end of the experiment.

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Effects of the addition of starch on the utilization by sheep of the protein and crude fibre contained in lucerne hay and soya-bean meal

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600064480 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 413-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

H. Tagari ◽

D. Ben Gedalya ◽

Y. Shevach ◽

A. Bondi

Keyword(s):

Energy Content ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Control Groups ◽

Protein Requirement ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYA sheep-feeding experiment was carried out to compare the influence of starch supplementation on the utilization of protein contained in a roughage (lucerne hay) and in a concentrated feed (soya-bean meal). Twelve young rams were divided into four groups, all of which received 150% of the theoretical protein requirement for maintenance. Two groups received soya-bean meal, and the two other groups were given alfalfa hay as protein source. One soya-bean group and one lucerne hay group served as control groups and received the theoretical requirement of energy, whereas the energy content of both experimental groups was raised by addition of grain to 150% of the theoretical energy requirement.A N-balance experiment carried out with both control groups did not indicate the superiority of lucerne hay over soya-bean meal as had been found in previous experiments in which the sheep were fed diets just supplying the theoretical protein requirement. The advantage of roughage protein disappeared as a result of changes of dietary regime, such as the ingestion of protein surpluses and the reduction in the amount of cottonseed hulls.The N retention from the lucerne-hay ration was enhanced much more than the soya-bean meal ration by the addition of maize. Biochemical analyses of the rumen oontent showed that a much higher metabolic activity of the micro-organisms was induced by feeding a lucerne-hay diet supplying 150% of the theoretical protein requirement than that induced by ingestion of a corresponding amount of soya-bean meal. It was concluded that the increased biochemical potential of the lucerne-hay diet could be used advantageously only in presence of ample amounts of soluble carbohydrates. The digestibility of the carbohydrates contained in all four diets was examined by in vivo and in vitro methods. The digestibility of crude fibre in the lucerne-hay ration was somewhat raised by the addition of maize whereas the digestibility of crude fibre in the soya-bean meal ration was considerably depressed by the addition of maize.The digestibility of the carbohydrates contained in all four diets was examined by in vivo and in vitro methods. The digestibility of crude fibre in the lucerne-hay ration was somewhat raised by the addition of maize whereas the digestibility of crude fibre in the soya-bean meal ration was considerably depressed by the addition of maize.

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Effects of microwave irradiation on ruminal degradation and in vitro digestibility of soya-bean meal

Animal Science ◽

10.1079/asc40820369 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 369-375 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. A. Sadeghi ◽

A. Nikkhah ◽

P. Shawrang

Keyword(s):

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Water Soluble ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Α Subunit ◽

Sds Page ◽

Ruminal Degradation ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal

AbstractThis study was carried out to determine ruminal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation characteristics of untreated, 2-, 4- and 6-min microwave-treated soya-bean meal (SBM) by using nylon bags and sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) techniques. Nylon bags of untreated or treated SBM were suspended into the rumen of three Holstein steers from 0 to 48 h, and data were fitted to non-linear degradation characteristics to calculate effective rumen degradation (ERD). There were significant differences (P < 0·05) for DM and CP degradation parameters between untreated and microwave-treated SBM. Microwave treatments decreased the water-soluble fraction and increased the potentially degradable fraction of CP. The degradation rate of the latter fraction decreased with these treatments. As a consequence, microwave treatments decreased (P < 0·05) ERD of CP. From densitometric scanning, SBM proteins were seen to be composed of two major components; β-conglycinin and glycinin, accounting for proportionately 0·30 and 0·40 of buffer-soluble SBM proteins, respectively. Electrophoretic analysis of untreated, 2-, 4- and 6-min microwave-treated SBM protein residues revealed that two of the subunits of β-conglycinin (α -and α) were degraded completely after 2, 4, 24 and 48 h, respectively, whereas the α subunit of this protein was more resistant to degradation. In untreated SBM, the two subunits of glycinin (acidic and basic polypeptides) were degraded in the middle of the incubation period, but in microwave-treated SBM were not degraded until 48 h of incubation. In vitro digestibility of ruminally undegraded CP of untreated and treated SBM increased (P < 0·05) with increases in rumen incubation time from 8 to 24 h. In conclusion, SBM proteins appeared to be effectively protected from ruminal degradation by a 4-min microwave treatment. SDS-PAGE results indicated that ruminally undegraded protein from untreated SBM was mainly composed of the basic subunit of glycinin, whereas that from microwave-treated SBM was composed of β-conglycinin and both basic and acidic subunits of glycinin.

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The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19850078 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 691-708 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

J. A. Rooke ◽

H. A. Greife ◽

D. G. Armstrong

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Total N ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal ◽

Microbial N

1. In a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment four cattle were given in two meals per d diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 times (H) maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehydetreated (T).2. A 24 h collection of duodenal digesta and a 7 d collection of faeces were made using chromium sesquioxide for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of lumen pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations.3. Spot samples of duodenal digesta were obtained after administration of Cr2O3,-mordanted silage-fibre and soya-bean meal, to determine the rates of outflow of these markers from the rumen. Similar samples were also obtained after cessation of a continuous intraruminal infusion of ruthenium phenanthroline, 35S and CoEDTA.4. Incubations of each feedingstuff in porous synthetic fibre (psf) bags were carried out in the rumen and the rates of N disappearance from the bags determined.5. Increasing DM intake significantly ( P < 0.001) increased the quantities of organic matter (OM), total N and amino acid-N entering the small intestine and amounts subsequently voided in the faeces. Apparent digestibilities of OM and N were unaffected by DM intake; the proportions of total digestible OM digested in the rumen were significantly lower (P < 0.01) at the higher level of DM intake.6. Formaldehyde treatment of the soya-bean meal increased the quantities of N entering the small intestine; these increases were not significant.7. Increased DM intake increased the quantities of both microbial N (P < 0.001) and undegraded feed N (P < 0.01) entering the small intestine; HCHO-treatment also significantly (P < 0.05) increased the quantities of undegraded feed N entering the small intestine. The efficiency of microbial N synthesis within the lumen was not significantly affected by dietary treatments whereas apparent feed N degradability was reduced significantly ( P < 0.05) both by increasing DM intake and by HCHO-treatment of the soya-bean meal.8. Rates of disappearance of N from psf bags in the rumen were different for different feedingstuffs. However, for a given feedingstuff, the rate of N disappearance was not affected by the diets fed.9. The rates of decline in marker concentrations measured in duodenal digesta were significantly increased as DM intake increased with the exception of Cr2O2-soya-bean meal. The markers could be ranked (P < 0.05) in the following order of increasing outflow rate: ruthenium phenanthroline, 35S-labelled amino acids and Cr2O2-silage fibre < Cr2O3-soya-bean meal < CoEDTA.10. Estimates of the degradabilities of feedingstuffs were calculated from N disappearance rates from psf bags and either experimentally determined outflow rates or those proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (1984). Such estimates for the degradability of the whole diet were then compared with those determined in vivo using 35S as a marker.

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Net absorption from portal-drained viscera of nitrogenous compounds by beef heifers fed on diets differing in protein solubility or degradability in the rumen

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19870014 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 109-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Gerald B. Huntington

Keyword(s):

Blood Meal ◽

Protein Solubility ◽

Latin Square ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Nitrogenous Compounds ◽

Dietary Nitrogen ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal

1. The objective of the present study was to evaluate effects of in vitro rumen solubility or degradability of dietary protein on net absorption of nitrogenous compounds from portal-drained viscera of beef heifers.2. Four protein sources, casein, soya-bean meal, maize-gluten meal and blood meal provided about two-thirds of total dietary nitrogen in semi-purified diets given to four beef heifers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design.3. Although in vitro degradability of dietary N ranged from 842 (casein) to 310 (blood meal) g/kg total dietary N, net absorption of ammonia-N or α-amino-N was not significantly different (P > 0.10) among diets. However, net absorption of NH3-N tended to decrease and net absorption of α-amino-N tended to increase as intake of in vitro undegradable N increased. Net transfer of urea-N from plasma to portal-drained viscera was greater (P < 0.10) when heifers were fed on soya-bean meal than when fed on maize-gluten meal or blood meal.4. The findings show with all diets that the non-protein-nitrogenous compounds, NH3 and urea, played a substantial role in absorption and transfer of N. Overall, net absorption of NH3-N was 61% of net absorption of α-amino-N, and transfer of urea-N from plasma to portal-drained viscera was 80% ofnet absorption of α-amino-N.

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Estimation of the degradability of dietary protein in the sheep rumen by in vivo and in vitro procedures

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19850139 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 545-561 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

R. C Siddons ◽

J Paradine ◽

D. L. Gale ◽

R. T. Evans

Keyword(s):

Rumen Fluid ◽

Flow Measurements ◽

Fractional Rate ◽

Outflow Rate ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Sheep Rumen ◽

Soya Bean Meal ◽

Microbial N

1. Estimates of degradability of nitrogen in the sheep rumen for a basal hay diet and for soya-bean meal (SBM), groundnut meal (GNM) and fish meal (FM), when given together with the hay, were determined from measurements of (1) duodenal N flow, (2) ammonia kinetics and (3) rumen N disappearance from polyester bags and rumen outflow rate. The ability of various in vitro procedures to predict in vivo N degradability was also examined.2. Four sheep were given a basal hay diet (800 g dry matter (DM) and 19 g N/d) either alone or supplemented with isonitrogenous amounts (15 g N/d) of SBM, GNM or FM. Duodenal non-ammonia-N flow (g/d) was increased more by FM (8.0) than by GNM (5.9) and SBM (5.8), whilst microbial N flow (g/d) was increased more by SBM (3.9) than by GNM (2.3) and FM (1.6). N degradability values calculated from these results were 0.88, 0.76 and 0.57 for the SBM, GNM and FM respectively. The corresponding value for hay was calculated to be 0.76.3. The irreversible loss of ammonia in the forestomachs (g N/d) was increased more by SBM (11.9) than by GNM (7.2) and FM (5.8) whilst ammonia outflow from the rumen (g N/d) was increased to a similar extent by all supplements ( I.1, 0.9 and 0.8 respectively), as was the amount of microbial N (g/d) synthesized from sources other than rumen ammonia (1.8, 2.0 and 1.9 respectively). N degradability values calculated from these results were 0.84, 0.54 and 0.45 for the SBM, GNM and FM respectively.4. The fractional rate of N disappearance (/h) when the feedstuffs were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen of sheep receiving the basal hay diet (800 g DM/d) was the highest for SBM (0,145) and lowest for FM (0.037), with the hay (0.082) and GNM (0.071) intermediate, whilst the fractional outflow rates from the rumen (/h) of the three supplements were similar (0.034, 0.038 and 0,030 for SBM, GNM and FM espectively). N degradability values calculated from these results were 0.82, 0.67 and 0.60 for the SBM, GNM and FM respectively; the value for the hay was 0.73.5. Of a number of in vitro procedures tested, only N solubility in sodium hydroxide and ammonia or total non-protein-N (NPN) production during incubation with rumen fluid in the absence of hydrazine sulphate ranked the supplements, although not the hay, in the same order as the in vivo degradability procedures. In terms of absolute values, N solubility in NaOH, at room temperature, gave estimates similar to those derived from the duodenal flow measurements; estimates derived from ammonia and total NPN production were lower.

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Effect of supplementary crude protein level and degradability in grass silage-based diets on performance of dairy cows, and digestibility and abomasal nitrogen flow in sheep

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100005389 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 235-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

R. F. Cody ◽

J. J. Murphy ◽

D. J. Morgan

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal ◽

Daily Intakes

ABSTRACTFour concentrate supplements differing in crude protein (CP) and undegradable protein (UDP) content were offered to 16 lactating Friesian cows together with grass silage (dry matter (DM) 196 g/kg, pH 4·38, CP 160 g/kg DM, in vitro DM digestibility 0·68)ad libitumin a Latin-square trial with 3-week periods. The supplement treatments were: (1) barley 122 g CP per kg DM, degradability (dg) 0·77; (2) barley/soya-bean meal 210 g CP per kg DM, dg 0·69; (3) barley/soya-bean meal/fish meal 190 g CP per kg DM, dg 0·61; (4) barley/soya-bean meal/fish meal 219 g CP per kg DM, dg 0·59. Supplements were given at 8 kg/day. Total daily intakes of silage (kg DM), CP and UDP (g) on treatments 1 to 4 were 7·77, 2087, 375; 8·35, 2804, 655; 8·29, 2676, 717; 8·70, 2917, 826, respectively. Milk yield (kg/day) and yields of fat, protein and lactose (g/day) on the four treatments were 21·3, 791, 617, 984; 23·0, 816, 688, 1055; 23·0, 818, 696, 1050; 23·6, 813, 735, 1071 for treatments 1 to 4 respectively. Yield and concentration of protein and lactose were significantly lower on treatment 1 than on the other treatments, while the of blood metabolites indicated treatment effects on blood glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, plasma protein and urea. Digestibility of organic matter and non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) flow to the abomasum (g/day), measured in sheep given a fixed silage/supplement ratio at maintenance, were 0·81 and 18·4, 0·81 and 20·8, 0·82 and 21·4, 0·82 and 22·4 for treatments 1 to 4 respectively. The NAN flow was significantly greater on treatment 4 than on treatment 1.

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