scholarly journals Net absorption from portal-drained viscera of nitrogenous compounds by beef heifers fed on diets differing in protein solubility or degradability in the rumen

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald B. Huntington
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. The objective of the present study was to evaluate effects of in vitro rumen solubility or degradability of dietary protein on net absorption of nitrogenous compounds from portal-drained viscera of beef heifers.2. Four protein sources, casein, soya-bean meal, maize-gluten meal and blood meal provided about two-thirds of total dietary nitrogen in semi-purified diets given to four beef heifers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design.3. Although in vitro degradability of dietary N ranged from 842 (casein) to 310 (blood meal) g/kg total dietary N, net absorption of ammonia-N or α-amino-N was not significantly different (P > 0.10) among diets. However, net absorption of NH3-N tended to decrease and net absorption of α-amino-N tended to increase as intake of in vitro undegradable N increased. Net transfer of urea-N from plasma to portal-drained viscera was greater (P < 0.10) when heifers were fed on soya-bean meal than when fed on maize-gluten meal or blood meal.4. The findings show with all diets that the non-protein-nitrogenous compounds, NH3 and urea, played a substantial role in absorption and transfer of N. Overall, net absorption of NH3-N was 61% of net absorption of α-amino-N, and transfer of urea-N from plasma to portal-drained viscera was 80% ofnet absorption of α-amino-N.

The use of a novel in vitro technique for the assessment of the ruminal degradation of soya bean meal.

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 167-167
Author(s):  
A T Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Artificial Fibre ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
In Sacco

The metabolisabie protein system (AFRC, 1992) requires the measurement of the dynamics of the degradation of protein in the rumen. However the recommended method, using fistulated animals, is slow, expensive and may be considered unacceptable by many in terms of animal welfare. The objective of this work was to develop an in vitro technique for the routine assessment of feed protein degradability.A 101 vessel fitted with an automatic stirrer was filled with modified van Soest media and rumen liquor (pooled from two sheep) and maintained under anaerobic conditions at 39.5°C. Small artificial fibre bags (4.5x3cm, pore size 54 micro-m ±4) were filled with 0.4g of soya bean meal and incubated in the vessel for 3,6,10 and 24 hours using 3 replicates at each time. Bags were washed in running cold water for 30 mins immediately after removal. Four replicates of 3g samples in large Dacron bags (10x7cm, pore size 55 micro-m ±22) were also incubated in sacco in fistulated yearling wethers using a 4x4 Latin square design to assess the base line degradability. In sacco bags were rinsed and frozen after removal and washed in a domestic washing machine at the end of the experiment.

Effect of supplementary crude protein level and degradability in grass silage-based diets on performance of dairy cows, and digestibility and abomasal nitrogen flow in sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Cody ◽  
J. J. Murphy ◽  
D. J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Daily Intakes

ABSTRACTFour concentrate supplements differing in crude protein (CP) and undegradable protein (UDP) content were offered to 16 lactating Friesian cows together with grass silage (dry matter (DM) 196 g/kg, pH 4·38, CP 160 g/kg DM, in vitro DM digestibility 0·68)ad libitumin a Latin-square trial with 3-week periods. The supplement treatments were: (1) barley 122 g CP per kg DM, degradability (dg) 0·77; (2) barley/soya-bean meal 210 g CP per kg DM, dg 0·69; (3) barley/soya-bean meal/fish meal 190 g CP per kg DM, dg 0·61; (4) barley/soya-bean meal/fish meal 219 g CP per kg DM, dg 0·59. Supplements were given at 8 kg/day. Total daily intakes of silage (kg DM), CP and UDP (g) on treatments 1 to 4 were 7·77, 2087, 375; 8·35, 2804, 655; 8·29, 2676, 717; 8·70, 2917, 826, respectively. Milk yield (kg/day) and yields of fat, protein and lactose (g/day) on the four treatments were 21·3, 791, 617, 984; 23·0, 816, 688, 1055; 23·0, 818, 696, 1050; 23·6, 813, 735, 1071 for treatments 1 to 4 respectively. Yield and concentration of protein and lactose were significantly lower on treatment 1 than on the other treatments, while the of blood metabolites indicated treatment effects on blood glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, plasma protein and urea. Digestibility of organic matter and non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) flow to the abomasum (g/day), measured in sheep given a fixed silage/supplement ratio at maintenance, were 0·81 and 18·4, 0·81 and 20·8, 0·82 and 21·4, 0·82 and 22·4 for treatments 1 to 4 respectively. The NAN flow was significantly greater on treatment 4 than on treatment 1.

Digestion and live-weight gain by beef cattle consuming bermudagrass supplemented with grain or different high-protein foodstuffs

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Goetsch ◽  
L. A. Forster ◽  
G. E. Murphy ◽  
E. W. Grant ◽  
D. L. Galloway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Total N ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were made to determine the effects on digestion characteristics and live-weight (LW) gain of cattle consuming bermudagrass of supplementing with ground maize, soya-bean meal or a maizegluten— blood meal mix alone or maize plus the protein supplements. Experiment 1 was a Latin-square design with 14-day periods using six beef cows fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas (490 kg). Cows were given bermudagrass hay at 12·7 g/kg LW alone (control, C) or with 2·4 g/kg LW of ground maize (M), 0·98 g/kg LW of soya-bean meal (S), 0·53 g/kg LW of maize-gluten plus 0·17 g/kg (dry matter basis) of blood meal (GB), M plus S (M + S) or M plus GB (M + GB). Nitrogen (N) intake was 106, 123, 143, 148, 166 and 166 g/day; total N at the duodenum was 101, 124, 117, 126, 140 and 161 (s.e. 5·91) g/day; and post-ruminal N disappearance was 61, 77, 72, 84, 87 and 110 (s.e. 5·6) g/day for C, M, S, GB, M + S and M + GB, respectively. In experiment 2, 96 crossbred beef heifers (203 kg LW) implanted with 200 mg testosterone and 20 mg oestradiol benzoate were allotted to 12 groups by LW (two groups per treatment). Heifers grazed bermudagrass paddocks for 84 days in two 42-day periods and supplement treatments were those in experiment 1. A period × treatment interaction in LW gain was noted (P< 0·05). LW gain was 0·78, 0·81, 0·79, 0·76, 0·70 and 0·95 kg in period 1 and 0·46, 0·51, 0·56, 0·53, 0·64 and 0·61 kg in period 2 for C, M, S, GB, M + S and M + GB, respectively (s.e. 0·049). In conclusion, duodenal flow and post-ruminal disappearance of N were similar for the protein sources when offered singularly, but when given with maize values were greater for the mix of protein meals high in ruminal undegradable protein as compared with soya-bean meal. LW gain by heifer calves grazing bermudagrass was increased only by supplementation with ground maize plus the protein meal mix of low ruminal degradability.

scholarly journals PSVII-35 Late-Breaking Abstract: Microwave heat treatment feed effect on ruminal degradability and intestinal protein digestibility - a brief review

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 342-343
Author(s):  
Md Safiqur Rahaman Shishir ◽  
Muhammad Jamal Khan ◽  
Hassan Khanaki ◽  
Graham Brodie ◽  
Brendan Cullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Intestinal Protein ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Abstract Rumen degradability of crude protein (CP) of feed is a major factor that determines the utilization of CP in ruminant production. This study briefly reviewed the findings from six international studies of microwave (MW) heat treatment effect on feed CP rumen degradability and intestinal CP digestibility. Six in vitro studies of concentrate feed (canola seed, canola meal, soya bean meal, cottonseed meal, corn, and barley) showed a decrease in effective rumen degradability of dry matter and protein by 4–40% and 17–40%, respectively compared to control group (untreated concentrate feed). Among the six studies, four studies identified the MW heat treatment effect on intestinal protein digestibility. Due to MW heat treatment, canola seed, canola meal, soya bean meal, and cottonseed meal showed an increase in intestinal CP digestibility by 17%, 20%, 21%, and 19%, respectively. Overall the briefly reviewed studies showed that, MW heat treatment substantially reduced feed CP ruminal degradability and increased in vitro CP digestibility of ruminally undegraded CP.

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of soya-bean meal and rapeseed meal on the amino acid profiles and acid-pepsin solubility of rumen undegraded protein

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Varvikko ◽  
J. E. Lindberg ◽  
J. Setälä ◽  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Methionine Concentration ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYSoya-bean meal and rapeseed meal treated with 0, 0·4 or 0·8 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein (N × 6·25) was incubated in the rumen in nylon bags with 10 and 40 μm aperture.Disappearance of dry matter and nitrogenous compounds was reduced with increasing formaldehyde treatment.The proportion of acid-pepsin soluble nitrogen in the undegraded residues of untreated and treated soya-bean meal was similar to the original samples. For rapeseed meal the proportion of acid-pepsin soluble nitrogen in the undegraded residues decreased with increasing rumen incubation time. This reduction decreased with increasing formaldehyde treatment.Concentration of amino acids in the undegraded residues did not generally deviate from those in the original samples. However, a distinguishable decrease in the methionine concentration was observed in all the rapeseed meal samples and in glutamic acid concentration in rapeseed meal treated with 0 and 0·4 g formaldehyde/100g- crude protein.Most of the changes due to rumen incubation were smaller using the 10 μm bags than using the 40 μm bags. However, the bag pore size did not play a decisive role in the conclusions of the results given.

Dietary amino acid balance and requirements for pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhang ◽  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
H. D. Keal ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTNitrogen balance was measured in a series of experiments to determine the optimum balance between lysine, threonine and methionine plus cystine by successive additions of the free amino acids to a basal diet of barley, soya bean meal and tallow. The basal diet had a calculated digestible energy (DE) value of 14·5 MJ/kg and a crude protein content of 146 g/kg. The ranges of total lysine; threonine and methionine plus cystine tested were (g/kg) 6·6 to 11·8, 4·9 to 6·9 and 4·3 to 71, respectively. Latin-square designs were used involving a total of 33 pigs. Nitrogen utilization was optimized in pigs of 3 to 9 weeks of age when each kg of diet contained 10·5 g lysine, 6·4 g threonine and 5·0 g methionine plus cystine, corresponding to a ratio of 100: 61: 48. Thereafter, five diets were formulated in which the same ratio was maintained, but at different protein levels (129 to 192 g/kg). Again the diets were based on barley, soya bean meal and tallow supplemented with free amino acids. These diets were compared, in both nitrogen balance and performance experiments, with a conventional early-weaning diet with a protein content of 240 g/kg. All six diets had the same calculated DE value (14·5 MJ/kg). The N balance experiment was of Latin-square design and involved 18 pigs, and the performance experiment used 36 pigs fed individually from 3 to 9 weeks of age. A diet containing 0·99 g lysine per MJ DE (14·4 g lysine and 192 g balanced protein per kg) was considered to be adequate on the basis of the growth rate and food conversion efficiency results obtained.

Effects of the addition of starch on the utilization by sheep of the protein and crude fibre contained in lucerne hay and soya-bean meal

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tagari ◽  
D. Ben Gedalya ◽  
Y. Shevach ◽  
A. Bondi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYA sheep-feeding experiment was carried out to compare the influence of starch supplementation on the utilization of protein contained in a roughage (lucerne hay) and in a concentrated feed (soya-bean meal). Twelve young rams were divided into four groups, all of which received 150% of the theoretical protein requirement for maintenance. Two groups received soya-bean meal, and the two other groups were given alfalfa hay as protein source. One soya-bean group and one lucerne hay group served as control groups and received the theoretical requirement of energy, whereas the energy content of both experimental groups was raised by addition of grain to 150% of the theoretical energy requirement.A N-balance experiment carried out with both control groups did not indicate the superiority of lucerne hay over soya-bean meal as had been found in previous experiments in which the sheep were fed diets just supplying the theoretical protein requirement. The advantage of roughage protein disappeared as a result of changes of dietary regime, such as the ingestion of protein surpluses and the reduction in the amount of cottonseed hulls.The N retention from the lucerne-hay ration was enhanced much more than the soya-bean meal ration by the addition of maize. Biochemical analyses of the rumen oontent showed that a much higher metabolic activity of the micro-organisms was induced by feeding a lucerne-hay diet supplying 150% of the theoretical protein requirement than that induced by ingestion of a corresponding amount of soya-bean meal. It was concluded that the increased biochemical potential of the lucerne-hay diet could be used advantageously only in presence of ample amounts of soluble carbohydrates. The digestibility of the carbohydrates contained in all four diets was examined by in vivo and in vitro methods. The digestibility of crude fibre in the lucerne-hay ration was somewhat raised by the addition of maize whereas the digestibility of crude fibre in the soya-bean meal ration was considerably depressed by the addition of maize.The digestibility of the carbohydrates contained in all four diets was examined by in vivo and in vitro methods. The digestibility of crude fibre in the lucerne-hay ration was somewhat raised by the addition of maize whereas the digestibility of crude fibre in the soya-bean meal ration was considerably depressed by the addition of maize.

Effects of microwave irradiation on ruminal degradation and in vitro digestibility of soya-bean meal

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Sadeghi ◽  
A. Nikkhah ◽  
P. Shawrang
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractThis study was carried out to determine ruminal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation characteristics of untreated, 2-, 4- and 6-min microwave-treated soya-bean meal (SBM) by using nylon bags and sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) techniques. Nylon bags of untreated or treated SBM were suspended into the rumen of three Holstein steers from 0 to 48 h, and data were fitted to non-linear degradation characteristics to calculate effective rumen degradation (ERD). There were significant differences (P < 0·05) for DM and CP degradation parameters between untreated and microwave-treated SBM. Microwave treatments decreased the water-soluble fraction and increased the potentially degradable fraction of CP. The degradation rate of the latter fraction decreased with these treatments. As a consequence, microwave treatments decreased (P < 0·05) ERD of CP. From densitometric scanning, SBM proteins were seen to be composed of two major components; β-conglycinin and glycinin, accounting for proportionately 0·30 and 0·40 of buffer-soluble SBM proteins, respectively. Electrophoretic analysis of untreated, 2-, 4- and 6-min microwave-treated SBM protein residues revealed that two of the subunits of β-conglycinin (α -and α) were degraded completely after 2, 4, 24 and 48 h, respectively, whereas the α subunit of this protein was more resistant to degradation. In untreated SBM, the two subunits of glycinin (acidic and basic polypeptides) were degraded in the middle of the incubation period, but in microwave-treated SBM were not degraded until 48 h of incubation. In vitro digestibility of ruminally undegraded CP of untreated and treated SBM increased (P < 0·05) with increases in rumen incubation time from 8 to 24 h. In conclusion, SBM proteins appeared to be effectively protected from ruminal degradation by a 4-min microwave treatment. SDS-PAGE results indicated that ruminally undegraded protein from untreated SBM was mainly composed of the basic subunit of glycinin, whereas that from microwave-treated SBM was composed of β-conglycinin and both basic and acidic subunits of glycinin.

Efficiency of utilization during pregnancy and lactation in the ewe of the protein reaching the abomasum and truly digested in the small intestine

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. Ngongoni ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
R. P. Aitken ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Estimate ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn six experiments carried out on individually penned Finn Dorset ewes estimates were made of the quantities of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) reaching the abomasum and truly digested in the small intestine. For experiments 1 and 2 which each involved 33 ewes given a complete diet of milled hay and concentrates supplemented with varying amounts of a good-quality fish meal during late pregnancy, the overall regression estimate for the daily amount of truly digested NAN required for zero N retention (ewe plus conceptus) was 438 mg/kg M0·75 (441 and 434 for experiments 1 and 2 respectively). The coefficients for the efficiency of utilization of increments of truly digested NAN and maternal tissue N for net N accretion in the conceptus were 0·48 (s.e. 0·039) and 0·84 (s.e. 0·127) respectively.In experiment 3, 24 lactating ewes had their diet supplemented with either soya-bean meal or fish meal. There was no effect of protein source on the amounts of NAN reaching the abomasum in ewes fitted with an abomasal cannula or on milk yield and these observations confirmed the unusually high degradability (measured by the polyester bag technique) of the fish-meal protein in the rumen. For experiments 4, 5 and 6 a total of 36 ewes were used to test the efficiency with which the NAN truly digested in the small intestine was used for the synthesis of milk protein. In the absence of data on the possible contribution of body tissue N to milk N the coefficient for the apparent efficiency of utilization of truly digested NAN when the ewes were given a basal diet containing approximately 10 g crude protein per MJ metabolizable energy was 0·63. For those ewes receiving the basal diet supplemented with either soya-bean meal, fish meal or blood meal the coefficients for the efficiency of utilization for the production of milk N of the increments in truly digested NAN supplied by the three protein sources were 0·61, 0·54 and 0·29 respectively. It is suggested that the low coefficient for blood meal may be due to its low content of methionine.

Effect of ammonia treatment or protein supplementation on rumination behaviour in sheep given barley straw

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-445
Author(s):  
P. O. Mawuenyegah ◽  
L. Warly ◽  
T. Harumoto ◽  
T. Fujihara
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Salt Lick ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractA study was conducted to compare the effects of ammoniation and protein supplementation of barley straw on rumination behaviour of sheep. Four wethers were allocated to four diets offered ad libitum in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design. The diets were, untreated barley straw + molasses meal (diet 1), untreated barley straw + soya-bean meal + molasses meal (diet 2), ammonia-treated barley straw + molasses meal (diet 3) and ammonia-treated barley straw + soya-bean meal + molasses meal (diet 4). Animals were kept in metabolism crates throughout each 16-day experimental period and allowed free access to water and a mineralized salt lick. The first 11 days of each period were for adaptation to the harnesses and diets while the last 5 days were used for rumination studies. Animals given diets 3 and 4 had slower eating rates compared with those given diets 1 and 2. Rumination index and duration of each rumination period was lower for sheep consuming diets 3 and 4 than for those on diets 1 and 2 but not significantly so (P > 0·05). Rumination time per 100 g neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) intake was significantly lower (P < 0·01) for diets containing ammoniated straw. Animals given ammoniated straw diets also regurgitated fewer boluses per unit NDF intake than did those on untreated straw diets. The results showed that increased intake and digestibility, which is usually associated with ammoniated straws, was due to sheep doing less work per unit of time to break down straw for digestion. In this way, potentially digestible tissues within a given amount of straw is more readily exposed. The foregoing suggests that ammonia treatment results in less rumination so that ruminants given ammonia-treated straw diets do less work ruminating.

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