scholarly journals Impact of volume, immunoglobulin G concentration, and feeding method of colostrum product on neonatal nursing behavior and transfer of passive immunity in beef calves

animal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 100345
Author(s):  
L. Gamsjäger ◽  
D.M. Haines ◽  
E.A. Pajor ◽  
M. Lévy ◽  
M.C. Windeyer
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Neonatal Nursing

Ultrastructural evidence of transplacental transport of immunoglobulin G in bitches

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 315-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Stoffel ◽  
AE Friess ◽  
SH Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
Ultrastructural Evidence ◽  
Cytotrophoblast Cells ◽  
Fetal Vessels

In dogs, passive immunity is conferred to fetuses and neonates by the transfer of maternal immunoglobulin G through the placenta during the last trimester of pregnancy and via the mammary gland after parturition, respectively. However, morphological evidence of transplacental transport is still lacking. The aim of the present study was to localize maternal immunoglobulin G in the labyrinthine zone and in the haemophagous zone of the canine placenta by means of immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. In the labyrinthine zone, immunoglobulin G was detected in all the layers of the materno-fetal barrier including the fetal capillaries. Immunoreactivity was particularly prominent in maternal basement membrane material as well as in the syncytiotrophoblast. However, this evidence of transplacental transport of immunoglobulin G originated from a limited number of unevenly distributed maternal vessels only. In the cytotrophoblast of the haemophagous zone, immunoglobulin G was localized to phagolysosomes at various stages but was never detected within fetal vessels. The results indicate that maternal immunoglobulin G is degraded in cytotrophoblast cells of the hemophagous zone and, therefore, that transplacental transport is restricted to a subpopulation of maternal vessels in the labyrinthine zone.

scholarly journals Quantifying subclinical trauma associated with calving difficulty, vigour, and passive immunity in newborn beef calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M Pearson ◽  
Elizabeth R Homerosky ◽  
Nigel A Caulkett ◽  
John R Campbell ◽  
Michel Levy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Traumatic Birth ◽  
Calving Difficulty

This cross-sectional study quantifies subclinical trauma associated with calving difficulty, calf vigour, and passive immunity (PI) in newborn beef calves. The degree of calving difficulty was categorised as: unassisted, easy assist (one or two people manually pulling to deliver the calf) and difficult assist (more than two people pulling, a fetal extractor (ie, calf jack), or caesarean section). Vigour assessment occurred at 10 minutes and blood sampling at 24 hours after birth in 77 beef calves. The measured blood parameters associated with trauma were creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and haptoglobin. Serum IgG concentration was measured, and an IgG concentration at least 24 g/l was considered as adequate PI. Calving difficulty was associated with elevated levels of CK (P=0.002) and AST (P=0.01), weak suckle reflex (P=0.001), abnormal mucous membrane colour (P<0.0001), and decreased odds of adequate PI (P=0.004). Elevated levels of CK and AST were associated with abnormal mucous membrane colour, incomplete tongue withdrawal and weak suckle reflex at birth (P<0.001). An incomplete tongue withdrawal (P=0.005) and weak suckle reflex (P=0.02) were associated with decreased IgG concentrations. Abnormal mucous membrane colour, incomplete tongue withdrawal, and a weak suckle reflex were associated with decreased odds of having adequate PI (P<0.05). Haptoglobin was not associated with any of the parameters measured. Subclinical trauma was associated with calving difficulty, decreased vigour and decreased odds of having adequate PI. Understanding the impacts of a traumatic birth may aid the development of management strategies for compromised newborn beef calves.

scholarly journals Current Diagnostic Methods for Assessing Transfer of Passive Immunity in Calves and Possible Improvements: A Literature Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2963
Author(s):  
Rayanne Soalheiro Souza ◽  
Lucas Braga Costa Santos ◽  
Isabela Oliveira Melo ◽  
Daiane Maria Cerqueira ◽  
Juliana Vieira Dumas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Radial Immunodiffusion ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Methods Of Evaluation

Several direct or indirect methods can be used to assess immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in calves, which evaluates the transfer of passive immunity (TPI). Radial immunodiffusion (RID) is the gold standard method to measure serum IgG in bovines. Previous studies have shown that colostrum provides several molecules in addition to immunoglobulins, which play an important role in the passive immunity of the calf. However, no studies have yet determined the level of interference of these components in the immunity, health and survival of calves. In this sense, the objective of this study is to review the methods of evaluation available for the laboratory and field diagnosis of TPI in calves and discuss the main aspects of each technique. Several methods available for TPI evaluation in calves may provide insights into the various components of colostrum involved in passive immunity.

scholarly journals Effect of high-pressure processing of bovine colostrum on immunoglobulin G concentration, pathogens, viscosity, and transfer of passive immunity to calves

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 8575-8588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek M. Foster ◽  
Keith P. Poulsen ◽  
Hannah J. Sylvester ◽  
Megan E. Jacob ◽  
Kaitlyn E. Casulli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
High Pressure Processing ◽  
Bovine Colostrum ◽  
Passive Immunity

Temporal kinetics of bovine mammary IgG secretion into colostrum and transition milk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasey M Schalich ◽  
Olivia M Reiff ◽  
Blake T Nguyen ◽  
Cassandra L Lamb ◽  
Cecilia R Mondoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Neonatal Calf ◽  
Calf Survival ◽  
Transition Milk ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Igg Secretion ◽  
Early Transition

Abstract Neonatal calf survival and health is predominantly dependent on sufficient consumption of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and the resulting transfer of passive immunity (TPI). In this study we investigate the potential for continued IgG secretion and temporal kinetics of mammary IgG output in sequential milkings performed at 0, 4, 16, 28, 40 and 52 hours post-calving in Holstein dairy cows. For colostrum (0 hour), we also scrutinize the relationships between IgG concentration, volume, refractometer readings (˚Bx values, Brix ®) and concentration of sugars (lactose and glucose). Mammary transcripts postpartum (0 hour) indicated that active IgG secretion continues beyond the first milking (colostrum; n=4-5). IgG measurements at the different timepoints indicated that colostrum represents only 25.1% of the total IgG produced across the six sequential milking timepoints, with a substantial 48.9% being secreted into transition milk over the next three timepoints (4-, 6- and 28-hour) combined. The differences on the basis of IgG concentrations across 0-, 4- and 16-hour milking timepoints were not statistically significant (p=0.1522; n=9). For colostrum, volume remained highly variable, even with induced let-down prior to milking (n=27). Nonetheless, colostrum IgG secretion was significantly co-regulated with volume (R 2=0.915; p&lt;0.001; n=18), an association that was stronger than that measured for lactose (R 2=0.803; p&lt;0.001; n=18) and glucose (R 2=0.467; p=0.002; n=17). Comparing colostrum ˚Bx values to absolute IgG concentrations showed no correlation (R 2=0.127; p=0.07; n=27); biochemical separation of colostrum components indicated that both proteins and non-protein solutes could affect ˚Bx values (p&lt;0.0001 for both; n=5). This suggests that ˚Bx values do not reasonably indicate IgG concentration to serve as a measure of “colostrum quality.” Additionally, our finding that early transition milk (4-, 6- and 28-hour) can contribute substantially more IgG than colostrum forces a rethink of existing feeding paradigms and means to maximize TPI in calves. Collectively, our results reveal the remarkable value of early transition milk and caveats to colostrum assessments that could advance application in enhancing neonatal calf health.

scholarly journals Colostrum production of Alentejano and Large-White × Landrace sows: consumption, passive immunity and mortality of piglets

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. e0611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Charneca ◽  
Maria J. Vila-Viçosa ◽  
Paulo Infante ◽  
José Nunes ◽  
Jean Le Dividich
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Large White ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Piglet Mortality ◽  
The Difference

<p>Colostrum production and composition of 45 Alentejano (AL) and 45 crossed (Large–White × Landrace, LL) sows together with consumption and passive immunization of piglets, were evaluated. Piglets were weighed at birth, 24h, and 21 and 28 days of age. Colostrum was collected, chemically analysed and immunoglobulin G (IgG) determined. On piglets, serum IgG concentrations were determined at 2d and 28d of age. Alentejano piglets consumed 19% less colostrum than LL piglets (267 <em>vs</em> 328 g; <em>p</em>&lt;0.001), but when adjusted for birth weight, the difference between genotypes was not significant (<em>p</em>=0.891). Alentejano sows produced less colostrum (1985±139 g <em>vs</em> 3761±139 g, <em>p</em>&lt;0.001) than LL sows, even after adjustment for litter birth weight. IgG concentrations were higher in AL colostrum at 12 h and 36 h after the onset of farrowing. They were higher in AL than in LL piglets (<em>p</em>=0.025) and higher at 2d than at 28d of age (<em>p&lt;</em>0.001). Mortality rate of piglets until d21 post–farrowing was higher in AL genotype (27% <em>vs</em> 16.1%, <em>p</em>&lt;0.001). In both genotypes main factors influencing piglet mortality were birth weight and colostrum intake (g/kg birth weight). Higher mortality in AL than in LL genotype was attributable to the higher proportion (28.7% <em>vs</em> 11.6%, <em>p</em>&lt;0.001) of light piglets. It is concluded that for similar birth weight, both AL and LL piglets have a similar ability to ingest colostrum and that AL sows are less able to produce colostrum than LL sows. IgG concentrations of colostrum and of piglets serum were higher in AL than in LL genotype.</p>

Transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves

Livestock ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 239-246
Author(s):  
Ian Glover
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Veterinary Surgeons

Colostrum intake is vital for the transfer of immunoglobulins from dam to calf, enabling a functional immune response when required during early life. Colostrum management is therefore a key part of preventing disease and mortality in young dairy calves. Additional benefits of adequate colostrum provision include improved growth and future milk yield. Research indicates the need for more stringent targets with respect to both colostrum provision for calves and when monitoring calves for transfer of passive immunity (TPI). The extent of TPI in calves is reflected in the concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum, and is under the influence of a multitude of factors, many of which may be managed by farmers and veterinary surgeons in order to improve TPI on farms.

scholarly journals Clinical impacts of administering a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to beef calves after assisted calving on pain and inflammation, passive immunity, health, and growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1996-2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M Pearson ◽  
Edmond A Pajor ◽  
John R Campbell ◽  
Nigel A Caulkett ◽  
Michel Levy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Calving Difficulty

Abstract Assisted calves are often born weak, injured, or oxygen deprived and have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality. The objective was to investigate the impact of using pain mitigation at birth in assisted beef calves on physiological indicators of pain and inflammation, passive immunity, health, and growth. Thirty-three primiparous cows and their calves requiring assistance at birth on two ranches located in southern Alberta were enrolled. Data collected at birth include date and time of calving, calf sex, meconium staining, presentation of calf, and calving difficulty (easy assist: one person manually delivered the calf; difficult assist: delivery by two or more people, or mechanical assistance). Within 10 min of birth, calves were stratified by calving difficulty, randomized to a medication group, and received a subcutaneous dose of meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg BW) or an equivalent volume of placebo. Cow–calf pairs were then placed in individual box stalls for observation and sampling. At birth, 1, 4, and 24 h after birth, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were assessed and blood samples collected to measure indicators of pain and inflammation (cortisol, corticosterone, substance P, and haptoglobin). Serum IgG concentration and failed transfer of passive immunity (serum IgG concentration &lt;24 g/L) were assessed in the 24-h blood samples. Preweaning treatment for disease and mortality information was collected and calves were weighed at 7 to 10 d of age and at weaning. Of the 33 calves enrolled, 17 calves received meloxicam and 16 calves received a placebo. Meloxicam-medicated calves had significantly greater ADG to 7 to 10 d of age (P = 0.05) (mean = 0.9 kg/d; SE = 0.10) compared with placebo-medicated calves (mean = 0.6 kg/d; SE = 0.12). There was no significant effect of meloxicam on physiological indicators of pain and inflammation, standing or nursing by 1 h, passive immunity, health outcomes, or ADG to weaning (P &gt; 0.1). Although this was a small sample population, meloxicam given to assisted calves at birth improved ADG in the first week of life, which may indicate an important production management tool for improving well-being in assisted calves.

scholarly journals Passive immunity in lambs: Colostral and serum γ-glutamyltransferase as a predictor of IgG concentration and related to the diseases from birth to 12 weeks of life

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
E Gokce ◽  
AH Kirmizigul ◽  
O Atakisi ◽  
M Kuru ◽  
HM Erdogan
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Neonatal Lambs

The main goal of this study was to find a link between colostrum and the 1-day-old lamb serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration and their relation with neonatal diseases and beyond. Further, to set a linear relationship between the serum GGT activity (SGGTA) and the IgG concentration (SIgGC) in different days of the neonatal period, thereby determining the feasibility of the GGT activity in the prediction of the colostrum quality and passive immunity and to define a cut-off point for the SGGTA associated with an increased risk of illness or death in lambs. For this purpose, blood samples were obtained from the lambs before the colostrum intake (day 0) and on different days (1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28) in the neonatal period. The colostrum was collected from the respective ewes (n = 254) related to the lambs. The most accurate (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.652) model for predicting the SIgGC or passive immune status was the multiple regression model developed to calculate ln[IgG] from ln[GGT] in healthy neonatal lambs using the serum GGT and IgG values of day 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28. The In[GGT] activity at 24 h after birth in lambs that died or became ill during the neonatal period accounted for approximately 77% and 88% of the variation in the ln[IgG] concentration at 24 h after birth, respectively. The study revealed that SGGTA-24 &gt; 500 IU may be considered as a critical cut-off point for the adequate colostral passive transfer. This study also disclosed that the colostral GGT activity might be used as an indicator to determine the colostrum quality.

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