Update: Severe Respiratory Illness Associated With a Novel Coronavirus—Worldwide, 2012-2013

A novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has created a global pandemic in 2020, posing an enormous challenge to healthcare systems and affected communities. COVID-19 is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoronaVirus-2 (CoV-2) that manifests as bronchitis, pneumonia, or a severe respiratory illness. SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells via binding a "spike" protein on its surface to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) within the host. ACE2 is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis and negatively regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the humans. The RAAS is paramount for normal function in multiple organ systems including the lungs, heart, kidney, and vasculature. Given that SARS-CoV-2 internalizes via ACE2, the resultant disruption in ACE2 expression can lead to altered tissue function and exacerbate chronic diseases. The widespread distribution and expression of ACE2 across multiple organs is critical to our understanding of the varied clinical outcomes of COVID-19. This perspective review based on the current literature was prompted to show how disruption of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 can affect different organ systems.

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A comprehensive review on epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of the novel coronavirus syndrome – COVID-19

Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine ◽

10.53986/ibjm.2020.0019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 110-123

Author(s):

Kulvinder Kochar Kaur ◽

◽

Gautam Allahbadia ◽

Mandeep Singh ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Illness ◽

World Health ◽

The Novel ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Severe Respiratory Illness

Since the outbreak of the novel Coronavirus in December 2019 in Wuhan China, this novel Coronavirus disease(COVID-19) has spread worldwide taking not only epidemic proportions but with its rapid spread world health organization(WHO) was forced to declare it as a pandemic. The Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus (CoV2) virus is responsible for clusters of severe respiratory illness that simulates acute respiratory syndrome that was what was initially. It is thought although that it is equivalent to the high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE), showing glass ground opacities in lungs. More experience is getting acquired with changes in treatment approaches from PEEP to avoid intubation and just ensure oxygen levels maintained. Human to human transmission through droplets, contaminated hands as well as surfaces, has been revealed with an incubation period varying from 2-14 days. Early diagnosis using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or computed tomography (CT) scan chest, quarantine, as well as supportive treatment are necessary for getting a cure. In this review we have tried to analyze the epidemiology, diagnosis, isolation, and treatment, including antiviral drugs like remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and ivermectin. With 3 successful cases of convalescent plasma achieved in USA, trials going on in India along with vaccines are also detailed in this article.

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2019-nCoV: A Possible Progenitor for SARS-CoV with Bat Origin?

10.20944/preprints202003.0159.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yongchang Xu ◽

Leyi Wang ◽

Xu Jia ◽

Youjun Feng

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

Evolutionary Origin ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Wuhan City ◽

The Past ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Severe Respiratory Illness

A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that is initially found to trigger human severe respiratory illness in Wuhan City of China, 2019, has been recognized as a public health emergency of international concern. In the past two months, this deadly agent has caused 77,785 cases with 2,666 deaths via rapid person-to-person transmission and reached at least 25 countries. However, its evolutionary origin is poorly understood. Here we show integrative evidence that 2019-nCoV is a possible progenitor for SARS-CoV with bat origin. Our finding underscores the importance of tracing origin in the efficient monitoring, and effectively preventing the interspecies transmission of such emerging/re-emerging coronaviruses.

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Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.17.40.20290-en ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (40) ◽

Author(s):

A Bermingham ◽

M A Chand ◽

C S Brown ◽

E Aarons ◽

C Tong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Human Disease ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Gulf Region ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Severe Respiratory Illness

Coronaviruses have the potential to cause severe transmissible human disease, as demonstrated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2003. We describe here the clinical and virological features of a novel coronavirus infection causing severe respiratory illness in a patient transferred to London, United Kingdom, from the Gulf region of the Middle East.

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Emergence of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Need for Rapid Vaccine and Biologics Development

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9020148 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 148 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Balamurugan Shanmugaraj ◽

Ashwini Malla ◽

Waranyoo Phoolcharoen

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Plant Biotechnology ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

The United States ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Emerging Pathogen ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Short Time ◽

Collaborative Efforts ◽

Severe Respiratory Illness

Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is an emerging pathogen that was first identified in Wuhan, China in late December 2019. This virus is responsible for the ongoing outbreak that causes severe respiratory illness and pneumonia-like infection in humans. Due to the increasing number of cases in China and outside China, the WHO declared coronavirus as a global health emergency. Nearly 35,000 cases were reported and at least 24 other countries or territories have reported coronavirus cases as early on as February. Inter-human transmission was reported in a few countries, including the United States. Neither an effective anti-viral nor a vaccine is currently available to treat this infection. As the virus is a newly emerging pathogen, many questions remain unanswered regarding the virus’s reservoirs, pathogenesis, transmissibility, and much more is unknown. The collaborative efforts of researchers are needed to fill the knowledge gaps about this new virus, to develop the proper diagnostic tools, and effective treatment to combat this infection. Recent advancements in plant biotechnology proved that plants have the ability to produce vaccines or biopharmaceuticals rapidly in a short time. In this review, the outbreak of 2019-nCoV in China, the need for rapid vaccine development, and the potential of a plant system for biopharmaceutical development are discussed.

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COVID-19 pandemic: The deadly respiratory disease of 21st century

Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.24092/crps.2021.110101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 01-18

Author(s):

Shweta Jain ◽

◽

Pankaj Kumar Jain ◽

Ramakant Yadav ◽

Surendra Kumar Jain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Clinical Investigation ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

The Novel ◽

Major Threat ◽

The World ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Severe Respiratory Illness

The sudden outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated from Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory illness and becomes a major threat for humanity. Recently the entire scientist, researchers and physicians all over the countries focused to find the treatment of this pandemic disease. Numerous drugs and or vaccines have been trialed for prevention and treatment against 2019-nCoV but no therapy has been shown effective to date. Currently, numerous vaccines are under clinical investigation and mRNA-1273 vaccine (LNP- encapsulated mRNA vaccine encoding S protein) from Moderna is ahead. Although chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir and many other drugs had recommended against SARS-CoV-2, but still they are not the guarantee treatment of COVID-19. Recently, India, America, Russia and China introduced vaccines against COVID-19 in the market, however assurance of their 100% effectiveness are doubtful. The speed of daily new cases threatens the world and urges the scientist to crack this pandemic condition. KEYWORDS: 2019-nCoV; Chloroquine; COVID-19; Moderna; Respiratory disease; Remdesivir.

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The United Kingdom public health response to an imported laboratory confirmed case of a novel coronavirus in September 2012

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.17.40.20292-en ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (40) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R G Pebody ◽

M A Chand ◽

H L Thomas ◽

H K Green ◽

N L Boddington ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Disease ◽

Fatal Case ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

The Novel ◽

Public Health Response ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Health Response ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Severe Respiratory Illness ◽

Close Contacts

On 22 September 2012, a novel coronavirus, very closely related to that from a fatal case in Saudi Arabia three months previously, was detected in a previously well adult transferred to intensive care in London from Qatar with severe respiratory illness. Strict respiratory isolation was instituted. Ten days after last exposure, none of 64 close contacts had developed severe disease, with 13 of 64 reporting mild respiratory symptoms. The novel coronavirus was not detected in 10 of 10 symptomatic contacts tested.

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SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Binding hACE2: Viral Entry, Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Potential Therapeutic Targets

10.20944/preprints202009.0420.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lobna Al-Zaidan ◽

Sarra Mestiri ◽

Afsheen Raza ◽

Maysaloun Merhi ◽

Varghese Inchakalody ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Binding Affinity ◽

Viral Entry ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Host Cells ◽

Host Susceptibility ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Viral Binding ◽

Binding Interface ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Severe Respiratory Illness

Pneumonia cases of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China, were reported to the WHO on 31st of December 2019. Later the pathogen was reported to be a novel coronavirus designated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 is a novel pathogenic beta coronavirus that infects humans causing severe respiratory illness. However, multifarious factors can contribute to the susceptibility to COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality such as age, gender and underlying comorbidities. Importantly, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells is mediated via ACE2 receptor. However, ACE2 receptor binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 is 4 folds higher than that to SARS-CoV. Identification of different aspects such as binding affinity, differential antigenic profiles of spike glycoproteins, and ACE2 polymorphisms might influence the investigation of potential therapeutic strategies targeting SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 binding interface. Here we aim to elaborate on SARS-CoV-2 S1/ACE2 ligand that facilitates viral internalization as well as to highlight the differences between SARS-CoVs binding affinity to ACE2. We also discuss the possible immunogenic sequences of spike glycoprotein and the effect of ACE2 polymorphism on viral binding/infectivity and host susceptibility to disease. Furthermore, targeting of ACE2 will be discussed to understand its role in therapeutics.

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Dysregulation of RNA interference components in COVID-19 patients

BMC Research Notes ◽

10.1186/s13104-021-05816-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Seyyed Reza Mousavi ◽

Maryam Sadat Sajjadi ◽

Farinaz Khosravian ◽

Sara Feizbakhshan ◽

Sharareh Salmanizadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rna Interference ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽

The Novel ◽

Wuhan City ◽

Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽

Essential Components ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Severe Respiratory Illness

Abstract Objective Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the novel coronavirus causing severe respiratory illness (COVID-19). This virus was initially identified in Wuhan city, a populated area of the Hubei province in China, and still remains one of the major global health challenges. RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing that plays a crucial role in innate viral defense mechanisms by inhibiting the virus replication as well as expression of various viral proteins. Dicer, Drosha, Ago2, and DGCR8 are essential components of the RNAi system, which is supposed to be dysregulated in COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to assess the expression level of the mentioned mRNAs in COVID-19patients compared to healthy individuals. Results Our findings demonstrated that the expression of Dicer, Drosha, and Ago2 was statistically altered in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy subjects. Ultimately, the RNA interference mechanism as a crucial antiviral defense system was suggested to be dysregulated in COVID-19 patients.

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