scholarly journals Emergence of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Need for Rapid Vaccine and Biologics Development

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balamurugan Shanmugaraj ◽  
Ashwini Malla ◽  
Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is an emerging pathogen that was first identified in Wuhan, China in late December 2019. This virus is responsible for the ongoing outbreak that causes severe respiratory illness and pneumonia-like infection in humans. Due to the increasing number of cases in China and outside China, the WHO declared coronavirus as a global health emergency. Nearly 35,000 cases were reported and at least 24 other countries or territories have reported coronavirus cases as early on as February. Inter-human transmission was reported in a few countries, including the United States. Neither an effective anti-viral nor a vaccine is currently available to treat this infection. As the virus is a newly emerging pathogen, many questions remain unanswered regarding the virus’s reservoirs, pathogenesis, transmissibility, and much more is unknown. The collaborative efforts of researchers are needed to fill the knowledge gaps about this new virus, to develop the proper diagnostic tools, and effective treatment to combat this infection. Recent advancements in plant biotechnology proved that plants have the ability to produce vaccines or biopharmaceuticals rapidly in a short time. In this review, the outbreak of 2019-nCoV in China, the need for rapid vaccine development, and the potential of a plant system for biopharmaceutical development are discussed.

scholarly journals Covid-19 and food security: Jeopardy management and posterity deliberations

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Augustine Owusu-Addo ◽  
Atianashie Miracle A ◽  
Chukwuma Chinaza Adaobi ◽  
Larissa Agbemelo-Tsomafo
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Food Handling ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Food Borne Infections ◽  
Safety Guidelines

COVID-19, also known as the ‘novel coronavirus disease 2019’, is a respiratory illness and the causative pathogen is officially named as ‘SARS-CoV-2’. Infections with SARS-CoV-2 have now been amplified to a global pandemic – as of April 3, 2020, nearly 1,018,000 cases have been confirmed in more than 195 countries, including more than 300,000 cases within the United States. Public safety guidelines are followed worldwide to stop the spread of COVID-19 and stay healthy. Despite COVID-19 is a respiratory illness with mode of invasion through the respiratory tract, not the gastrointestinal tract, an average food consumer is anxious and concerned about the food safety. Could an individual catch the deadly contagious COVID-19 from groceries brought home from the supermarket – or from the next restaurant takeout order? This brief review elucidates the epidemiology and pathobiological mechanism(s) of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications in food-borne infections, transmission via food surfaces, food processing and food handling.

scholarly journals Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Report of the First Canadian Paediatric Case

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 319-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonita E Lee ◽  
Ari R Joffe ◽  
Wendy Vaudry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome ◽  
Southwestern United States ◽  
Paediatric Case ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness ◽  
Syndrome Report

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) was first recognized as a severe respiratory illness transmitted through rodent excreta in the southwestern United States in 1993. As of November 1997, 175 cases have been reported in the United States. The mortality rate of this disease has been reported to be as high as 52% in the United States, and the majority of the cases (94%) involved adults. Twenty-one cases have been recognized in Canada. This paper describes the first Canadian paediatric case and discusses some of the clinical features of this disease.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 expression, and systemic organ invasion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman M Ashraf ◽  
Ahmed A Abokor ◽  
Jonnelle M. Edwards ◽  
Emily W. Waigi ◽  
Rachel S. Royfman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness ◽  
Organ Invasion

A novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has created a global pandemic in 2020, posing an enormous challenge to healthcare systems and affected communities. COVID-19 is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoronaVirus-2 (CoV-2) that manifests as bronchitis, pneumonia, or a severe respiratory illness. SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells via binding a "spike" protein on its surface to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) within the host. ACE2 is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis and negatively regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the humans. The RAAS is paramount for normal function in multiple organ systems including the lungs, heart, kidney, and vasculature. Given that SARS-CoV-2 internalizes via ACE2, the resultant disruption in ACE2 expression can lead to altered tissue function and exacerbate chronic diseases. The widespread distribution and expression of ACE2 across multiple organs is critical to our understanding of the varied clinical outcomes of COVID-19. This perspective review based on the current literature was prompted to show how disruption of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 can affect different organ systems.

scholarly journals Gene of the month: the 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus spike protein

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 366-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahir S Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Furin Cleavage ◽  
Furin Cleavage Site ◽  
Cellular Entry ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The year 2020 has seen a major and sustained outbreak of a novel betacoronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2) infection that causes fever, severe respiratory illness and pneumonia, a disease called COVID-19. At the time of writing, the death toll was greater than 120 000 worldwide with more than 2 million documented infections. The genome of the CoV encodes a number of structural proteins that facilitate cellular entry and assembly of virions, of which the spike protein S appears to be critical for cellular entry. The spike protein guides the virus to attach to the host cell. The spike protein contains a receptor-binding domain (RBD), a fusion domain and a transmembrane domain. The RBD of spike protein S binds to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) to initiate cellular entry. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 shows more than 90% amino acid similarity to the pangolin and bat CoVs and these also use ACE2 as a receptor. Binding of the spike protein to ACE2 exposes the cleavage sites to cellular proteases. Cleavage of the spike protein by transmembrane protease serine 2 and other cellular proteases initiates fusion and endocytosis. The spike protein contains an addition furin cleavage site that may allow it to be ‘preactivated’ and highly infectious after replication. The fundamental role of the spike protein in infectivity suggests that it is an important target for vaccine development, blocking therapy with antibodies and diagnostic antigen-based tests. This review briefly outlines the structure and function of the 2019 novel CoV/SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S.

scholarly journals A comprehensive review on epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of the novel coronavirus syndrome – COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-123
Author(s):  
Kulvinder Kochar Kaur ◽  
◽  
Gautam Allahbadia ◽  
Mandeep Singh ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Since the outbreak of the novel Coronavirus in December 2019 in Wuhan China, this novel Coronavirus disease(COVID-19) has spread worldwide taking not only epidemic proportions but with its rapid spread world health organization(WHO) was forced to declare it as a pandemic. The Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus (CoV2) virus is responsible for clusters of severe respiratory illness that simulates acute respiratory syndrome that was what was initially. It is thought although that it is equivalent to the high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE), showing glass ground opacities in lungs. More experience is getting acquired with changes in treatment approaches from PEEP to avoid intubation and just ensure oxygen levels maintained. Human to human transmission through droplets, contaminated hands as well as surfaces, has been revealed with an incubation period varying from 2-14 days. Early diagnosis using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or computed tomography (CT) scan chest, quarantine, as well as supportive treatment are necessary for getting a cure. In this review we have tried to analyze the epidemiology, diagnosis, isolation, and treatment, including antiviral drugs like remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and ivermectin. With 3 successful cases of convalescent plasma achieved in USA, trials going on in India along with vaccines are also detailed in this article.

scholarly journals 2019-nCoV: A Possible Progenitor for SARS-CoV with Bat Origin?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongchang Xu ◽  
Leyi Wang ◽  
Xu Jia ◽  
Youjun Feng
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that is initially found to trigger human severe respiratory illness in Wuhan City of China, 2019, has been recognized as a public health emergency of international concern. In the past two months, this deadly agent has caused 77,785 cases with 2,666 deaths via rapid person-to-person transmission and reached at least 25 countries. However, its evolutionary origin is poorly understood. Here we show integrative evidence that 2019-nCoV is a possible progenitor for SARS-CoV with bat origin. Our finding underscores the importance of tracing origin in the efficient monitoring, and effectively preventing the interspecies transmission of such emerging/re-emerging coronaviruses.

scholarly journals Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Bermingham ◽  
M A Chand ◽  
C S Brown ◽  
E Aarons ◽  
C Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Coronaviruses have the potential to cause severe transmissible human disease, as demonstrated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2003. We describe here the clinical and virological features of a novel coronavirus infection causing severe respiratory illness in a patient transferred to London, United Kingdom, from the Gulf region of the Middle East.

scholarly journals MERS-CoV: Understanding the Latest Human Coronavirus Threat

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aasiyah Chafekar ◽  
Burtram C. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness ◽  
Diagnosis Of Infection

Human coronaviruses cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections in humans. In 2012 a sixth human coronavirus (hCoV) was isolated from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness. The 60-year-old man died as a result of renal and respiratory failure after admission to a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The aetiological agent was eventually identified as a coronavirus and designated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS-CoV has now been reported in more than 27 countries across the Middle East, Europe, North Africa and Asia. As of July 2017, 2040 MERS-CoV laboratory confirmed cases, resulting in 712 deaths, were reported globally, with a majority of these cases from the Arabian Peninsula. This review summarises the current understanding of MERS-CoV, with special reference to the (i) genome structure, (ii) clinical features, (iii) diagnosis of infection and (iv) treatment and vaccine development.

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