Don’t be fooled! Attentional responses to social cues in a face-to-face and video magic trick reveals greater top-down control for overt than covert attention

Cognition ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Kuhn ◽  
Robert Teszka ◽  
Natalia Tenaw ◽  
Alan Kingstone
Keyword(s):  
Social Cues ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Magic Trick ◽  
Attentional Responses

Seeing the Way: the Role of Vision in Conversation Turn Exchange Perception

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 653-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nida Latif ◽  
Agnès Alsius ◽  
K. G. Munhall
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
The Other ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Natural Conversation

During conversations, we engage in turn-taking behaviour that proceeds back and forth effortlessly as we communicate. In any given day, we participate in numerous face-to-face interactions that contain social cues from our partner and we interpret these cues to rapidly identify whether it is appropriate to speak. Although the benefit provided by visual cues has been well established in several areas of communication, the use of visual information to make turn-taking decisions during conversation is unclear. Here we conducted two experiments to investigate the role of visual information in identifying conversational turn exchanges. We presented clips containing single utterances spoken by single individuals engaged in a natural conversation with another. These utterances were from either right before a turn exchange (i.e., when the current talker would finish and the other would begin) or were utterances where the same talker would continue speaking. In Experiment 1, participants were presented audiovisual, auditory-only and visual-only versions of our stimuli and identified whether a turn exchange would occur or not. We demonstrated that although participants could identify turn exchanges with unimodal information alone, they performed best in the audiovisual modality. In Experiment 2, we presented participants audiovisual turn exchanges where the talker, the listener or both were visible. We showed that participants suffered a cost at identifying turns exchanges when visual cues from the listener were not available. Overall, we demonstrate that although auditory information is sufficient for successful conversation, visual information plays an important role in the overall efficiency of communication.

scholarly journals Microsaccades reflect the dynamics of misdirected attention in magic

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony S. Barnhart ◽  
Francisco M. Costela ◽  
Susana Martinez-Conde ◽  
Stephen L. Macknik ◽  
Stephen D. Goldinger
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Match To Sample ◽  
Magic Trick ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Trial Setting

The methods of magicians provide powerful tools for enhancing the ecological validity of laboratory studies of attention. The current research borrows a technique from magic to explore the relationship between microsaccades and covert attention under near-natural viewing conditions. We monitored participants’ eye movements as they viewed a magic trick where a coin placed beneath a napkin vanishes and reappears beneath another napkin. Many participants fail to see the coin move from one location to the other the first time around, thanks to the magician’s misdirection. However, previous research was unable to distinguish whether or not participants were fooled based on their eye movements. Here, we set out to determine if microsaccades may provide a window into the efficacy of the magician’s misdirection. In a multi-trial setting, participants monitored the location of the coin (which changed positions in half of the trials), while engaging in a delayed match-to-sample task at a different spatial location. Microsaccades onset times varied with task difficulty, and microsaccade directions indexed the locus of covert attention. Our com-bined results indicate that microsaccades may be a useful metric of covert attentional processes in applied and ecologically valid settings.

scholarly journals Focusing on the face or getting distracted by social signals? The effect of distracting gestures on attentional focus in natural interaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Natural Interaction ◽  
Pointing Gestures ◽  
The Face

Attentional orienting towards others’ gaze direction or pointing has been wellinvestigated in laboratory conditions. However, less is known about the operation ofattentional mechanisms in online naturalistic social interaction scenarios. It is equally plausible that following social directional cues (gaze, pointing) occurs reflexively, and/orthat it is influenced by top-down cognitive factors. In a mobile eye-tracking experiment,we show that under natural interaction conditions overt attentional orienting is notnecessarily reflexively triggered by pointing gestures or a combination of gaze shifts andpointing gestures. We found that participants conversing with an experimenter, who,during the interaction, would play out pointing gestures as well as directional gaze movements, continued to mostly focus their gaze on the face of the experimenter, demonstrating the significance of attending to the face of the interaction partner – in linewith effective top-down control over reflexive orienting of attention in the direction of social cues.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 pandemic: local to global implications as perceived by urban ecologists

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Douglas ◽  
Mark Champion ◽  
Joy Clancy ◽  
David Haley ◽  
Marcelo Lopes de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Greenspaces ◽  
Disaster Preparation

Abstract The global COVID-19 pandemic is affecting everyone, but in many different ways, stimulating contrasting reactions and responses: opportunities for some, difficulties for many. A simple survey of how individual workers in urban ecology have been coping with COVID-19 constraints found divergent responses to COVID-19 on people’s activities, both within countries and between continents. Many academics felt frustrated at being unable to do fieldwork, but several saw opportunities to change ways of working and review their engagement with the natural world. Some engaging with social groups found new ways of sharing ideas and developing aspirations without face-to-face contact. Practitioners creating and managing urban greenspaces had to devise ways to work and travel while maintaining social distancing. Many feared severe funding impacts from changed local government priorities. Around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified issues, such as environmental injustice, disaster preparation and food security, that have been endemic in most countries across the global south in modern times. However, developing and sustaining the strong community spirit shown in many places will speed economic recovery and make cities more resilient against future geophysical and people-made disasters. Significantly, top-down responses and one-size-fits-all solutions, however good the modelling on which they are based, are unlikely to succeed without the insights that local knowledge and community understanding can bring. We all will have to look at disaster preparation in a more comprehensive, caring and consistent way in future.

Using Web-Based Tools for Flipped ESL Learning in the Korean Language Education System

2017 ◽  
pp. 177-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
YunJoon Jason Lee
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Flipped Learning ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
Korean College Students ◽  
Conversation Class ◽  
Set Up

With the continued proliferation of digital technologies, students are absorbing more information than ever. As a result, the relationship between students and teachers in a traditional face-to-face classroom can be limiting. As the flipped classroom approach has emerged, the classroom culture has changed. The active environment, interactive approach, and content-specific flipped learning has great potential for the ESL-learning context, especially for Korean college students. Korean college students were accustomed to the face-to-face, top-down structure of learning, and flipped learning provided an opportunity for them to look at and experience learning differently. More specifically, the top-down relationship between teacher and student shifted into a more balanced and interactive learning culture. The positive aspects of flipped learning were beneficial for the Korean ESL college students. This chapter features a case study of a college English language conversation class in Korea and explores how to set up a flipped classroom through web-based tools in order to keep the students motivated and generate a participatory environment.

On the brink: The demise of the item in visual search moves closer

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Hulleman ◽  
Christian N. L. Olivers
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current State

AbstractWe proposed to abandon the item as conceptual unit in visual search and adopt a fixation-based framework instead. We treat various themes raised by our commentators, including the nature of the Functional Visual Field and existing similar ideas, alongside the importance of items, covert attention, and top-down/contextual influences. We reflect on the current state of, and future directions for, visual search.

The Real in the Virtual—Speech, Self and Sex in the Realm of Pure Text

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Koh
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Social World ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Internet Relay Chat ◽  
The Real ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

'Virtual Reality' (VR) is a terminological umbrella for an assortment of technologies that are lumped together under one broad label. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a text-based VR that does not involve the use of data gloves and 3-D objects. IRC communication takes place via strings of text typed in by its users. Unlike face-to-face communication, IRC conversations lack the nonverbal component of language. This lack is, to some extent, rectified by the use of paralanguage techniques. Despite the paucity of nonverbal and social cues, IRC users are able to engage in a variety of activities. IRC culture is essentially a culture of play and imagination, as the users take advantage of the lack of information about other users to fill in idealised details and images of their own. However, IRC is not merely about play. Data on identity experimentation illustrate that some users leave IRC with newfound knowledge about their self-identities, and about the social world and its workings. With the IRC experience, boundaries between the 'real' and the 'virtual' are sometimes blurred, and some participants are no longer able to view the world in terms of binary divisions of 'real' and 'unreal' and 'human' and 'machine'.

scholarly journals Focusing on the face or getting distracted by social signals? The effect of distracting gestures on attentional focus in natural interaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Natural Interaction ◽  
Pointing Gestures ◽  
The Face

Attentional orienting towards others’ gaze direction or pointing has been well investigated in laboratory conditions. However, less is known about the operation of attentional mechanisms in online naturalistic social interaction scenarios. It is equally plausible that following social directional cues (gaze, pointing) occurs reflexively, and/or that it is influenced by top-down cognitive factors. In a mobile eye-tracking experiment, we show that under natural interaction conditions overt attentional orienting is not necessarily reflexively triggered by pointing gestures or a combination of gaze shifts and pointing gestures. We found that participants conversing with an experimenter, who, during the interaction, would play out pointing gestures as well as directional gaze movements, continued to mostly focus their gaze on the face of the experimenter, demonstrating the significance of attending to the face of the interaction partner – in line with effective top-down control over reflexive orienting of attention in the direction of social cues.

Caudal Prefrontal Cortex

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-190
Author(s):  
Richard E. Passingham
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Cluttered Environment ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Search For Objects ◽  
Oculomotor Nuclei

The caudal prefrontal (PF) cortex supports the visual search for objects such as foods both through eye movements and covert attention, and its connections explain how it can do this. The caudal PF cortex, which includes the frontal eye field, has connections with both the dorsal and ventral visual streams. The direction of eye movements depends on its connections with the superior colliculus and oculomotor nuclei. Covert attention depends on enhanced sensory responses that are mediated through top-down interactions with posterior sensory areas. Along with the granular parts of the orbital PF cortex, the caudal PF cortex evolved in early primates. Together, these two new areas led to improvements in searching for and evaluating objects that are hidden in a cluttered environment.

The Importance of Gender, IT Experience, and Media-Rich Social Cues on Initial Trust in E-Commerce Websites

2010 ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid AlDiri ◽  
Dave Hobbs ◽  
Rami Qahwaji
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Consumer Trust ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Shopping ◽  
Initial Trust ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
Electronic Transactions

The rapid advance of the Internet and global information technology has changed the way many people view shopping and undertake daily transactions. Despite the Internet advantages, the rate of Internet shopping remains low; commonly explained by a lack of trust in the new shopping mode (Kim & Tadisina, 2005). Consumer trust may be even more important in electronic transactions than in traditional forms, lacking the assurance provided in traditional settings through formal proceedings, receipts and face-to-face interactions. Since trust should play an essential role in online transactions, identifying the antecedents of a consumer’s trust is important in the context of Internet transactions so that consumers can feel relaxed and confident.

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