The measurement of maximum water content (MWC) on waterlogged archaeological wood: A comparison between three different methodologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Macchioni ◽  
Elisa Pecoraro ◽  
Benedetto Pizzo
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Waterlogged Archaeological Wood ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Maximum Water Content

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterisation of lignin-like oligomers as a bio-inspired consolidant for waterlogged archaeological wood

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 969-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily McHale ◽  
Susan Braovac ◽  
Calin C. Steindal ◽  
Richard B. Gillis ◽  
Gary G. Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Waterlogged Archaeological Wood ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Maximum Water Content

AbstractThe development of new materials for the consolidation of waterlogged archaeological wood from sustainable sources is an important area of research, as the most widely used consolidant today is petroleum based. Ideally a new consolidant will interact with the existing wood structure, ensuring maximum compatibility. Lignin is often the major component remaining in archaeological wood, as it is less susceptible to degradation than holocellulose. Therefore, in order to maximise the potential for interaction with the wood cells, lignin-like oligomers have been synthesized from isoeugenol using a water soluble copper salen catalyst at pH 10, giving a weight average Mw of 1.6 kDa. Analysis by NMR spectroscopy has shown that the oligomers have a lignin-like structure with β-O-4′, β-β′ and β-5′ connections. A 10 w/w% solution of the oligomers in ethyl acetate was found to thoroughly penetrate 1 cm3 samples of waterlogged archaeological wood (density of 0.146 g/mL, maximum water content of 620%) after 14 days impregnation, as determined by FTIR spectroscopy. No impregnation material could be seen by SEM, suggesting that it coats the cell walls upon drying. This indicates that dehydrogenated polymers penetrate waterlogged archaeological wood well and have the potential to be developed into consolidants.

Water loss dynamics in maize hybrids with different genotypes

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Dobos ◽  
G. Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Maximum Water Content

Tests were made on the water dynamics of water loss in maize at two locations at major maize production areas, Debrecen and Szeged, as a function of the heat sum required up to physiological ripening. The maximum water content was found to vary according to the hybrid and the year. No significant differences were found between the effective heat sums associated with maximum values within a year, the difference being 2-4 calendar days. There was a close correlation between the maximum grain water content and the length of the generative phase for a given hybrid in a given year. Better water supplies (1998) resulted in higher maximum water content values, which indirectly promoted longer and more intensive dry matter incorporation. Of all the environmental parameters, the drying down rate is primarily determined by the temperature. The changes in grain moisture content in a specific hybrid can be characterised by a joint linear graph. The drying down rate of the individual hybrids was determined by examining the b term of the linear equation.

Study of Water Stability of AC and SMA Asphalt Mixture Based on Water Content

2012 ◽  
Vol 457-458 ◽  
pp. 435-438
Author(s):  
Xue Dong Guo ◽  
Cao Jian ◽  
Xiang Yang Fang
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Splitting Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Stability ◽  
Paper Study ◽  
Saturated Condition ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Maximum Water Content

In this paper，study water content and water stability of AC and SMA asphalt mixtures, and reach the following conclusions. In the normal saturated condition, the maximum water content of AC and SMA asphalt mixture is 0.28% and 0.32%.And in the vacuum saturated condition, the maximum water content of AC and SMA asphalt mixture is 0.8% and 0.78%.The water of AC and SMA asphalt mixture separately take 8 days and 9 days to drain completely in the normal saturated condition. But in the vacuum saturated condition, the time is more than two months. In different water content conditions, the splitting tensile strength of AC asphalt mixture is 0%> 100%> 25%> 75%> 50%.But the splitting tensile strength of SMA asphalt mixture is 0%> 100%> 25%> 50%> 75%.

Evidence from feldspar compositions of high temperatures in granite sheets in the Scourian complex, N.W. Scotland

1982 ◽  
Vol 46 (338) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh R. Rollinson
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Alkali Feldspar ◽  
Granulite Facies ◽  
Granulite Facies Metamorphism ◽  
Critical Composition ◽  
Facies Metamorphism ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Maximum Water Content

AbstractMesoperthite feldspars from hypersolvus granites, with granulite-facies mineralogy from the Scourian complex, N.W. Scotland have an average bulk composition of (Ab0.58Or0.42)88An12. The mesoperthites have an Ab/Or ratio close to the critical composition of the alkali feldspar solvus for anorthite-free compositions. The critical temperature of the ternary feldspar solvus is estimated at high anorthite contents and used to indicate a temperature in excess of 1000°C for the crystallization of the granite sheets prior to granulite-facies metamorphism and permits a maximum water content in the melt of 1%.

Uing DSC Technology for Water Content and Thermal Properties Analysis of Carassius Organs

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 1050-1053
Author(s):  
Peng Zeng ◽  
Tian Ji Chen ◽  
Jiang Shen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Temperature Equilibrium ◽  
Freeze Water ◽  
Ventral Muscle ◽  
Maximum Water Content

Thermal properties of Brain, gill, hepatopancreas, muscle and blood of Carassius living in 8°C were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter. Between 20°C～-40°C , blood showed lower specific heat capacity than other organs. It might help temperature equilibrium in organism. Blood and brain had higher freezing temperature. Brain showed the maximum water content but less freeze water while ventral muscle had the lowest water content but high freeze-able water. Hepatopancreas had both low water and freeze-able water content.

scholarly journals Branches and Leaves Growth Patterns in Myricaria laxiflora Remnant Populations Are Affected by Human-altered Water Level Fluctuations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoupeng Guan ◽  
Fang-Qing Chen ◽  
Jumei Zhou ◽  
Yongwen Huang ◽  
Dayong Fan
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Middle Region ◽  
Lower Region ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Maximum Water Content

Abstract Background: The construction of the Three Gorges-Gezhou Dam altered the water level fluctuation pattern in the downstream habitat of the endangered species Myricaria laxiflora. This study investigated how branch and leaf growth traits of M. laxiflora remnant populations changed to adapt the environmental stress caused by human-altered water level fluctuations.Results:Due to such disturbance, branch and leaf growth traits of M. laxiflora populations exhibited significant differences across water level conditions. The number of secondary branches, plant height, and leaf number of the plants in the upper area of the habitat were significantly higher than that in the middle and lower river bank areas. The longest secondary branch length of the plants in the upper and middle region was significantly higher than that in the lower region. The branch and leaf volume of plants in the middle region was significantly higher than that in the upper and lower region. The maximum water content of plants in the middle and lower region was significantly higher than that in the upper region. Principal component analysis showed that the branch and leaf traits of plants changed with decreasing water level toward to decreasing plant height, leaf number and the number of secondary branches, and increasing maximum water content of branch and leaves. Conclusions: The phenotypic plasticity of M. laxiflora plants in branch and leaf growth traits alleviates the impacts of human-regulated water level fluctuations. However, the above ground growth of M. laxiflora plants distributed at the middle and lower areas of the fluctuation zone is still negatively affected.

scholarly journals Hydrophilic Polymers and Wetting Agents Affect Absorption and Evaporative Water Loss

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyson M. Blodgett ◽  
David J. Beattie ◽  
John W. White ◽  
George C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymers ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymer ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Maximum Water Content ◽  
Container Capacity

A plantless system using subirrigation was developed to measure water absorption and loss in soilless media amended with hydrophilic polymers, a wetting agent, or combinations of these amendments. Peat-perlite-vermiculite and bark-peat-perlite controls achieved 67% and 52% of container capacity, respectively, after 20 daily irrigation cycles. Maximum water content of amended media was 78% of container capacity. Adding only a hydrophilic polymer did not increase total water content significantly. Adding a wetting agent increased water absorption in both media. However, when hydrophilic polymer and wetting agent were present, the medium absorbed more water than with wetting agent alone. More extractable water was removed from media containing wetting agent. Water loss rate by evaporation was not affected significantly by medium, hydrophilic polymer, wetting agent, or any combination of these variables.

scholarly journals Hygroscopicity of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood from Xiaobaijiao No.1 Shipwreck Related to Its Deterioration State

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuyang Han ◽  
Juan Guo ◽  
Kun Wang ◽  
Philippe Grönquist ◽  
Ren Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Dynamic Vapor Sorption ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Waterlogged Archaeological Wood ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Hygroscopic Behavior ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW) artifacts, made of natural biodegradable polymers, are important parts of many precious cultural heritages. It is of great importance to understand the hygroscopic behavior of WAW in different deterioration states for the development of optimal drying processes and choices of safe storage in varying conditions. This was investigated in a case-study using two Hopea (Giam) and two Tectona (Teak) WAW samples collected from the Xiaobaijiao No.1 shipwreck. The deterioration state of WAW was evaluated by the maximum water content (MWC) method and by the cell morphological structure. Both Hopea and Tectona WAW could be classified into moderately and less decayed WAW. The hygroscopic behavior of moderately and less decayed WAW was then comparatively investigated using Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) measurements alongside two sorption fitting models. Compositional analysis and hydroxyl accessibility measurements of WAW cell walls were shown to correlate with the hygroscopicity of WAW in different deterioration states. It was concluded that moderately decayed WAW possessed higher hygroscopicity and hysteresis than less decayed WAW because of the lower relative content of polysaccharides and the higher relative content of lignin, including the slow hydrolysis of O-acetyl groups of xylan and the partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks, accompanied by an increased hydroxyl accessibility. This work helps in deciding on which consolidation measures are advised for shipwreck restauration, i.e., pretreatments with specific consolidates during wood drying, particularly for wooden artifacts displayed in museums.

scholarly journals Analisis Sandcone Test (AASHTO T 191 dan ASTM D 1556 64) Pada Peningkatan Jalan Jepara – Kedungmalang – Pecangaan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yayan Adi Saputro ◽  
Khotibul Umam ◽  
Shiska Fauziah
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Optimum Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
The Road ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Maximum Water Content

Concrete road works on the improvement of the Jepara - Kedungmalang - Pecangaan road are the activities of the Publick Works Department of Highways in Central Java Province. Quality control in a building structure work is very important to support the strength of the structure. In planning the road structure, it is necessary to have density of soil and foundation layers that meet the requirements. To get the value of the degree of density that is from the sandcone test where in the sandcone test there are several standart methods or references for example from AASHTO T 191 and ASTM D 1556 - 64. In this study the aims is to obtain the value of the degree of density, how big is the difference between the AASHTO T 191 standart and ASTM D 1556 - 64, and know the water content. From the test result, the optimum moisture content value is 6.5%, dry density is 2.17gr/cm3, the value of the degree of density mostly ranges from ">100%, and the minimum water content value is 5.00% maximum water content is 6.7%.

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