Wide-range estimation of various substitution elasticities for CES production functions at the sectoral level

This research proposes a scheme of field programmable gate array (FPGA) to generate an impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) pulse. The FPGA scheme consists of three parts: digital clock manager, four-delay-paths stratagem, and edge combiner. The IR-UWB radar system is designed to detect human subjects from their respiration underneath the rubble in the aftermath of an earthquake and to locate the human subjects based on range estimation. The proposed IR-UWB radar system is experimented with human subjects lying underneath layers of stacked clay bricks in supine and prone position. The results reveal that the IR-UWB radar system achieves a pulse duration of 540 ps with a bandwidth of 2.073 GHz (fractional bandwidth of 1.797). In addition, the IR-UWB technology can detect human subjects underneath the rubble from respiration and identify the location of human subjects by range estimation. The novelty of this research lies in the use of the FPGA scheme to achieve an IR-UWB pulse with a 2.073 GHz (117 MHz–2.19 GHz) bandwidth, thereby rendering the technology suitable for a wide range of applications, in addition to through-obstacle detection.

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Industrial Trends in Development of Target Mapping Interface for Passive Radar Systems

Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology & Science ◽

10.22555/pjets.v6i1.1144 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Syed Aamer Hussain

Keyword(s):

Detection System ◽

Location Estimation ◽

Visual Interpretation ◽

Angle Of Arrival ◽

Range Estimation ◽

Precise Location ◽

Radar Systems ◽

Emitter Location ◽

Wide Range ◽

Multiple Platform

Passive emitter location systems have a wide range of applications most importantly in military due to its stealth and precise location capability of threats. Two approaches are followed for emitter location estimation, either to use a single mobile detection system or to use multiple static platforms for signal reception. Direction/angle of arrival and various range estimation techniques allows target localization. Mapping interfaces are used to provide a visual interpretation to the mathematical results. In case of multiple platform systems the mapping module also provides triangulation capability. In this paper we have discussed various trends that are persisting in the form of features incorporated in the target mapping modules, different techniques to extract the information from the Passive emitter location system and to bring it on the visual panel. Various passive emitter systems have been considered and their target mapping modules are compared with respect to different benchmarks.

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Substitution Elasticities in the Large-Scale Manufacturing Industries of Pakistan - A Rejoinder

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v21i2pp.159-168 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 159-168

Author(s):

A. R. Kemal

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Large Scale ◽

Manufacturing Sector ◽

Manufacturing Industries ◽

The Other ◽

Production Functions ◽

Elasticity Of Substitution ◽

Substitution Elasticities

Estimates of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour in 16 manufacturing industries and the manufacturing sector of Pakistan as a whole were reported in [18]. In most of the industries and the manufacturing sector as a whole substitution elasticities were found to be rather low. In the Spring 1982 issue of this Review, Ahmed {I] has suggested that the estimates of substitution elasticities may have been biased downwards due to the irrelevance of production functions in the developing countries and the nature of data employed in the study. He also believes that the evidence we presented regarding low substitution elasticities in the other developing countries was selective because according to him Morawetz [23J provides evidence to the contrary. Furthermore, he argues that low substitution elasticities are inconsistent with the declining share of labour in the output. In the following, without being drawn into polemics, we shall show that Ahmed's comments are a result of his misunderstanding and misinterpretation of our study.

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Home-range estimation within complex restricted environments: importance of method selection in detecting seasonal change

Wildlife Research ◽

10.1071/wr08032 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 213 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Carolyn M. Knight ◽

Robert E. Kenward ◽

Rodolphe E. Gozlan ◽

Kathryn H. Hodder ◽

Sean S. Walls ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Seasonal Variation ◽

Home Range ◽

Reserve Design ◽

Linear Estimator ◽

Home Ranges ◽

Telemetry Data ◽

Range Estimation ◽

River Bank ◽

Wide Range

Estimating the home ranges of animals from telemetry data can provide vital information on their spatial behaviour, which can be applied by managers to a wide range of situations including reserve design, habitat management and interactions between native and non-native species. Methods used to estimate home ranges of animals in spatially restricted environments (e.g. rivers) are liable to overestimate areas and underestimate travel distances by including unusable habitat (e.g. river bank). Currently, few studies that collect telemetry data from species in restricted environments maximise the information that can be gathered by using the most appropriate home-range estimation techniques. Simulated location datasets as well as radio-fix data from 23 northern pike (Esox lucius) were used to examine the efficiency of home-range and travel estimators, with and without correction for unusable habitat, for detecting seasonal changes in movements. Cluster analysis most clearly demonstrated changes in range area between seasons for empirical data, also showing changes in patchiness, and was least affected by unusable-environment error. Kernel analysis showed seasonal variation in range area more clearly than peripheral polygons or ellipses. Range span, a linear estimator of home range, had no significant seasonal variation. Results from all range area estimators were smallest in autumn, when cores were least fragmented and interlocation movements smallest. Cluster analysis showed that core ranges were largest and most fragmented in summer, when interlocation distances were most variable, whereas excursion-sensitive methods (e.g. kernels) recorded the largest outlines in spring, when interlocation distances were largest. Our results provide a rationale for a priori selection of home-range estimators in restricted environments. Contours containing 95% of the location density defined by kernel analyses better reflected excursive activity than ellipses or peripheral polygons, whereas cluster analyses better defined range cores in usable habitat and indicate range fragmentation.

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Estimation of Effect on Gross Domestic Product of Production Factors Using CES and Translog Production Functions: An Application to China Economy

10.21203/rs.3.rs-114621/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ömer ÖNALAN ◽

Hülya BAŞEĞMEZ

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Production Function ◽

Energy Input ◽

Historical Data ◽

Production Functions ◽

Production Model ◽

Production Factors ◽

Substitution Elasticities ◽

Capital Intensive ◽

China’S Economy

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the effect on economic growth (GDP) for China’s economy with capital, labor and energy input factors by using CES production function and Translog production function. The empirical findings of the study showed that CES, consisting of capital and labor factors, is less efficient than the Translog function consisting of capital, labor and energy input factors for GDP estimation.The Ridge regression method is used to the parameter estimation of Translog production function using historical data because there is collinearity between variables. Then, based on the fitted Translog production model including capital, labor and energy input factors, the results of the output elasticities for each of the factors and the substitution elasticities between input factors have been dynamically estimated. To predict the future economic growth of the China economy, the inputs of Translog production model are predicted by using Holt-Winter’s method. The elasticities of the output of all input factors are positive. According to degrees of the effect on GDP, we can list the factors as labor, capital and energy, respectively. This situation represents the China economy is labor and capital intensive.

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Recent Applications of High Resolution Electron Microscopy to Crystalline Arrays of Virus Particles

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100070199 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 470-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.W. Horne

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Image Processing ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Staining Technique ◽

High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽

Optical Diffraction ◽

Full Potential ◽

Virus Particles ◽

Resolution Electron ◽

Wide Range

The technique of surrounding virus particles with a neutralised electron dense stain was described at the Fourth International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Berlin 1958 (see Home & Brenner, 1960, p. 625). For many years the negative staining technique in one form or another, has been applied to a wide range of biological materials. However, the full potential of the method has only recently been explored following the development and applications of optical diffraction and computer image analytical techniques to electron micrographs (cf. De Hosier & Klug, 1968; Markham 1968; Crowther et al., 1970; Home & Markham, 1973; Klug & Berger, 1974; Crowther & Klug, 1975). These image processing procedures have allowed a more precise and quantitative approach to be made concerning the interpretation, measurement and reconstruction of repeating features in certain biological systems.

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Microfabrication research at the National Submicron Facility

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100074331 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 86-89

Author(s):

E.D. Wolf

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Particle Physics ◽

High Speed ◽

New Technology ◽

High Energy ◽

High Energy Particle ◽

New Science ◽

Wide Range ◽

Intermediate Domain ◽

Circuit Function

Most microelectronics devices and circuits operate faster, consume less power, execute more functions and cost less per circuit function when the feature-sizes internal to the devices and circuits are made smaller. This is part of the stimulus for the Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program. There is also a need for smaller, more sensitive sensors in a wide range of disciplines that includes electrochemistry, neurophysiology and ultra-high pressure solid state research. There is often fundamental new science (and sometimes new technology) to be revealed (and used) when a basic parameter such as size is extended to new dimensions, as is evident at the two extremes of smallness and largeness, high energy particle physics and cosmology, respectively. However, there is also a very important intermediate domain of size that spans from the diameter of a small cluster of atoms up to near one micrometer which may also have just as profound effects on society as “big” physics.

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Application of TEM to Deformation, Wear, and Fracture of Ceramics

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100052377 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 472-473

Author(s):

B. J. Hockey

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

High Temperature ◽

Mechanical Behavior ◽

Brittle Materials ◽

High Temperature Strength ◽

Wide Range ◽

Corrosive Environments ◽

Further Development

Ceramics, such as Al2O3 and SiC have numerous current and potential uses in applications where high temperature strength, hardness, and wear resistance are required often in corrosive environments. These materials are, however, highly anisotropic and brittle, so that their mechanical behavior is often unpredictable. The further development of these materials will require a better understanding of the basic mechanisms controlling deformation, wear, and fracture.The purpose of this talk is to describe applications of TEM to the study of the deformation, wear, and fracture of Al2O3. Similar studies are currently being conducted on SiC and the techniques involved should be applicable to a wide range of hard, brittle materials.

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Observation of Atom Rows in Thorium Pyromellitate Using a Field Emission STEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010007802x ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 80-81

Author(s):

H. Todokoro ◽

S. Nomura ◽

T. Komoda

Keyword(s):

Field Emission ◽

Amorphous Carbon ◽

Carbon Film ◽

Dark Field Image ◽

Dark Field ◽

Amorphous Carbon Film ◽

Atomic Size ◽

Wide Range ◽

A Chain

It is interesting to observe polymers at atomic size resolution. Some works have been reported for thorium pyromellitate by using a STEM (1), or a CTEM (2,3). The results showed that this polymer forms a chain in which thorium atoms are arranged. However, the distance between adjacent thorium atoms varies over a wide range (0.4-1.3nm) according to the different authors.The present authors have also observed thorium pyromellitate specimens by means of a field emission STEM, described in reference 4. The specimen was prepared by placing a drop of thorium pyromellitate in 10-3 CH3OH solution onto an amorphous carbon film about 2nm thick. The dark field image is shown in Fig. 1A. Thorium atoms are clearly observed as regular atom rows having a spacing of 0.85nm. This lattice gradually deteriorated by successive observations. The image changed to granular structures, as shown in Fig. 1B, which was taken after four scanning frames.

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