Dynamic in vitro gastric digestion of infant formulae made with goat milk and cow milk: Influence of protein composition

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiqian Ye ◽  
Jian Cui ◽  
Elizabeth Carpenter ◽  
Colin Prosser ◽  
Harjinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Gastric Digestion ◽  
Infant Formulae

In vitro dynamic gastric digestion of soya protein/milk protein blended beverages: influence of protein composition and co-processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2605-2616
Author(s):  
Teresa Francis Wegrzyn ◽  
Alejandra Acevedo-Fani ◽  
Simon M. Loveday ◽  
Harjinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Whey Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Soya Protein ◽  
Gastric Digestion ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Protein Milk

The gastric digestion behaviours of blended protein beverages containing different ratios of casein, whey protein and soya protein that were heat-treated at 60 °C or 80 °C were investigated using an in vitro dynamic human gastric simulator.

scholarly journals THE ANTISTREPTOCOCCAL PROPERTY OF MILK

1952 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armine T. Wilson ◽  
Herman Rosenblum
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Group A ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Intermediate Degree

The measurement in vitro of lactenin, the antistreptococcal substance of milk, is affected by the size of the inoculum, the temperature of incubation, and the type of medium employed. Hemolytic streptococci belonging to the several serological groups vary in susceptibility to lactenin. All group A streptococci, regardless of type, are highly sensitive to it, and milk receiving a small inoculum sterilizes itself within 48 hours or less. By contrast, most strains of groups B, C, D, and E, although they may temporarily be inhibited, ultimately achieve full growth. Strains belonging to groups F, G, H, K, and L vary in sensitivity, some being fully inhibited and others achieving full growth. When streaked on the surface of milk-agar plates and examined at the end of 24 hours the streptococci fall into two classes: sensitive strains which do not produce visible colonies on the plate, and resistant strains which grow excellently. Very few strains show an intermediate degree of sensitivity. Human and goat milk contain an antistreptococcal principle which appears to be the same as the lactenin of cow milk, since streptococci which are inhibited by milk from one species are inhibited by milk from the others, and vice versa.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Bifidogenic Effects of Goat and Cow Milk-Based Infant Formulas to Human Breast Milk in an in vitro Gut Model for 3-Month-Old Infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Gallier ◽  
Pieter Van den Abbeele ◽  
Colin Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome

Human milk contains prebiotic components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which stimulate the growth of specific members of the infant gut microbiota (e.g., Bifidobacteria). Plant-based or synthetic oligosaccharides are often added to infant formulas to simulate the bifidogenic effect of HMOs. Cow milk, the most common source of protein in infant formula, and goat milk, used increasingly in the manufacture of infant formula, contain naturally-occurring prebiotics. This study compared the upper gastrointestinal digestion and subsequent colonic fermentation of human milk vs. goat and cow milk-based infant formulas (goat IF and cow IF, respectively), without additional oligosaccharides using an in vitro model for 3-month-old infants based on the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). First, a dialysis approach using 3.5 kDa membranes was demonstrated to simulate small intestinal absorption of carbohydrates in conditions similar to those in vivo. During the in vitro digestion experiment, oligosaccharides were detected in human milk and goat IF but barely detected in the cow IF. Further, all three milk matrices decreased colonic pH by boosting acetate, lactate, and propionate production, which related to increased abundances of acetate/lactate-producing Bifidobacteriaceae for human milk (+25.7%) and especially goat IF (33.8%) and cow IF (37.7%). Only cow IF stimulated butyrate production which correlated with an increase in Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiaceae. Finally, Enterobacteriaceae and Acidaminococcaceae also increased with all three milk matrices, while production of proteolytic metabolites (branched-chain fatty acids) was only detected for the cow IF. Overall, goat and cow milk-based formulas without added oligosaccharides impacted gut microbial activity and composition similarly to human milk. This suggests that even without supplementation of formula with oligosaccharides, whole goat milk, whole cow milk and cow milk ingredients already supply compounds in formulas that exert beneficial bifidogenic effects. Further clinical research is warranted to elucidate the effect of whole goat milk-based formulas on the infant gut microbiome.

Utilization of nitrogen and energy from diets containing protein and fat derived from either goat milk or cow milk

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Sanz Ceballos ◽  
Eva Ramos Morales ◽  
Luis Pérez Martínez ◽  
Francisca Gil Extremera ◽  
Ma Remedios Sanz Sampelayo
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Diet ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Slaughter Method

Consumption of whole milk and related dairy products has decreased considerably as a result of negative aspects associated with the consumption of saturated fats. The main difference between the composition of goat milk and cow milk concerns the composition of the fat, that of goat milk containing a larger proportion of medium-chain triglycerides. The metabolic utilization of these compounds is fundamentally oriented towards their use as sources of energy, and they may even contribute to the synthesis of proteins. This study was carried out, using 40 rats at weaning, in order to determine whether, on the basis of their fat and protein composition, there is any difference between the nutritional utilization of the N and the energy from goat and cow milk. Eight animals were killed on arrival at the laboratory, and the rest were divided into four groups of eight animals and killed at the end of the experiment. Each group was given a different diet: diet 1 contained fat and protein from goat milk; diet 2 had fat from cow milk and protein from goat milk; diet 3 had fat from goat milk and protein from cow milk; diet 4 had fat and protein from cow milk. The animals were allowed to feed ad libitum for 30 d and a balance assay was performed during the final 7 d to determine N and energy utilization. At the same time and by the comparative slaughter method, the protein and fat deposition for each group was established. It was concluded that goat milk protein is more digestible than that of cow milk. Moreover, the metabolic utilization of digestible N was found to be dependent on the sources of both the protein and the fat in the diet; a higher degree of utilization was recorded for the digestible N obtained using diets with protein or fat from goat milk. Consumption of diets with goat milk fat led to a lower level of thermogenesis associated with protein oxidation and a higher one for that associated with fat oxidation, which in turn implied a protein-sparing effect of the goat milk fat. These results should be taken into account when deciding upon the type of goat milk to be used (whole, skim or semi-skim), in accordance with the dairy product to be produced from this milk.

scholarly journals Dynamic in vitro gastric digestion behavior of goat milk: Effects of homogenization and heat treatments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siqi Li ◽  
Aiqian Ye ◽  
Zheng Pan ◽  
Jian Cui ◽  
Anant Dave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Gastric Digestion

scholarly journals In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidative Potential of Goat Milk, Casein and its Hydrolysates: Comparison of Goat Milk with Bovine and Buffalo milk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunny Kalyan ◽  
SUNITA MEENA ◽  
Suman Kapila ◽  
Radha Yadav ◽  
Gaurav Kr Deshwal
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Buffalo Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
In Vitro Assessment ◽  
Gastrointestinal Enzymes ◽  
Milk Casein ◽  
Casein Hydrolysates

Abstract The present study was executed with an aim to explore the antioxidative potential of goat, cow, and buffalo milk. Buffalo milk has showed highest antioxidative potential than goat and cow milk as measured by ABTS, ORAC, and DPPH assays, whereas goat milk has showed better antioxidative potential than cow milk when measured by ORAC and DPPH. Further, the effect of temperature on the antioxidative potential of goat milk was assessed. An increase in temperature has a negatively affect the antioxidative potential of goat milk. The antioxidative potential of goat milk was in the following order: raw milk > pasteurized milk > boiled milk. Casein derived from goat milk by isoelectric precipitation was hydrolyzed by gastrointestinal enzymes pepsin (P), trypsin (T), chymotrypsin (C), and their combinations PT, PC, TC, and PTC. Among all the casein hydrolysates, the maximum antioxidative potential was found in PT hydrolysate, further fractionated by 10, 3 and 1 kDa ultrafiltration membranes. 3–10 kDa fraction exhibited maximum antioxidative potential in comparison to other fractions of PT hydrolysate. Our results suggested that antioxidative potential of goat milk and its hydrolysates could be an important mean to obtain natural antioxidative peptides.

Gastric digestion of cow and goat milk: Impact of infant and young child in vitro digestion conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 245 ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison J. Hodgkinson ◽  
Olivia A.M. Wallace ◽  
Irina Boggs ◽  
Marita Broadhurst ◽  
Colin G. Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Gastric Digestion ◽  
Infant And Young Child

scholarly journals Inhibition of the in vitro growth of Salmonella enteritidis D by goat and cow milk fermented with probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium longum Bb-46

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Slačanac ◽  
J. Hardi ◽  
D. Čuržik ◽  
H. Pavlović ◽  
M. Lučan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Ph Values

This study was carried out to determine the influence of goat and cow milk fermented by <I>Bifidobacterium longum</I> Bb-46 on the pathogenic <I>Salmonella enteritidis</I> D strain. The basic hypothesis of this study was that fermented goat milk could possibly have a stronger inhibitory effect on the growth of <I>Salmonella enteritidis</I> D than fermented cow milk. The correlation between the inhibitory effect and some fermentation parameters (number of viable cells of <I>Bifidobacterium longum</I> Bb-46 and pH of fermented milk) was also analysed. <I>S enteritidis</I> D strains were isolated directly from the faeces of an infant with diagnosed salmonellosis. The inhibitory effects of goat and cow milk fermented with <I>Bifidobacterium longum</I> Bb-46 were determined on Salmonella-Shigella agar after 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 h from the start of fermentation. <I>Bifidobacterium longum</I> Bb-46 count and pH values were also measured in samples of goat and cow milk during fermentation. The results obtained have shown a considerably higher inhibitory effect of fermented goat milk on the growth of <I>Salmonella enteritidis</I> D as compared to that of fermented cow milk. At the same time, higher acidity and CFU of <I>Bifidobacterium longum</I> Bb-46 were noted in fermented goat milk in all the phases of the fermentation process. The inhibitory effects of the fermented goat and cow milk on <I>Salmonella enteritidis</I> D growth increased rapidly with the fermentation time. The results indicated high sensitivity of <I>Salmonella enteritidis</I> D to acidity of both fermented milks. Consequently, a significant correlation between the inhibition degree and pH values of fermented goat and cow milk was noted.

Proteomics-Based Characterization of the Effects of MMP14 on the Protein Content of Exosomes from Corneal Fibroblasts

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 979-988
Author(s):  
Kyu-Yeon Han ◽  
Jin-Hong Chang ◽  
Dimitri T. Azar
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Proteomics Analysis ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Corneal Fibroblast ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Corneal Fibroblasts ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

Background: Exosomes secreted by corneal fibroblasts contain matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 14, which is known to influence pro-MMP2 accumulation on exosomes. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the enzymatic activity of MMP14 may alter the protein content of corneal fibroblast- secreted exosomes. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of MMP14 on the composition and biological activity of corneal fibroblast-derived exosomes. Methods: Knock out of the catalytic domain (ΔExon4) of MMP14 in corneal fibroblasts was used to determine the effect of MMP14 expression on the characteristics of fibroblast-secreted exosomes. The amount of secreted proteins and their size distribution were measured using Nano Tracking Analysis. Proteins within exosomes from wild-type (WT) and ΔExon4-deficient fibroblasts were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) proteomics analysis. The proteolytic effects of MMP14 were evaluated in vitro via MS identification of eliminated proteins. The biological functions of MMP14-carrying exosomes were investigated via fusion to endothelial cells and flow cytometric assays. Results: Exosomes isolated from WT and ΔExon4-deficient fibroblasts exhibited similar size distributions and morphologies, although WT fibroblasts secreted a greater amount of exosomes. The protein content, however, was higher in ΔExon4-deficient fibroblast-derived exosomes than in WT fibroblast-derived exosomes. Proteomics analysis revealed that WT-derived exosomes included proteins that regulated cell migration, and ΔExon4 fibroblast-derived exosomes contained additional proteins that were cleaved by MMP14. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that MMP14 expression influences the protein composition of exosomes secreted by corneal fibroblasts, and through those biological components, MMP14 in corneal fibroblasts derived-exosomes may regulate corneal angiogenesis.

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