Panther Fusion® Respiratory Virus Assays for the detection of influenza and other respiratory viruses

Abstract Objective: Viruses are more common than bacteria in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Little is known, however, about the frequency of respiratory viral testing and its associations with antimicrobial utilization. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: The study included 179 US hospitals. Patients: Adults admitted with pneumonia between July 2010 and June 2015. Methods: We assessed the frequency of respiratory virus testing and compared antimicrobial utilization, mortality, length of stay, and costs between tested versus untested patients, and between virus-positive versus virus-negative patients. Results: Among 166,273 patients with pneumonia on admission, 40,787 patients (24.5%) were tested for respiratory viruses, 94.8% were tested for influenza, and 20.7% were tested for other viruses. Viral assays were positive in 5,133 of 40,787 tested patients (12.6%), typically for influenza and rhinovirus. Tested patients were younger and had fewer comorbidities than untested patients, but patients with positive viral assays were older and had more comorbidities than those with negative assays. Blood cultures were positive for bacterial pathogens in 2.7% of patients with positive viral assays versus 5.3% of patients with negative viral tests (P < .001). Antibacterial courses were shorter for virus-positive versus -negative patients overall (mean 5.5 vs 6.4 days; P < .001) but varied by bacterial testing: 8.1 versus 8.0 days (P = .60) if bacterial tests were positive; 5.3 versus 6.1 days (P < .001) if bacterial tests were negative; and 3.3 versus 5.2 days (P < .001) if bacterial tests were not obtained (interaction P < .001). Conclusions: A minority of patients hospitalized with pneumonia were tested for respiratory viruses; only a fraction of potential viral pathogens were assayed; and patients with positive viral tests often received long antibacterial courses.

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COVID-19 mitigation strategies were associated with decreases in other respiratory virus infections

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofab105 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sinha Pranay ◽

Katherine Reifler ◽

Michael Rossi ◽

Manish Sagar

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Virus ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Time Period ◽

Viral Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Virus Infections ◽

Viral Respiratory

Abstract Detection of diverse respiratory viruses in Boston was around 80% lower after practices were instituted to limit COVID-19 spread compared to the same time period during the previous five years. Continuing the strategies that lower COVID-19 dissemination may be useful in decreasing the incidence of other viral respiratory infections.

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Current practices for treatment of respiratory syncytial virus and other non-influenza respiratory viruses in high-risk patient populations: a survey of institutions in the Midwestern Respiratory Virus Collaborative

Transplant Infectious Disease ◽

10.1111/tid.12510 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 210-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

O.E. Beaird ◽

A. Freifeld ◽

M.G. Ison ◽

S.J. Lawrence ◽

N. Theodoropoulos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

High Risk ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

High Risk Patient ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Risk Patient ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Current Practices

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Rapid disappearance of influenza following the implementation of COVID-19 mitigation measures in Hamilton, Ontario

Canada Communicable Disease Report ◽

10.14745/ccdr.v47i04a04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 47 (04) ◽

pp. 202-208

Author(s):

Kevin Zhang ◽

Avika Misra ◽

Patrick J Kim ◽

Seyed M Moghadas ◽

Joanne M Langley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽

Health Measures ◽

Bayesian Linear Regression ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

The Impact

Background: Public health measures, such as physical distancing and closure of schools and non-essential services, were rapidly implemented in Canada to interrupt the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We sought to investigate the impact of mitigation measures during the spring wave of COVID-19 on the incidence of other laboratory-confirmed respiratory viruses in Hamilton, Ontario. Methods: All nasopharyngeal swab specimens (n=57,503) submitted for routine respiratory virus testing at a regional laboratory serving all acute-care hospitals in Hamilton between January 2010 and June 2020 were reviewed. Testing for influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza I–III, adenovirus, and rhinovirus/enterovirus was done routinely using a laboratory-developed polymerase chain reaction multiplex respiratory viral panel. A Bayesian linear regression model was used to determine the trend of positivity rates of all influenza samples for the first 26 weeks of each year from 2010 to 2019. The mean positivity rate of Bayesian inference was compared with the weekly reported positivity rate of influenza samples in 2020. Results: The positivity rate of influenza in 2020 diminished sharply following the population-wide implementation of COVID-19 interventions. Weeks 12–26 reported 0% positivity for influenza, with the exception of 0.1% reported in week 13. Conclusion: Public health measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with a reduced incidence of other respiratory viruses and should be considered to mitigate severe seasonal influenza and other respiratory virus pandemics.

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Comparing of level of circulation of respiratory viruses during epidemic seasons 2015–2020 and COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Petersburg

Medical academic journal ◽

10.17816/maj76053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 113-117

Author(s):

Andrey D. Ksenafontov ◽

Maria M. Pisareva ◽

Veronica A. Eder ◽

Tamila D. Musaeva ◽

Mariya M. Timofeeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Virus ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Saint Petersburg ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Respiratory Syncytial Viruses

BACKGROUND: Respiratory viruses circulate everywhere. Problem of pandemic respiratory virus SARS-CoV-2 is especially relevant. The understanding of level of circulation of different viruses can help in developing a strategy of respiratory viruses combat. AIM: To compare circulation of respiratory viruses during different seasons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PCR-diagnostic. RESULTS: The most common viruses before the pandemic were influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. COVID-19 pandemic season 2020/2021 had significant difference from previous epidemic seasons. Influenza viruses have largely disappeared, but the circulation of seasonal coronavirus and metapneumovirus has increased. The circulation of rhinovirus remained at the same level. CONCLUSIONS: The emergence of pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus had a significant impact on some respiratory viruses circulation, such as influenza or respiratory syncytial viruses.

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Primary and Repeated Respiratory Viral Infections Among Infants in Rural Nepal

Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society ◽

10.1093/jpids/piy107 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 21-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jim Boonyaratanakornkit ◽

Janet A Englund ◽

Amalia S Magaret ◽

Yunqi Bu ◽

James M Tielsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Infection ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Repeated Infection ◽

Resource Limited ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections ◽

Repeated Infections ◽

Rural Nepal

Abstract Background Respiratory viruses cause significant morbidity and death in infants; 99% of such deaths occur in resource-limited settings. Risk factors for initial and repeated respiratory viral infections in young infants in resource-limited settings have not been well described. Methods From 2011 to 2014, a birth cohort of infants in rural Nepal was enrolled and followed with weekly household-based active surveillance for respiratory symptoms until 6 months of age. Respiratory illness was defined as having any of the following: fever, cough, wheeze, difficulty breathing, and/or a draining ear. We tested nasal swabs of infants with respiratory illness for multiple respiratory viruses by using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. The risk of primary and repeated infections with the same virus was evaluated using Poisson regression. Results Of 3528 infants, 1726 (49%) had a primary infection, and 419 (12%) had a repeated infection. The incidences of respiratory viral infection in infants were 1816 per 1000 person-years for primary infections and 1204 per 1000 person-years for repeated infection with the same virus. Exposure to other children and male sex were each associated with an increased risk for primary infection (risk ratios, 1.13 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06–1.20] and 1.14 [95% CI, 1.02–1.27], respectively), whereas higher maternal education was associated with a decreased risk for both primary and repeated infections (risk ratio, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.95–0.98]). The incidence of subsequent infection did not change when previous infection with the same or another respiratory virus occurred. Illness duration and severity were not significantly different in the infants between the first and second episodes for any respiratory virus tested. Conclusions In infants in rural Nepal, repeated respiratory virus infections were frequent, and we found no decrease in illness severity with repeated infections and no evidence of replacement with another virus. Vaccine strategies and public health interventions that provide durable protection in the first 6 months of life could decrease the burden of repeated infections by multiple respiratory viruses, particularly in low-resource countries.

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Adenovirus, parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus antibodies in the sera of Jamaicans

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400063105 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 523-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Roy Jennings

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

High Titre ◽

Parainfluenza Virus ◽

Age Group ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Almost All ◽

Type 3

SUMMARYSurveys for respiratory virus antibodies in the Jamaican population have shown that adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza types 1 and 3 virus antibodies are acquired early in life. The incidence of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to parainfluonza viruses increases rapidly with age and almost all adults possess parainfluenza type 3 antibody, usually in high titre. Parainfluenza type 1 antibodies are only slightly less common. Complement-fixing antibodies to the adenovirus group were also observed to increase in incidence with age.Complement-fixing antibody to respiratory syncytial virus was less common in Jamaican sera than antibody to the other respiratory viruses described here. The highest titres were observed in the youngest age-group.

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EGFR activation suppresses respiratory virus-induced IRF1-dependent CXCL10 production

AJP Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajplung.00368.2013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 307 (2) ◽

pp. L186-L196 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

April Kalinowski ◽

Iris Ueki ◽

Gundula Min-Oo ◽

Eric Ballon-Landa ◽

David Knoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Viral Infection ◽

Airway Epithelium ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Airway Epithelial Cells ◽

Airway Epithelial ◽

Egfr Signaling ◽

Respiratory Viral Infection ◽

Egfr Activation

Airway epithelial cells are the primary cell type involved in respiratory viral infection. Upon infection, airway epithelium plays a critical role in host defense against viral infection by contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses. Influenza A virus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represent a broad range of human viral pathogens that cause viral pneumonia and induce exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These respiratory viruses induce airway epithelial production of IL-8, which involves epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation. EGFR activation involves an integrated signaling pathway that includes NADPH oxidase activation of metalloproteinase, and EGFR proligand release that activates EGFR. Because respiratory viruses have been shown to activate EGFR via this signaling pathway in airway epithelium, we investigated the effect of virus-induced EGFR activation on airway epithelial antiviral responses. CXCL10, a chemokine produced by airway epithelial cells in response to respiratory viral infection, contributes to the recruitment of lymphocytes to target and kill virus-infected cells. While respiratory viruses activate EGFR, the interaction between CXCL10 and EGFR signaling pathways is unclear, and the potential for EGFR signaling to suppress CXCL10 has not been explored. Here, we report that respiratory virus-induced EGFR activation suppresses CXCL10 production. We found that influenza virus-, rhinovirus-, and RSV-induced EGFR activation suppressed IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 1-dependent CXCL10 production. In addition, inhibition of EGFR during viral infection augmented IRF1 and CXCL10. These findings describe a novel mechanism that viruses use to suppress endogenous antiviral defenses, and provide potential targets for future therapies.

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Timing of respiratory virus molecular testing in emergency departments and its association with patient care outcomes: a retrospective observational study across six Australian hospitals

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. e030104 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nasir Wabe ◽

Ling Li ◽

Maria R Dahm ◽

Robert Lindeman ◽

Ruth Yimsung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Patient Care ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Retrospective Observational Study ◽

Molecular Diagnostic ◽

Molecular Testing ◽

Care Outcomes ◽

Virus Testing

ObjectiveA rapid molecular diagnostic test (RMDT) offers a fast and accurate detection of respiratory viruses, but its impact on the timeliness of care in the emergency department (ED) may depend on the timing of the test. The aim of the study was to determine if the timing of respiratory virus testing using a RMDT in the ED had an association with patient care outcomes.DesignRetrospective observational study.SettingLinked ED and laboratory data from six EDs in New South Wales, Australia.ParticipantsAdult patients presenting to EDs during the 2017 influenza season and tested for respiratory viruses using a RMDT. The timing of respiratory virus testing was defined as the time from a patient’s ED arrival to time of sample receipt at the hospital laboratory.Outcome measuresED length of stay (LOS), >4 hour ED LOS and having a pending RMDT result at ED disposition.ResultsA total of 2168 patients were included. The median timing of respiratory virus testing was 224 min (IQR, 133–349). Every 30 min increase in the timing of respiratory virus testing was associated with a 24.0 min increase in the median ED LOS (95% CI, 21.8–26.1; p<0.001), a 51% increase in the likelihood of staying >4 hours in ED (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.41 to 1.63; p<0.001) and a 4% increase in the likelihood of having a pending RMDT result at ED disposition (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.05; p<0.001) after adjustment for confounders.ConclusionThe timing of respiratory virus molecular testing in EDs was significantly associated with a range of outcome indicators. Results suggest the potential to maximise the benefits of RMDT by introducing an early diagnostic protocol such as triage-initiated testing.

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Collection of Viable Aerosolized Influenza Virus and Other Respiratory Viruses in a Student Health Care Center through Water-Based Condensation Growth

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00251-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Maohua Pan ◽

Tania S. Bonny ◽

Julia Loeb ◽

Xiao Jiang ◽

John A. Lednicky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real World ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Care Center ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Vapor Condensation ◽

Student Health ◽

Health Care Center ◽

Water Vapor Condensation ◽

Airborne Viruses ◽

World Environment

ABSTRACT The significance of virus aerosols in the natural transmission of respiratory diseases has been a contentious issue, primarily because it is difficult to collect or sample virus aerosols using currently available air sampling devices. We tested a new air sampler based on water vapor condensation for efficient sampling of viable airborne respiratory viruses in a student health care center as a model of a real world environment. The new sampler outperformed the industry standard device (the SKC BioSampler) in the collection of natural virus aerosols and in maintaining virus viability. These results using the VIVAS indicate that respiratory virus aerosols are more prevalent and potentially pose a greater inhalation biohazard than previously thought. The VIVAS thus appears to be a useful apparatus for microbiology air quality tests related to the detection of viable airborne viruses. The dynamics and significance of aerosol transmission of respiratory viruses are still controversial, for the major reasons that virus aerosols are inefficiently collected by commonly used air samplers and that the collected viruses are inactivated by the collection method. Without knowledge of virus viability, infection risk analyses lack accuracy. This pilot study was performed to (i) determine whether infectious (viable) respiratory viruses in aerosols could be collected from air in a real world environment by the viable virus aerosol sampler (VIVAS), (ii) compare and contrast the efficacy of the standard bioaerosol sampler, the BioSampler, with that of the VIVAS for the collection of airborne viruses in a real world environment, and (iii) gain insights for the use of the VIVAS for respiratory virus sampling. The VIVAS operates via a water vapor condensation process to enlarge aerosolized virus particles to facilitate their capture. A variety of viable human respiratory viruses, including influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 viruses and influenza B viruses, were collected by the VIVAS located at least 2 m from seated patients, during a late-onset 2016 influenza virus outbreak. Whereas the BioSampler when operated following our optimized parameters also collected virus aerosols, it was nevertheless overall less successful based on a lower frequency of virus isolation in most cases. This side-by-side comparison highlights some limitations of past studies based on impingement-based sampling, which may have generated false-negative results due to either poor collection efficiency and/or virus inactivation due to the collection process. IMPORTANCE The significance of virus aerosols in the natural transmission of respiratory diseases has been a contentious issue, primarily because it is difficult to collect or sample virus aerosols using currently available air sampling devices. We tested a new air sampler based on water vapor condensation for efficient sampling of viable airborne respiratory viruses in a student health care center as a model of a real world environment. The new sampler outperformed the industry standard device (the SKC BioSampler) in the collection of natural virus aerosols and in maintaining virus viability. These results using the VIVAS indicate that respiratory virus aerosols are more prevalent and potentially pose a greater inhalation biohazard than previously thought. The VIVAS thus appears to be a useful apparatus for microbiology air quality tests related to the detection of viable airborne viruses.

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