Novel 2D and 3D imaging of internal aerated structure of ultrasonically treated foams and cakes using X-ray tomography and X-ray microtomography

The foaming behaviour of aluminium alloys processed by the powder compaction technique depends crucially on the exact alloy composition. The AlSi8Mg4 alloy has been in use for a decade now, and it has been claimed that this composition lies in an “island of good foaming”. We investigated the reasons for this by systematically studying alloys around this composition by varying the Mg and Si content by a few percent. We applied in situ X-ray 2D and 3D imaging experiments combined with a quantitative nucleation number and expansion analysis, X-ray tomography of solid foams to assess the pore structure and pore size distribution, and in situ diffraction experiments to quantify the melt fraction at any moment. We found a correlation between melt fraction and expansion height and verified that the “island of good foaming” actually exists, and foams outside a preferred range for the liquid fraction—just above TS and between 40–60%—show a poorer expansion performance than the reference alloy AlSi8Mg4. A very slight increase of Si and decrease of Mg content might further improve this foam.

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X-Ray Tomography for Electronic Packages

ISTFA 2000: Conference Proceedings from the 26th International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis ◽

10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2000p0049 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Deepak Goyal

Keyword(s):

3D Imaging ◽

Development Time ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Electronic Packages ◽

X Ray ◽

Imaging Capability ◽

Imaging Results ◽

Key Drivers ◽

Analytical Tools ◽

Non Destructive

Abstract Next generation assembly/package development challenges are primarily increased interconnect complexity and density with ever shorter development time. The results of this trend present some distinct challenges for the analytical tools/techniques to support this technical roadmap. The key challenge in the analytical tools/techniques is the development of non-destructive imaging for improved time to information. This paper will present the key drivers for the non-destructive imaging, results of literature search and evaluation of key analytical techniques currently available. Based on these studies requirements of a 3D imaging capability will be discussed. Critical breakthroughs required for development of such a capability are also summarized.

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Analyzing the Impact of X-Ray Tomography on the Reliability of Integrated Circuits

ISTFA 2015: Conference Proceedings from the 41st International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis ◽

10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2015p0154 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Halit Dogan ◽

Md Mahbub Alam ◽

Navid Asadizanjani ◽

Sina Shahbazmohamadi ◽

Domenic Forte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Integrated Circuit ◽

3D Imaging ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Serial Sectioning ◽

Promising Technique ◽

Flash Memories ◽

X Ray ◽

3D Information ◽

The Impact

Abstract X-ray tomography is a promising technique that can provide micron level, internal structure, and three dimensional (3D) information of an integrated circuit (IC) component without the need for serial sectioning or decapsulation. This is especially useful for counterfeit IC detection as demonstrated by recent work. Although the components remain physically intact during tomography, the effect of radiation on the electrical functionality is not yet fully investigated. In this paper we analyze the impact of X-ray tomography on the reliability of ICs with different fabrication technologies. We perform a 3D imaging using an advanced X-ray machine on Intel flash memories, Macronix flash memories, Xilinx Spartan 3 and Spartan 6 FPGAs. Electrical functionalities are then tested in a systematic procedure after each round of tomography to estimate the impact of X-ray on Flash erase time, read margin, and program operation, and the frequencies of ring oscillators in the FPGAs. A major finding is that erase times for flash memories of older technology are significantly degraded when exposed to tomography, eventually resulting in failure. However, the flash and Xilinx FPGAs of newer technologies seem less sensitive to tomography, as only minor degradations are observed. Further, we did not identify permanent failures for any chips in the time needed to perform tomography for counterfeit detection (approximately 2 hours).

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X-ray diffraction analysis of matter taking into account the second harmonic in the scattering of powerful ultrashort pulses of an electromagnetic field

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83183-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. K. Eseev ◽

A. A. Goshev ◽

K. A. Makarova ◽

D. N. Makarov

Keyword(s):

Electromagnetic Field ◽

Diffraction Analysis ◽

Diffraction Pattern ◽

Second Harmonic ◽

Ultrashort Pulses ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Scattering Spectra ◽

Technical Possibility ◽

2D And 3D

AbstractIt is well known that the scattering of ultrashort pulses (USPs) of an electromagnetic field in the X-ray frequency range can be used in diffraction analysis. When such USPs are scattered by various polyatomic objects, a diffraction pattern appears from which the structure of the object can be determined. Today, there is a technical possibility of creating powerful USP sources and the analysis of the scattering spectra of such pulses is a high-precision instrument for studying the structure of matter. As a rule, such scattering occurs at a frequency close to the carrier frequency of the incident USP. In this work, it is shown that for high-power USPs, where the magnetic component of USPs cannot be neglected, scattering at the second harmonic appears. The scattering of USPs by the second harmonic has a characteristic diffraction pattern which can be used to judge the structure of the scattering object; combining the scattering spectra at the first and second harmonics therefore greatly enhances the diffraction analysis of matter. Scattering spectra at the first and second harmonics are shown for various polyatomic objects: examples considered are 2D and 3D materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and hybrid structures consisting of nanotubes. The theory developed in this work can be applied to various multivolume objects and is quite simple for X-ray structural analysis, because it is based on analytical expressions.

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Fractal analysis of 2D and 3D mesocracks in recycled aggregate concrete using X-ray computed tomography images

Journal of Cleaner Production ◽

10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127083 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 127083

Author(s):

Xiaoyu Shang ◽

Jingwei Yang ◽

Simiao Wang ◽

Mingzhong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Fractal Analysis ◽

Recycled Aggregate Concrete ◽

Recycled Aggregate ◽

Aggregate Concrete ◽

X Ray ◽

Computed Tomography Images ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

2D And 3D

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Spectral Tomography for 3D Element Detection and Mineral Analysis

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11060598 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 598

Author(s):

Jose R. A. Godinho ◽

Gabriel Westaway-Heaven ◽

Marijn A. Boone ◽

Axel D. Renno

Keyword(s):

Energy Spectrum ◽

3D Imaging ◽

X Rays ◽

3D Images ◽

Characterization Methods ◽

X Ray ◽

Additional Information ◽

Mineral Phases ◽

Spectral Computed Tomography

This paper demonstrates the potential of a new 3D imaging technique, Spectral Computed Tomography (sp-CT), to identify heavy elements inside materials, which can be used to classify mineral phases. The method combines the total X-ray transmission measured by a normal polychromatic X-ray detector, and the transmitted X-ray energy spectrum measured by a detector that discriminates between X-rays with energies of about 1.1 keV resolution. An analysis of the energy spectrum allows to identify sudden changes of transmission at K-edge energies that are specific of each element. The additional information about the elements in a phase improves the classification of mineral phases from grey-scale 3D images that would be otherwise difficult due to artefacts or the lack of contrast between phases. The ability to identify the elements inside the minerals that compose ore particles and rocks is crucial to broaden the application of 3D imaging in Earth sciences research and mineral process engineering, which will represent an important complement to traditional 2D imaging mineral characterization methods. In this paper, the first applications of sp-CT to classify mineral phases are showcased and the limitations and further developments are discussed.

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3D Imaging in Unilateral Primary Pulmonary Hypoplasia in an Adult: A Case Report

Case Reports in Radiology ◽

10.1155/2011/659586 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Aristida Georgescu ◽

Crinu Nuta ◽

Simona Bondari

Keyword(s):

3D Imaging ◽

Pulmonary Hypoplasia ◽

Left Lung ◽

Left Lobe ◽

X Rays ◽

X Ray ◽

Female Smoker ◽

Multidetector Computer Tomography ◽

Biological Tests ◽

Chest X Ray

Unilateral primary pulmonary hypoplasia is rare in adulthood (UPHA); it is characterized by a decreased number of bronchial segmentation and decreased/absent alveolar air space. Classical chest X-ray may be confusing, and the biological tests are unspecific. We present a case of UPHA in a 60-year-old female, smoker, with 3 term normal deliveries, who presented with late recurrent pneumonias and bronchiectasis-type symptomathology, arterial hypertension, and obesity. Chest X-rays revealed opacity in the left lower pulmonary zone, an apparent hypoaerated upper left lobe and left deviation of the mediastinum. Preoperatory multidetector computer tomography (MDCT) presented a small retrocardiac left lung with 5-6 bronchial segmentation range and cystic appearance. After pneumonectomy the gross specimen showed a small lung with multiple bronchiectasis and small cysts, lined by hyperplasic epithelium, surrounded by stromal fibrosclerosis. We concluded that this UPHA occurred in the 4–7 embryonic weeks, and the 3D MDCT reconstructions offered the best noninvasive diagnosis.

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Doppler Tomography in 2D and 3D of the X-ray Binary Cyg X-1 for June 2007

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921311027359 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (S282) ◽

pp. 201-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

O. I. Sharova ◽

M. I. Agafonov ◽

E. A. Karitskaya ◽

N. G. Bochkarev ◽

S. V. Zharikov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Binary System ◽

Spectral Data ◽

Inclination Angle ◽

Tomographic Reconstruction ◽

Orbital Plane ◽

National Observatory ◽

Doppler Tomography ◽

X Ray ◽

2D And 3D ◽

First Time

AbstractThe 2D and 3D Doppler tomograms of X-ray binary system Cyg X-1 (V1357 Cyg) were reconstructed from spectral data for the line HeII 4686Å obtained with 2-m telescope of the Peak Terskol Observatory (Russia) and 2.1-m telescope of the Mexican National Observatory in June, 2007. Information about gas motions outside the orbital plane, using all of the three velocity components Vx, Vy, Vz, was obtained for the first time. The tomographic reconstruction was carried out for the system inclination angle of 45°. The equal resolution (50 × 50 × 50 km/s) is realized in this case, in the orbital plane (Vx, Vy) and also in the perpendicular direction Vz. The checkout tomograms were realized also for the inclination angle of 40° because of the angle uncertainty. Two versions of the result showed no qualitative discrepancy. Details of the structures revealed by the 3D Doppler tomogram were analyzed.

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