Comparative actions of omega-3 fatty acids on in-vitro lipid droplet formation

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the dose-response effects of supplemental omega-3 fatty acids on platelet function in healthy volunteers. Methods Twelve healthy volunteers ingested a normal supplemental dose of 1260 mg omega-3 fatty acids daily for 5 days, followed by a high dose of 2520 mg daily for another 5 days. Multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) with four different agonists was used to measure platelet aggregation before and after the normal- and high-dose regimes. In vitro spiking using physiological doses of omega-3 fatty acids was also performed to determine whether MEA is capable of detecting a platelet-inhibiting effect due to omega-3 fatty acids. Results There were no differences in platelet aggregation measured by the MEA assay in healthy volunteers after intake of either the normal or high dose of omega-3 fatty acids. In the in vitro experiment, a platelet-inhibiting effect of omega-3 fatty acids was shown by an arachidonic acid agonist in MEA . Conclusions Supplemental omega-3 fatty acids do not evoke their positive health effects through inhibition of platelet aggregation measurable with MEA.

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The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103198 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3198 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francesco Pecora ◽

Federica Persico ◽

Alberto Argentiero ◽

Cosimo Neglia ◽

Susanna Esposito

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Optimal Function ◽

The Impact

Viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the importance of public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations in reducing their spread is well established. Furthermore, it is well known that proper nutrition can help support optimal immune function, reducing the impact of infections. Several vitamins and trace elements play an important role in supporting the cells of the immune system, thus increasing the resistance to infections. Other nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, help sustain optimal function of the immune system. The main aim of this manuscript is to discuss of the potential role of micronutrients supplementation in supporting immunity, particularly against respiratory virus infections. Literature analysis showed that in vitro and observational studies, and clinical trials, highlight the important role of vitamins A, C, and D, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc in modulating the immune response. Supplementation with vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids and zinc appears to be a safe and low-cost way to support optimal function of the immune system, with the potential to reduce the risk and consequences of infection, including viral respiratory infections. Supplementation should be in addition to a healthy diet and fall within recommended upper safety limits set by scientific expert bodies. Therefore, implementing an optimal nutrition, with micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, might be a cost-effective, underestimated strategy to help reduce the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

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Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Derived Resolvin D2 Regulates Human Placental Vascular Smooth Muscle and Extravillous Trophoblast Activities

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20184402 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (18) ◽

pp. 4402 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Arzu Ulu ◽

Prakash K. Sahoo ◽

Ana G. Yuil-Valdes ◽

Maheswari Mukherjee ◽

Matthew Van Ormer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Smooth Muscle ◽

Vascular Smooth Muscle ◽

Placental Tissue ◽

Cell Types ◽

Extravillous Trophoblast ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3

Omega-3 fatty acids are important to pregnancy and neonatal development and health. One mechanism by which omega-3 fatty acids exert their protective effects is through serving as substrates for the generation of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) that potently limit and resolve inflammatory processes. We recently identified that SPM levels are increased in maternal blood at delivery as compared to umbilical cord blood, suggesting the placenta as a potential site of action for maternal SPM. To explore this hypothesis, we obtained human placental samples and stained for the SPM resolvin D2 (RvD2) receptor GPR18 via immunohistochemistry. In so doing, we identified GPR18 expression in placental vascular smooth muscle and extravillous trophoblasts of the placental tissues. Using in vitro culturing, we confirmed expression of GPR18 in these cell types and further identified that stimulation with RvD2 led to significantly altered responsiveness (cytoskeletal changes and pro-inflammatory cytokine production) to lipopolysaccharide inflammatory stimulation in human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells and placental trophoblasts. Taken together, these findings establish a role for SPM actions in human placental tissue.

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Aggregation and fusion of low-density lipoproteins in vivo and in vitro

BioMolecular Concepts ◽

10.1515/bmc-2013-0016 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 501-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Mengxiao Lu ◽

Olga Gursky

Keyword(s):

Lipid Droplet ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Single Copy ◽

Droplet Formation ◽

Low Density Lipoproteins ◽

Low Density ◽

Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽

Lipid Droplet Formation

AbstractLow-density lipoproteins (LDLs, also known as ‘bad cholesterol’) are the major carriers of circulating cholesterol and the main causative risk factor of atherosclerosis. Plasma LDLs are 20- to 25-nm nanoparticles containing a core of cholesterol esters surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and a single copy of apolipoprotein B (550 kDa). An early sign of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of LDL-derived lipid droplets in the arterial wall. According to the widely accepted ‘response-to-retention hypothesis’, LDL binding to the extracellular matrix proteoglycans in the arterial intima induces hydrolytic and oxidative modifications that promote LDL aggregation and fusion. This enhances LDL uptake by the arterial macrophages and triggers a cascade of pathogenic responses that culminate in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Hence, LDL aggregation, fusion, and lipid droplet formation are important early steps in atherogenesis. In vitro, a variety of enzymatic and nonenzymatic modifications of LDL can induce these reactions and thereby provide useful models for their detailed analysis. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the in vivo and in vitro modifications of LDLs leading to their aggregation, fusion, and lipid droplet formation; outline the techniques used to study these reactions; and propose a molecular mechanism that underlies these pro-atherogenic processes. Such knowledge is essential in identifying endogenous and exogenous factors that can promote or prevent LDL aggregation and fusion in vivo and to help establish new potential therapeutic targets to decelerate or even block these pathogenic reactions.

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Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Production of Prostaglandin E2and Nitric Oxide during Experimental Murine Paracoccidioidomycosis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/947687 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

S. C. Sargi ◽

M. M. O. Dalalio ◽

A. G. Moraes ◽

J. E. L. Visentainer ◽

D. R. Morais ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Peritoneal Macrophages ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Potential Health ◽

Macrophage Activity ◽

Experimental Paracoccidioidomycosis

There has recently been increased interest in the potential health effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the immune system. Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most important endemic mycosis in Latin America. Macrophages have a fundamental role and act as first line of organism defense. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of n-3 fatty acids on the production of PGE2and NO by mice infected with Pb18 and fed a diet enriched with LNA for 8 weeks. To study the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on macrophage activity during experimental paracoccidioidomycosis, mice were infected with Pb18 and fed a diet supplemented with LNA. PGE2in the serum of animals was analyzed and NO in the supernatants of macrophages cultured and challengedin vitrowith Pb18 was measured. Omega-3 fatty acids seemed to decrease the production of PGE2in vivoin the infected group fed an LNA-supplemented diet during the 4th and 8th weeks of the experiment. At the same time, we observed an increase in synthesis of NO by peritoneal macrophages in this group. Omega-3 fatty acids thus appear to have an immunomodulatory effect in paracoccidioidomycosis.

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Postprandial VLDL lipolysis products increase monocyte adhesion and lipid droplet formation via activation of ERK2 and NFκB

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00137.2013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 306 (1) ◽

pp. H109-H120 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Laura J. den Hartigh ◽

Robin Altman ◽

Jennifer E. Norman ◽

John C. Rutledge

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Endothelial Cells ◽

Lipid Droplet ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Ccd Camera ◽

Droplet Formation ◽

Monocyte Adhesion ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Lipid Droplet Formation

Postprandial lipemia is characterized by a transient increase in circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and has been shown to activate monocytes in vivo. Lipolysis of VLDL releases remnant particles, phospholipids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, and fatty acids in close proximity to endothelial cells and monocytes. We hypothesized that postprandial VLDL lipolysis products could activate and recruit monocytes by increasing monocyte expression of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, and that such activation is related to the development of lipid droplets. Freshly isolated human monocytes were treated with VLDL lipolysis products (2.28 mmol/l triglycerides + 2 U/ml lipoprotein lipase), and monocyte adhesion to a primed endothelial monolayer was observed using a parallel plate flow chamber coupled with a CCD camera. Treated monocytes showed more rolling and adhesion than controls, and an increase in transmigration between endothelial cells. The increased adhesive events were related to elevated expression of key integrin complexes including Mac-1 [αm-integrin (CD11b)/β2-integrin (CD18)], CR4 [αx-integrin (CD11c)/CD18] and VLA-4 [α4-integrin (CD49d)/β1-integrin (CD29)] on treated monocytes. Treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and THP-1 monocytes with VLDL lipolysis products increased expression of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-8 over controls, with concurrent activation of NFkB and AP-1. NFκB and AP-1-induced cytokine and integrin expression was dependent on ERK and Akt phosphorylation. Additionally, fatty acids from VLDL lipolysis products induced ERK2-dependent lipid droplet formation in monocytes, suggesting a link to inflammatory signaling pathways. These results provide novel mechanisms for postprandial monocyte activation by VLDL lipolysis products, suggesting new pathways and biomarkers for chronic, intermittent vascular injury.

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Thiazolidinedione-induced lipid droplet formation during osteogenic differentiation

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-14-0425 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 223 (2) ◽

pp. 119-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M van de Vyver ◽

E Andrag ◽

I L Cockburn ◽

W F Ferris

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Lipid Droplet ◽

Lipid Accumulation ◽

Adipogenic Differentiation ◽

Chronic Administration ◽

Droplet Formation ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Lipid Droplet Formation

Chronic administration of the insulin-sensitising drugs, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), results in low bone mineral density and ‘fatty bones’. This is thought to be due, at least in part, to aberrant differentiation of progenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) away from osteogenesis towards adipogenesis. This study directly compared the effects of rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and netoglitazone treatment on osteogenesis and adipogenesis in MSCs derived from subcutaneous (SC) or visceral (PV) white adipose tissue. MSCs were isolated from adipose tissue depots of male Wistar rats and characterised using flow cytometry. The effects of TZD treatment on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation were assessed histologically (day 14) and by quantitative PCR analysis (Pparγ2(Pparg2),Ap2(Fabp4), Adipsin(Adps),Msx2, Collagen I(Col1a1), andAlp) on days 0, 7, and 10. Uniquely, lipid droplet formation and mineralisation were found to occur concurrently in response to TZD treatment during osteogenesis. Compared with SC MSCs, PV MSCs were more prone to lipid accumulation under controlled osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation conditions. This study demonstrated that the extent of lipid accumulation is dependent on the nature of thePparligand and that SC and PV MSCs respond differently toin vitroTZD treatment, suggesting that metabolic status can contribute to the adverse effects associated with TZD treatment.

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