A Case-Control Investigation of Adenomyosis: Impact of Control Group Selection on Risk Factor Strength

SynopsisAn appropriate choice of controls in case/control studies of specific psychiatric disorders is crucial for valid risk-factor assessment. One suggested approach to control-group selection, the use of a well control group, is the focus of this paper. While using well controls has intuitive appeal, this paper shows that such a procedure can lead to ambiguous and biased results.

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Occupation, smoking, opium, and bladder cancer: A case–control study

South Asian Journal of Cancer ◽

10.4103/2278-330x.173174 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 04 (03) ◽

pp. 111-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tayeb Ghadimi ◽

Bahman Gheitasi ◽

Sayran Nili ◽

Mohammad Karimi ◽

Ebrahim Ghaderi

Keyword(s):

Bladder Cancer ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Cancer Drug ◽

Control Group ◽

Occupational Risk Factors ◽

Opium Abuse ◽

Control Study

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: In this case–control study, control group included patients who referred to a specialized clinic in the same city and hospitals where patients had been registered. Data were entered into SPSS software. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for occupational variables and other characteristics. Then, using logistic regression, the association between cancer and drugs was studied while smoking was controlled. Results: Cigarette smoking, even after quitting, was also associated with bladder cancer (OR = 2.549). Considering the classification of occupations, the OR of working in metal industry in patients was 10.629. Multivariate analysis showed that use of the drug by itself can be a risk factor for bladder cancer. Drug abuse together with the control of smoking increased the risk of bladder cancer by 4.959. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, contact with metal industries such as welding, and working with tin was found as a risk factor for bladder cancer. In addition, cigarette smoking and opium abuse individually were associated with bladder cancer.

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Risk factors for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia: a case–control study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-76998-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yu Sato ◽

Kengo Murata ◽

Miake Yamamoto ◽

Tsukasa Ishiwata ◽

Miyako Kitazono-Saitoh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Tracheobronchial Stenosis ◽

Control Study ◽

Age And Sex

AbstractThe bronchoscopy, though usually safe, is occasionally associated with complications, such as pneumonia. However, the use of prophylactic antibiotics is not recommended by the guidelines of the British Thoracic Society. Thus far there are few reports of the risk factors for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia; the purpose of this study was to evaluate these risk factors. We retrospectively collected data on patients in whom post-bronchoscopy pneumonia developed from the medical records of 2,265 patients who received 2666 diagnostic bronchoscopies at our institution between April 2006 and November 2011. Twice as many patients were enrolled in the control group as in the pneumonia group. The patients were matched for age and sex. In total, 37 patients (1.4%) had post-bronchoscopy pneumonia. Univariate analysis showed that a significantly larger proportion of patients in the pneumonia group had tracheobronchial stenosis (75.7% vs 18.9%, p < 0.01) and a final diagnosis of primary lung cancer (75.7% vs 43.2%, p < 0.01) than in the control group. The pneumonia group tended to have more patients with a history of smoking (83.8% vs 67.1%, p = 0.06) or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (4.3% vs 14.9%, p = 0.14) than the control group. In multivariate analysis, we found that tracheobronchial stenosis remained an independent risk factor for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia (odds ratio: 7.8, 95%CI: 2.5–24.2). In conclusion, tracheobronchial stenosis was identified as an independent risk factor for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia by multivariate analysis in this age- and sex- matched case control study.

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The Relationship Between Personal Hygiene with Hepatitis a Incident in Students

Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi ◽

10.20473/jbe.v2i32014.331-341 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 331

Author(s):

Dwika Sari Sasoka ◽

Prijono Satyabakti

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Hepatitis A ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Case Control ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Primary Data ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRACTThe prevalence and distribution of Hepatitis A in Indonesia had been increased over past few years. It resulted in the endemic status of Hepatitis A in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between personal hygiene and Hepatitis A incidence in Jember. This study use a case-control design, with quantitative approach using primary data. Population of this study is student that has been randomize using simple random sampling for case group and purposive random sampling for control group. Respondents of this study is 15 for case group and 30 for control group. Idependent variable of this study is personal hygiene behaviour. Analysis are performed using Chi-Square test and Odd Ratio (CI = 95%). The study showed that majority case group have poor personal hygiene (53,3% respondents) and majority of control group have healthy personal hygiene (83,3% respondents). There is a significant relationship (p= 0,016) between personal hygiene with the incidence of Hepatitis A. Personal hygiene is the risk factor of Hepatitis A incidence, OR = 5,71 (95% CI: 1,17–29,88). The conclusion is there is a relationship between personal hygiene with Hepatitis A incidence. In order to increase awareness of personal hygiene to prevent Hepatitis A, is by using eating and drinking equipments proprietary, washing hands with soap before meals and after defecating, drinking boiled water and buy food in hygiene and sanitary food vendors.Keywords: Hepatitis A, personal hygiene, students, risk factor, case control

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Pola makan dan hubungannya dengan kejadian stroke di RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya

Jurnal Gizi dan Dietetik Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics) ◽

10.21927/ijnd.2014.2(2).51-61 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Perawaty Perawaty ◽

Pernodjo Dahlan ◽

Herni Astuti

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Smoking Habit ◽

Case Control ◽

World Health ◽

Control Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Eating Pattern ◽

Food Frequency ◽

And Control

ABSTRACTBackground: According to WHO it is estimated that there are 15 million people having stroke annually. High prevalence of stroke happens at Kalimantan Tengah as indicated from the growing number of outpatients and inpatients of stroke every year. There is a shift in eating pattern at urban areas from traditional eating pattern to western eating pattern that has high composition of calories, protein, fat, sugar and less fibre causing nonproportional nutrient intake. This condition is a risk factor for the prevalence of degenerative diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease and other health problems. Efforts for primary prevention against stroke can be made through intervention in unhealthy lifestyle including eating pattern.Objectives: To identify association between eating pattern and the prevalence of stroke at dr. Doris Sylvanus Hospital Palangka Raya.Methods: The study was analytic observational with case control design. Subject consisted of cases and control at comparison 1:1 matched in age. Cases were stroke inpatients of dr. Doris Sylvanus Hospital and control group consisted of patients of other diseases at the same hospital. The study involved 76 patients taken concecutive. Data comprised of sample identity, waist circumference, eating pattern, hypertension, physical activity and smoking habit. Data of eating pattern were obtained through semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The result of the study was analyzed using chi square and logistic regression.Results: The result of the study showed there were 5 variables significantly associated with the prevalence of stroke; ie. more consumption of processed foods (OR 7,53 CI 95% : 1,38 – 41,13), less consumption of fruits (OR 6,98 CI 95%, 1,53-31,80), less consumption of fish (OR 6,36 CI 95% : 1,15 – 34,99), hypertension (OR 10,91 CI 95%, 2,43–49,03) and less physical activities (OR 8,36 CI 95%, 1,72-40,56) while the frequency of fast foods, alcohol consumption, obesity and smoking are not statistically significant (p > 0.05).Conclusions: The presence of hypertension, less physical activity, more consumption of processes foods, less consumption of fruits and less consumption of fish a risk factor for the dominant influence on the incidence of stroke.KEYWORDS: stroke, eating pattern, case controlABSTRAKLatar belakang: Laporan World Health Organization (WHO), diperkirakan setiap tahun terdapat 15 juta orang di seluruh dunia yang mengalami stroke. Tingginya prevalensi stroke di Kalimantan Tengah dilihat dari penderita rawat inap dan rawat jalan di rumah sakit yang jumlahnya meningkat setiap tahun. Terjadinya pergeseran pola makan di kota-kota besar dari pola makan tradisional ke pola makan barat yang komposisinya terlalu tinggi kalori, banyak protein, lemak, gula tetapi rendah serat menimbulkan ketidakseimbangan asupan zat gizi. Kondisi tersebut merupakan faktor risiko untuk terjadinya penyakit degeneratif seperti hipertensi, jantung koroner dan masalah kesehatan lainnya. Upaya pencegahan tingkat awal atau preventif primer pada stroke dapat dilakukan dengan intervensi pada gaya hidup yang tidak sehat termasuk pola makan.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan pola makan dengan kejadian stroke di RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik menggunakan rancangan case control. Subjek terdiri dari kasus dan kontrol dengan perbandingan 1:1 yang telah dilakukan matching terhadap umur. Kasus adalah penderita stroke dan kontrol adalah penderita penyakit lainnya yang menjalani rawat inap di RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya. Jumlah subjek adalah 76 orang yang ditentukan dengan metode consecutive sampling. Data yang dikumpulkan yaitu identitas sampel, lingkar pinggang, pola makan, hipertensi, aktifitas fisik dan merokok. Data pola makan dikumpulkan dengan formulir semi quantitatif food frequency. Hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan menggunakan Chi square dan regresi logistik.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 5 variabel yang berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian stroke yaitu lebih konsumsi makanan olahan (OR 7,53 CI 95% : 1,38 – 41,13), kurang konsumsi buah (OR 6,98 CI 95% : 1,53 – 31,80), kurang konsumsi ikan (OR 6,36 CI 95% : 1,15 – 34,99),hipertensi (OR 10,91 CI 95% : 2,43 – 49,03) dan kurang aktivitas fisik (OR 8,36 CI 95% : 1,72 – 40,56), sedangkan frekuensi konsumsi fast food, konsumsi sayuran berwarna, konsumsi alkohol, obesitas, dan merokok tidak signifikan secara statistik (p > 0,05). Kesimpulan: Adanya hipertensi, kurang aktivitas fisik, lebih konsumsi makanan olahan, kurang konsumsi buah dan kurang konsumsi ikan merupakan faktor risiko terhadap kejadian stroke.KATA KUNCI: stroke, pola makan, case control

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Risk Factors for Ectopic Pregnancy: A Multi-center Case Control Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-136639/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nooria Atta ◽

Fahima Aram ◽

Nafisa Naseri ◽

Mahbooba Sahak

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Ectopic Pregnancy ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Pelvic Surgery ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

History Of ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is defined as a pregnancy in which fertilized oocyte implants outside the endometrial cavity. Although there is no known etiology for ectopic pregnancy, some risk factors of EP have been determined. It has been evident that ectopic pregnancy can be of multifactorial origin. This multicenter research aims to study risk factors associated with increased risk of ectopic pregnancy in women living in Kabul. Methods: A multicenter case control study was conducted in five tertiary maternity hospitals located in Kabul, Afghanistan. A total of 457 pregnant women were included in this study. In the case group, women with diagnosed ectopic pregnancy, while in control group women with intrauterine pregnancy were included. For each case in this study, two controls were enrolled. Results: The mean (SD) age of women in case group was 27.9 (6) years while in control group it was 26.4 (5.5) years. This difference was not statistically significant. We found a significant association between history of abortion and EP (Adj. OR=1.57; 95%CI: 1.02, 2.42). Having history of abdominal/pelvic surgery was a risk factor for EP with adjusted OR 1.94 (95%CI: 1.15, 3.30). In this study we found an increasing risk of EP in women of 35 years or older compared to younger women (Crude OR=2.26; p= 0.024). In women reporting prior EP, the chance of its recurrence was increased (Crude OR= 9.64; 95%CI: 1.1, 83.2). No association of gravidity and parity was found with EP incidence. Conclusions: In this study we found a statistically significant association between history of abdominal/pelvic surgery and EP. In addition, history of abortion was suggested as a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. In case of having a previous EP probability of its recurrence will be increased. Women with advanced age having other potential risk factors will be facing higher risk of EP.

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A Case–control Study for the Assessment of Correlation of Denture-related Sores and Oral Cancer Risk

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1956 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 930-933

Author(s):

Javed Khan ◽

B Vikas Prasad ◽

Gauri S Kakatkar ◽

Meetu Jain ◽

Maulik Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Oral Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Study Groups ◽

Oral Health Status ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Cancer Risk ◽

Control Study

ABSTRACT Introduction Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Although multifactorial, the exact pathogenesis of oral cancer is still unclear. Apart from tobacco chewing and smoking, chronic long-term irritation by ill-fitting denture is also said to be an important risk factor for the development of oral cancer. Literature quotes some amount of evidence that correlates long-term denture irritation as a risk factor for the development of oral cancer. Hence, we analyzed the correlation of denturerelated sores as a risk factor for the development of oral cancer. Materials and methods The present case–control study included 140 newly diagnosed oral cancer cases and 140 patients as the control healthy group. One-hour questionnaire was framed and was conducted to the control group and the study group by 10 experienced interviewers who were trained for such type of analysis. Assessment of the patients’ socioeconomic status, cigarette smoking habit, alcohol drinking habit, and oral health status was done and compared on the two study groups. Logistic regression models along with multivariate models were used for the assessment of the results. Results In the control group and the cancer patient group, total of 140 new cancer cases and 140 subjects were included. Out of 140 patients in the cancer group, 16 were nonsmokers, while 110 smoked cigarette in the cancer patient group. As far as alcohol consumption is concerned, 42 patients in the control group and 102 patients in the oral cancer group were chronic heavy drinkers. Fried food intake was high in both the groups. Significant correlation was obtained while comparing the heavy smokers, heavy alcohol consumers, and oral health status in both the study groups. Conclusion Our results favor the hypothesis that positive correlation exists between oral cancer risk and recurrent denture sores. Clinical significance People wearing denture prosthesis should be periodically visualized for identification of any mucosal alteration or changes at the earliest. How to cite this article Jain P, Jain M, Prasad BV, Kakatkar GS, Patel M, Khan J. A Case–control Study for the Assessment of Correlation of Denture-related Sores and Oral Cancer Risk. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(11):930-933.

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Well-managed gestational diabetes mellitus is no longer a risk factor for neonatal RDS — a case-control study

10.21203/rs.2.23966/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Guannan Xi ◽

Qian Ying ◽

Xuefeng Wang ◽

Fei Luo ◽

Chengqiu Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Subgroup Analysis ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Study ◽

Hba1c Levels

Abstract Abstract BACKGROUND Diabetes in pregnancy used to be considered associated with a higher risk of respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) in neonates. However, as antenatal examinations have improved, whether well-managed gestational diabetes remains an independent risk factor is unclear. This study was to determine the associations of well-managed gestational diabetes with morbidity and complications of RDS. Method This was a case-control study conducted at the Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. We collected data from 101 RDS infants and 101 RDS infants from among 1749 infants, through a standardized protocol with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Assessment of diabetes management was based on HbA1c and random blood glucose measurements. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR). An intergroup analysis was conducted between RDS infants and those without RDS, and a subgroup analysis was conducted between RDS neonates born to women with gestational diabetes and those born to women without gestational diabetes. RESULTS The mean (±SD) gestational age of the RDS infants was 35.9 (1.9) weeks, which was similar to that of the non-RDS infants (35.7 (±1.3) weeks). The HbA1c levels at diabetes diagnosed, the HbA1c levels right before delivery and the RBG levels before delivery had no significant differences, and all of them were below a well-controlled level. In the intergroup analysis, the morbidity of gestational diabetes between the two groups showed no significant differences in the adjusted analyses (adjusted OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.59-3.36). However, the case group had significantly more placental abnormalities (adjusted OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.63-8.00), fetal distress (adjusted OR 4.20, 95% CI 1.87-9.46), and asphyxia (adjusted OR 3.74, 95% CI 1.59-8.81) than the control group. In the subgroup analysis, the total dose of the PS applications, incidence of complications, and need for respiratory support (total and separate) were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Well managed gestational diabetes is no longer a significant risk factor for RDS, while acute or chronic ischemia factors are. With regards to most GDM, diet and exercise are sufficient for maintaining an HbA1c below 6.5%

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Multiple vaginal examinations and early neonatal sepsis

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20190848 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 876 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Usha Christopher ◽

Goldy S. J. ◽

Bewin Oral J. ◽

Adlin Rose C.

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Early Onset ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Maternal Risk Factors ◽

Maternal Risk ◽

Control Study

Background: Early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) is caused mainly by organisms present in the genital tract. Maternal risk factors increase the incidence of EONS. This study was done to find out the association between one such risk factor i.e., multiple vaginal examinations and EONS.Methods: Case control study. 114 patients with three or more vaginal examinations after rupture of membranes were taken as cases and 114 patients with less than three vaginal examinations after rupture of membranes were taken as controls. All these babies were followed up for the development of EONS.Results: Of the 114 cases, 6 babies developed EONS. None of the babies in the control group developed EONS. So, 3 or more vaginal examinations after rupture of membranes in labour is significantly associated with early onset neonatal sepsis with p-value of 0.01305.Conclusions: Multiple vaginal examinations after rupture of membranes is a risk factor for early onset neonatal sepsis.

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Well-managed gestational diabetes mellitus is no longer a risk factor for neonatal RDS — a case-control study

10.21203/rs.2.23966/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Guannan Xi ◽

Qian Ying ◽

Xuefeng Wang ◽

Fei Luo ◽

Chengqiu Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Subgroup Analysis ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Study ◽

Hba1c Levels

Abstract BACKGROUND Diabetes in pregnancy used to be considered associated with a higher risk of respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) in neonates. However, whether well-managed gestational diabetes remains an independent risk factor is unclear. This study was to determine the associations of them.METHOD This was a case-control study conducted at the Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. We collected data from 101 RDS infants and 101 RDS infants from among 1749 infants, through a standardized protocol with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two investigators enrolled in recording same datas twice to minimize bias. Assessment of diabetes management was based on HbA1c and random blood glucose measurements. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR). An intergroup analysis was conducted between RDS infants and those without RDS, and a subgroup analysis was conducted between RDS neonates born to women with gestational diabetes and those born to women without gestational diabetes.RESULTS The mean (±SD) gestational age of the RDS infants was 35.9 (±1.9) weeks, which was similar to that of the non-RDS infants (35.7±1.3)weeks). The HbA1c levels at diabetes diagnosed, the HbA1c levels right before delivery and the RBG levels before delivery had no significant differences, and all of them were below a well-controlled level. In the intergroup analysis, the morbidity of gestational diabetes between the two groups showed no significant differences in the adjusted analyses (adjusted OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.59-3.36). However, the case group had significantly more placental abnormalities (adjusted OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.63-8.00), fetal distress (adjusted OR 4.20, 95% CI 1.87-9.46), and asphyxia (adjusted OR 3.74, 95% CI 1.59-8.81) than the control group. In the subgroup analysis, the total dose of the PS applications, incidence of complications, and need for respiratory support (total and separate) were not significantly different between the two groups.CONCLUSIONS Well managed gestational diabetes is no longer a significant risk factor for RDS, while acute or chronic ischemia factors are. Diet and exercise are sufficient for the GDM management target of HbA1c below 6.5%.

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