2 Integrative brain activity: A treatise of sensory and cognitive functions based on oscillations

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Erol Basar
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Brain Activity

Is the human brain only responsive?

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-366
Author(s):  
Rumyana Kristeva-Feige ◽  
Bernd Feige
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
External Events ◽  
Potential Methods ◽  
The Brain

AbstractPosner & Raichle's (1994) book is a fascinating and readable account of the studies the authors have conducted on the localization of cognitive functions in the brain mainly using PET and EEC evoked potential methods. Our criticism concerns the underrepresentation of some imaging techniques (magnetoencephalography) and some forms of brain activity (spontaneous activity). Furthermore, the book leaves the reader with the impression that the brain only responds to external events.

The Psychobiology of Listening

2020 ◽  
pp. 287-307
Author(s):  
Graham D. Bodie ◽  
Andrew D. Wolvin
Keyword(s):  
Human Physiology ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Mcgurk Effect ◽  
Inference Making ◽  
Visual Component ◽  
Sensory Processes ◽  
Taste And Smell

Listening is frequently considered to be synonymous with hearing. While the process of hearing is complex in itself, the process of listening extends beyond human physiology and neurobiology and includes sensory processes of vision. Indeed, as the McGurk effect suggests, the visual component of listening can dominate human perception. Listening also incorporates brain activity through cognitive functions of attention, comprehension, inference making, and memory. Other sensory processes, such as touch, taste, and smell, further impact the physiology and neurobiology of listening. This chapter utilizes research across the academic landscape to provide a theoretical framework for the physiological and perceptual components of listening that integrates perspectives of both the listener and the person (i.e., speaker) who is listened to.

scholarly journals The modular and integrative functional architecture of the human brain

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (49) ◽  
pp. E6798-E6807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell A. Bertolero ◽  
B. T. Thomas Yeo ◽  
Mark D’Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Topic Model ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Modular Function ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Functional Architecture ◽  
Brain Imaging Data ◽  
The Brain

Network-based analyses of brain imaging data consistently reveal distinct modules and connector nodes with diverse global connectivity across the modules. How discrete the functions of modules are, how dependent the computational load of each module is to the other modules’ processing, and what the precise role of connector nodes is for between-module communication remains underspecified. Here, we use a network model of the brain derived from resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data and investigate the modular functional architecture of the human brain by analyzing activity at different types of nodes in the network across 9,208 experiments of 77 cognitive tasks in the BrainMap database. Using an author–topic model of cognitive functions, we find a strong spatial correspondence between the cognitive functions and the network’s modules, suggesting that each module performs a discrete cognitive function. Crucially, activity at local nodes within the modules does not increase in tasks that require more cognitive functions, demonstrating the autonomy of modules’ functions. However, connector nodes do exhibit increased activity when more cognitive functions are engaged in a task. Moreover, connector nodes are located where brain activity is associated with many different cognitive functions. Connector nodes potentially play a role in between-module communication that maintains the modular function of the brain. Together, these findings provide a network account of the brain’s modular yet integrated implementation of cognitive functions.

scholarly journals Effect of 48 h Fasting on Autonomic Function, Brain Activity, Cognition, and Mood in Amateur Weight Lifters

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rima Solianik ◽  
Artūras Sujeta ◽  
Asta Terentjevienė ◽  
Albertas Skurvydas
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Autonomic Response ◽  
Mental Flexibility ◽  
Frontal Brain ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Weight Lifters ◽  
Calorie Diet

Objectives.The acute fasting-induced cardiovascular autonomic response and its effect on cognition and mood remain debatable. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of a 48 h, zero-calorie diet on autonomic function, brain activity, cognition, and mood in amateur weight lifters.Methods.Nine participants completed a 48 h, zero-calorie diet program. Cardiovascular autonomic function, resting frontal brain activity, cognitive performance, and mood were evaluated before and after fasting.Results.Fasting decreased (p<0.05) weight, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure, whereas no changes were evident regarding any of the measured heart rate variability indices. Fasting decreased (p<0.05) the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin and improved (p<0.05) mental flexibility and shifting set, whereas no changes were observed in working memory, visuospatial discrimination, and spatial orientation ability. Fasting also increased (p<0.05) anger, whereas other mood states were not affected by it.Conclusions.48 h fasting resulted in higher parasympathetic activity and decreased resting frontal brain activity, increased anger, and improved prefrontal-cortex-related cognitive functions, such as mental flexibility and set shifting, in amateur weight lifters. In contrast, hippocampus-related cognitive functions were not affected by it.

scholarly journals Ultrasonic Vocalizations Emission across Development in Rats: Coordination with Respiration and Impact on Brain Neural Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 616
Author(s):  
Julie Boulanger-Bertolus ◽  
Anne-Marie Mouly
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Ultrasonic Vocalizations ◽  
Neural Dynamics ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Memory Processes

Rats communicate using ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) throughout their life when confronted with emotionally stimulating situations, either negative or positive. The context of USV emission and the psychoacoustic characteristics of the vocalizations change greatly between infancy and adulthood. Importantly, the production of USV is tightly coordinated with respiration, and respiratory rhythm is known to influence brain activity and cognitive functions. This review goes through the acoustic characteristics and mechanisms of production of USV both in infant and adult rats and emphasizes the tight relationships that exist between USV emission and respiration throughout the rat’s development. It further describes how USV emission and respiration collectively affect brain oscillatory activities. We discuss the possible association of USV emission with emotional memory processes and point out several avenues of research on USV that are currently overlooked and could fill gaps in our knowledge.

scholarly journals Cognitive Training with Neurofeedback Using NIRS Improved Cognitive Functions in Young Adults: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Rui Nouchi ◽  
Haruka Nouchi ◽  
Jerome Dinet ◽  
Ryuta Kawashima
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After

(1) Background: A previous study has shown that cognitive training with neurofeedback (CT-NF) using down-regulation improves cognitive functions in young adults. Neurofeedback has two strategies for manipulating brain activity (down-regulation and upregulation). However, the benefit of CT-NF with the upregulation of cognitive functions is still unknown. In this study, we investigated whether the upregulation of CT-NF improves a wide range of cognitive functions compared to cognitive training alone. (2) Methods: In this double-blinded randomized control trial (RCT), 60 young adults were randomly assigned to one of three groups: CT-NF group, CT alone group, and an active control (ACT) group who played a puzzle game. Participants in the three groups used the same device (tablet PC and 2ch NIRS (near-infrared spectroscopy)) and performed the training game for 20 min every day for four weeks. We measured brain activity during training in all groups, but only CT-NFs received NF. We also measured a wide range of cognitive functions before and after the intervention period. (3) Results: The CT-NF groups showed superior beneficial effects on episodic memory, working memory, and attention compared to the CT alone and ACT groups. In addition, the CT-NF group showed an increase in brain activity during CT, which was associated with improvements in cognitive function. (4) Discussion: This study first demonstrated that the CT-NF using the upregulation strategy has beneficial effects on cognitive functions compared to the CT alone. Our results suggest that greater brain activities during CT would enhance a benefit from CT.

scholarly journals Changes in resting-state functional brain activity are associated with waning cognitive functions in HIV-infected children

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 1204-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh K. Yadav ◽  
Rakesh K. Gupta ◽  
Sheema Hashem ◽  
Ajaz A. Bhat ◽  
Ravindra K. Garg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Functional Brain Activity

The Concept of an Interactive Device for Children's Lower Limbs Rehabilitation

2013 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 594-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Chuchnowska ◽  
Agnieszka Sękala
Keyword(s):  
Young Patient ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Interactive System ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Mental Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

This paper presents an interactive system for childrens lower limbs rehabilitation, which aims to satisfy the essential requirements for progress in rehabilitation by stimulating a childs senses through image and sound. Brain activity measurement with an EEG sensor is used as a function steering the rehabilitation process. Through the interactive integration of the function of movement rehabilitation with mental stimulation of a child it will be possible to support the development of cognitive functions, cause-effect thinking, stimulation of the senses and to improve coordination and spatial orientation of the young patient and also encourage and motivate them to participate fully during therapy.

scholarly journals Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2099
Author(s):  
Yijing Chen ◽  
Jinying Xu ◽  
Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
The Brain

Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota is important in the regulation of brain activity and cognitive functions. Microbes mediate communication among the metabolic, peripheral immune, and central nervous systems via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. However, it is not well understood how the gut microbiome and neurons in the brain mutually interact or how these interactions affect normal brain functioning and cognition. We summarize the mechanisms whereby the gut microbiota regulate the production, transportation, and functioning of neurotransmitters. We also discuss how microbiome dysbiosis affects cognitive function, especially in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

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