Sugar metabolism as related to the cyanide-mediated elimination of dormancy in apple embryos

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 577-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Bogatek
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Metabolism

scholarly journals ITRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of Fusarium moniliforme (Fusarium verticillioides) in response to Phloridzin inducers

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Zhang ◽  
Weitao Jiang ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Yanan Duan ◽  
Li Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Qrt Pcr

Abstract Background Apple replant disease (ARD) has been reported from all major fruit-growing regions of the world, and is often caused by biotic factors (pathogen fungi) and abiotic factors (phenolic compounds). In order to clarify the proteomic differences of Fusarium moniliforme under the action of phloridzin, and to explore the potential mechanism of F. moniliforme as the pathogen of ARD, the role of Fusarium spp. in ARD was further clarified. Methods In this paper, the quantitative proteomics method iTRAQ analysis technology was used to analyze the proteomic differences of F. moniliforme before and after phloridzin treatment. The differentially expressed protein was validated by qRT-PCR analysis. Results A total of 4535 proteins were detected, and 293 proteins were found with more than 1.2 times (P< 0.05) differences. In-depth data analysis revealed that 59 proteins were found with more than 1.5 times (P< 0.05) differences, and most proteins were consistent with the result of qRT-PCR. Differentially expressed proteins were influenced a variety of cellular processes, particularly metabolic processes. Among these metabolic pathways, a total of 8 significantly enriched KEGG pathways were identified with at least 2 affiliated proteins with different abundance in conidia and mycelium. Functional pathway analysis indicated that up-regulated proteins were mainly distributed in amino sugar, nucleotide sugar metabolism, glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis and phagosome pathways. Conclusions This study is the first to perform quantitative proteomic investigation by iTRAQ labeling and LC-MS/MS to identify differentially expressed proteins in F. moniliforme under phloridzin conditions. The results confirmed that F. moniliforme presented a unique protein profile that indicated the adaptive mechanisms of this species to phloridzin environments. The results deepened our understanding of the proteome in F. moniliforme in response to phloridzin inducers and provide a basis for further exploration for improving the efficiency of the fungi as biocontrol agents to control ARD.

scholarly journals Interplay among Antioxidant System, Hormone Profile and Carbohydrate Metabolism during Bud Dormancy Breaking in a High-Chill Peach Variety

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
José A. Hernández ◽  
Pedro Díaz-Vivancos ◽  
José Ramón Acosta-Motos ◽  
Nuria Alburquerque ◽  
Domingo Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Prunus Species ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Antioxidant Metabolism ◽  
Hormone Profile ◽  
Aba Content ◽  
Gas Ratio

(1) Background: Prunus species have the ability to suspend (induce dormancy) and restart growth, in an intricate process in which environmental and physiological factors interact. (2) Methods: In this work, we studied the evolution of sugars, antioxidant metabolism, and abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) levels during bud dormancy evolution in a high-chill peach variety, grown for two seasons in two different geographical areas with different annual media temperature, a cold (CA) and a temperate area (TA). (3) Results: In both areas, starch content reached a peak at ecodormancy, and then decreased at dormancy release (DR). Sorbitol and sucrose declined at DR, mainly in the CA. In contrast, glucose and fructose levels progressively rose until DR. A decline in ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities occurred in both seasons at DR. Moreover, the H2O2-sensitive SOD isoenzymes, Fe-SOD and Cu,Zn-SOD, and two novel peroxidase isoenzymes, were detected. Overall, these results suggest the occurrence of a controlled oxidative stress during DR. GA7 was the major bioactive GA in both areas, the evolution of its levels being different between seasons and areas. In contrast, ABA content decreased during the dormancy period in both areas, resulting in a reduction in the ABA/total GAs ratio, being more evident in the CA. (4) Conclusion: A possible interaction sugars-hormones-ROS could take place in high-chill peach buds, favoring the DR process, suggesting that, in addition to sugar metabolism, redox interactions can govern bud DR, regardless of chilling requirements.

scholarly journals Sugars promote graft union development in the heterograft of cucumber onto pumpkin

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Miao ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Tian-shu Sun ◽  
Sen Chai ◽  
Changlin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Graft Interface

AbstractThe use of heterografts is widely applied for the production of several important commercial crops, but the molecular mechanism of graft union formation remains poorly understood. Here, cucumber grafted onto pumpkin was used to study graft union development, and genome-wide tempo-spatial gene expression at the graft interface was comprehensively investigated. Histological analysis suggested that resumption of the rootstock growth occurred after both phloem and xylem reconnection, and the scion showed evident callus production compared with the rootstock 3 days after grafting. Consistently, transcriptome data revealed specific responses between the scion and rootstock in the expression of genes related to cambium development, the cell cycle, and sugar metabolism during both vascular reconnection and healing, indicating distinct mechanisms. Additionally, lower levels of sugars and significantly changed sugar enzyme activities at the graft junction were observed during vascular reconnection. Next, we found that the healing process of grafted etiolated seedlings was significantly delayed, and graft success, xylem reconnection, and the growth of grafted plants were enhanced by exogenous glucose. This demonstrates that graft union formation requires the correct sugar content. Furthermore, we also found that graft union formation was delayed with a lower energy charge by the target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibitor AZD-8055, and xylem reconnection and the growth of grafted plants were enhanced under AZD-8055 with exogenous glucose treatment. Taken together, our results reveal that sugars play a positive role in graft union formation by promoting the growth of cucumber/pumpkin and provide useful information for understanding graft union healing and the application of heterografting in the future.

scholarly journals Allotetraploidization in Brachypodium May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating Seeds

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 828
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Skalska ◽  
Elzbieta Wolny ◽  
Manfred Beckmann ◽  
John H. Doonan ◽  
Robert Hasterok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Community Standard ◽  
Ecological Range

Seed germination is a complex process during which a mature seed resumes metabolic activity to prepare for seedling growth. In this study, we performed a comparative metabolomic analysis of the embryo and endosperm using the community standard lines of three annual Brachypodium species, i.e., B. distachyon (Bd) and B. stacei (Bs) and their natural allotetraploid B. hybridum (BdBs) that has wider ecological range than the other two species. We explored how far the metabolomic impact of allotetraploidization would be observable as over-lapping changes at 4, 12, and 24 h after imbibition (HAI) with water when germination was initiated. Metabolic changes during germination were more prominent in Brachypodium embryos than in the endosperm. The embryo and endosperm metabolomes of Bs and BdBs were similar, and those of Bd were distinctive. The Bs and BdBs embryos showed increased levels of sugars and the tricarboxylic acid cycle compared to Bd, which could have been indicative of better nutrient mobilization from the endosperm. Bs and BdBs also showed higher oxalate levels that could aid nutrient transfer through altered cellular events. In Brachypodium endosperm, the thick cell wall, in addition to starch, has been suggested to be a source of nutrients to the embryo. Metabolites indicative of sugar metabolism in the endosperm of all three species were not prominent, suggesting that mobilization mostly occurred prior to 4 HAI. Hydroxycinnamic and monolignol changes in Bs and BdBs were consistent with cell wall remodeling that arose following the release of nutrients to the respective embryos. Amino acid changes in both the embryo and endosperm were broadly consistent across the species. Taking our data together, the formation of BdBs may have maintained much of the Bs metabolome in both the embryo and endosperm during the early stages of germination. In the embryo, this conserved Bs metabolome appeared to include an elevated sugar metabolism that played a vital role in germination. If these observations are confirmed in the future with more Brachypodium accessions, it would substantiate the dominance of the Bs metabolome in BdBs allotetraploidization and the use of metabolomics to suggest important adaptive changes.

scholarly journals Production of D-ribose by bacteria. Foundation and application of mutants on sugar metabolism.

1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken-ichi SASAJIMA ◽  
Akira YOKOTA ◽  
Masahiko YONEDA
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Metabolism

scholarly journals Identification of the ATPase Subunit of the Primary Maltose Transporter in the Hyperthermophilic Anaerobe Thermotoga maritima

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghuveer Singh ◽  
Derrick White ◽  
Paul Blum
Keyword(s):  
Thermotoga Maritima ◽  
Mutant Cell ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Genetic System ◽  
Gene Replacement ◽  
Atpase Subunit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fermentative Hydrogen Production ◽  
Atpase Subunits ◽  
Fermentative Hydrogen

ABSTRACT Thermotoga maritima is a hyperthermophilic anaerobic bacterium that produces molecular hydrogen (H2) by fermentation. It catabolizes a broad range of carbohydrates through the action of diverse ABC transporters. However, in T. maritima and related species, highly similar genes with ambiguous annotation obscure a precise understanding of genome function. In T. maritima, three putative malK genes, all annotated as ATPase subunits, exhibited high identity to each other. To distinguish between these genes, malK disruption mutants were constructed by gene replacement, and the resulting mutant cell lines were characterized. Only a disruption of malK3 produced a defect in maltose catabolism. To verify that the mutant phenotype arose specifically from malK3 inactivation, the malK3 mutation was repaired by recombination, and maltose catabolism was restored. This study demonstrates the importance of a maltose ABC-type transporter and its relationship to sugar metabolism in T. maritima. IMPORTANCE The application and further development of a genetic system was used here to investigate gene paralogs in the hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima. The occurrence of three ABC transporter ATPase subunits all annotated as malK was evaluated using a combination of genetic and bioinformatic approaches. The results clarify the role of only one malK gene in maltose catabolism in a nonmodel organism noted for fermentative hydrogen production.

N-Acetyl Galactosamine Targeting: Paving the Way for Clinical Application of Nucleotide Medicines in Cardiovascular Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik A.L. Biessen ◽  
Theo J.C. Van Berkel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Antisense Oligonucleotides ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Intrinsic Capacity

While the promise of oligonucleotide therapeutics, such as (chemically modified) ASO (antisense oligonucleotides) and short interfering RNAs, is undisputed from their introduction onwards, their unfavorable pharmacokinetics and intrinsic capacity to mobilize innate immune responses, were limiting widespread clinical use. However, these major setbacks have been tackled by breakthroughs in chemistry, stability and delivery. When aiming an intervention hepatic targets, such as lipid and sugar metabolism, coagulation, not to mention cancer and virus infection, introduction of N-acetylgalactosamine aided targeting technology has advanced the field profoundly and by now a dozen of N-acetylgalactosamine therapeutics for these indications have been approved for clinical use or have progressed to clinical trial stage 2 to 3 testing. This technology, in combination with major advances in oligonucleotide stability allows safe and durable intervention in targets that were previously deemed undruggable, such as Lp(a) and PCSK9, at high efficacy and specificity, often with as little as 2 doses per year. Their successful use even the most visionary would not have predicted 2 decades ago. Here, we will review the evolution of N-acetylgalactosamine technology. We shall outline their fundamental design principles and merits, and their application for the delivery of oligonucleotide therapeutics to the liver. Finally, we will discuss the perspectives of N-acetylgalactosamine technology and propose directions for future research in receptor targeted delivery of these gene medicines.

Proteomic analysis of the colistin-resistant E. coli clinical isolate: Explorations of the resistome

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divakar Sharma ◽  
Manisha Aswal ◽  
Nayeem Ahmad ◽  
Manish Kumar ◽  
Asad U Khan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Isolate ◽  
Protein Interaction ◽  
Functional Annotation ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Phosphotransferase System ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem after the emergence of colistin resistance since it was the last option left to treat carbapenemase-resistant bacterial infections. The mcr gene and its variants are one of the causes for colistin resistance. Besides mcr genes, some other intrinsic genes are also involved in colistin resistance but still need to be explored. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate differential proteins expression of colistin-resistant E. coli clinical isolate and to understand their interactive partners as future drug targets. Methods: In this study, we have employed the whole proteome analysis through LC-MS/MS. The advance proteomics tools were used to find differentially expressed proteins in the colistin-resistant Escherichia coli clinical isolate compared to susceptible isolate. Gene ontology and STRING were used for functional annotation and protein-protein interaction networks, respectively. Results: LC-MS/MS analysis showed overexpression of 47 proteins and underexpression of 74 proteins in colistin-resistant E. coli. These proteins belong to DNA replication, transcription and translational process; defense and stress related proteins; proteins of phosphoenol pyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS) and sugar metabolism. Functional annotation and protein-protein interaction showed translational and cellular metabolic process, sugar metabolism and metabolite interconversion. Conclusion: We conclude that these protein targets and their pathways might be used to develop novel therapeutics against colistin-resistant infections. These proteins could unveil the mechanism of colistin resistance.

Sugar metabolism during pre- and post-fertilization events in plants under high temperature stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
Meenakshi Thakur ◽  
Raktim Mitra ◽  
Sudipta Basu ◽  
Anjali Anand
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
High Temperature Stress
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