scholarly journals Interplay among Antioxidant System, Hormone Profile and Carbohydrate Metabolism during Bud Dormancy Breaking in a High-Chill Peach Variety

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
José A. Hernández ◽  
Pedro Díaz-Vivancos ◽  
José Ramón Acosta-Motos ◽  
Nuria Alburquerque ◽  
Domingo Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Prunus Species ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Antioxidant Metabolism ◽  
Hormone Profile ◽  
Aba Content ◽  
Gas Ratio

(1) Background: Prunus species have the ability to suspend (induce dormancy) and restart growth, in an intricate process in which environmental and physiological factors interact. (2) Methods: In this work, we studied the evolution of sugars, antioxidant metabolism, and abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) levels during bud dormancy evolution in a high-chill peach variety, grown for two seasons in two different geographical areas with different annual media temperature, a cold (CA) and a temperate area (TA). (3) Results: In both areas, starch content reached a peak at ecodormancy, and then decreased at dormancy release (DR). Sorbitol and sucrose declined at DR, mainly in the CA. In contrast, glucose and fructose levels progressively rose until DR. A decline in ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities occurred in both seasons at DR. Moreover, the H2O2-sensitive SOD isoenzymes, Fe-SOD and Cu,Zn-SOD, and two novel peroxidase isoenzymes, were detected. Overall, these results suggest the occurrence of a controlled oxidative stress during DR. GA7 was the major bioactive GA in both areas, the evolution of its levels being different between seasons and areas. In contrast, ABA content decreased during the dormancy period in both areas, resulting in a reduction in the ABA/total GAs ratio, being more evident in the CA. (4) Conclusion: A possible interaction sugars-hormones-ROS could take place in high-chill peach buds, favoring the DR process, suggesting that, in addition to sugar metabolism, redox interactions can govern bud DR, regardless of chilling requirements.

scholarly journals Torsion of canes and hydrogenated cyanamide in bud bursting and production of grapevine cv. Itália muscat in the São Francisco valley

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tales Gonçalves Rodrigues ◽  
Pedro Igor Rodrigues Modesto ◽  
Jackson Teixeira Lobo ◽  
Jenilton Gomes da Cunha ◽  
Ítalo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Different Doses

Abstract The grapevine cultivated in tropical regions, such as the Sub-medium of the São Francisco Valley, exhibits a strong bud dormancy and high apical dominance, thus presenting the need for the utilization of products that promote the dormancy breaking of the buds. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the efficiency of the application of hydrogenated cyanamide and the practice of cane torsion over the breaking of bud dormancy, bud burst and yield of grapevine cv. Italia Muscat in the conditions of the Sub-medium of the São Francisco Valley. The experiment was conducted in Petrolina, PE state, during two production cycles (2015-2016). The adopted design was in randomized blocks, with treatments distributed in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, referring to the torsion of canes (with and without) and the different doses [D1: hydrogenated cyanamide (H2CN2) 2.45%; D2: hydrogenated cyanamide (H2CN2) 2.94%], with four replicates. The use of the hydrogenated cyanamide associated to the torsion of canes influences in a distinct manner the studied variables, in the different production cycles, although increments in production and yield occur in both. Therefore, the use of 2.94% of H2CN2 along with the torsion of canes is a recommended practice for the increase in the bud burst rate and yield of grapevine cv. Italia Muscat, cultivated in the region of the Sub-medium of the São Francisco Valley.

scholarly journals Exogenous Gibberellic Acid and Cytokinin Effects on Budbreak, Flowering, and Yield of Blackberry Grown under Subtropical Climatic Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1938-1945
Author(s):  
Syuan-You Lin ◽  
Shinsuke Agehara
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Flower Abortion

In subtropical climates, inadequate winter chill limits blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) production by causing poor and erratic floral budbreak. To compensate for a lack of chilling, bud dormancy-breaking agents must be developed for subtropical blackberry production. Our previous study showed that gibberellic acid (GA3) promotes budbreak in three blackberry cultivars but has potential negative side effects on floral development in ‘Natchez’. 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) is a synthetic cytokinin that can act as an antagonist of gibberellins during floral transition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate cultivar × exogenous GA3 interactions, characterize dose effects of exogenous GA3, and examine synergistic effects of GA3 and 6-BA. Three field experiments were conducted in west central Florida. All spray treatments were applied at the end of the chilling period. In the first experiment, ‘Natchez’, ‘Navaho’, and ‘Ouachita’ were treated with GA3 at 0 or 99 g·ha−1. Budbreak was promoted by exogenous GA3 in all three cultivars (0.9% to 4.5% vs. 42.9% to 69.4%), but yield responses varied considerably. Exogenous GA3 increased the yield of ‘Navaho’ and ‘Ouachita’ by 560% to 931%, whereas it induced flower abortion and caused a 15% yield reduction in ‘Natchez’. In the second experiment, ‘Natchez’ was treated with GA3 at 0, 25, 99, or 198 g·ha−1. Budbreak increased linearly with GA3, but yield decreased exponentially with GA3 because of dose-dependent flower abortion. In the third experiment, ‘Natchez’ was subjected to five treatments: 1) water control; 2) GA3 spray application; 3) 6-BA spray application; 4) combined spray application of GA3 and 6-BA; and 5) sequential spray application of 6-BA at 9 days after GA3 application. Application rates were 99 and 47 g·ha−1 for GA3 and 6-BA, respectively. Exogenous 6-BA suppressed GA3-induced flower abortion only to a limited extent. As a result, GA3-containing treatments caused 65% to 83% yield reductions compared with the control (2382 vs. 410–823 g/plant). These results demonstrate that GA3 is a highly effective bud dormancy-breaking agent for blackberry. However, the drawback of GA3 is cultivar-dependent flower abortion, which cannot be fully mitigated by 6-BA. The use of GA3 can be an important management practice for subtropical blackberry production, but its practical implementation must consider cultivar-dependent responses.

scholarly journals Monitoring Dormancy Transition in Almond [Prunus Dulcis (Miller) Webb] during Cold and Warm Mediterranean Seasons through the Analysis of a DAM (Dormancy-Associated MADS-Box) Gene

Horticulturae ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángela Prudencio ◽  
Federico Dicenta ◽  
Pedro Martínez-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Prunus Species ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Japanese Apricot ◽  
Chilling Requirements

For fruit tree (Prunus) species, flower bud dormancy completion determines the quality of bud break and the flowering time. In the present climate change and global warming context, the relationship between dormancy and flowering processes is a fundamental goal in molecular biology of these species. In almond [P. dulcis (Miller) Webb], flowering time is a trait of great interest in the development of new cultivars adapted to different climatic areas. Late flowering is related to a long dormancy period due to high chilling requirements of the cultivar. It is considered a quantitative and highly heritable character but a dominant gene (Late bloom, Lb) was also described. A major QTL (quantitative trait loci) in the linkage group (LG) 4 was associated with Lb, together with other three QTLs in LG1 and LG7. In addition, DAM (Dormancy-Associated MADS-Box) genes located in LG1 have been largely described as a gene family involved in bud dormancy in different Prunus species including peach [P. persica (L.) Batsch] and Japanese apricot (P. mume Sieb. et Zucc.). In this work, a DAM transcript was cloned and its expression was analysed by qPCR (quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) in almond flower buds during the dormancy release. For this purpose two almond cultivars (‘Desmayo Largueta’ and ‘Penta’) with different chilling requirements and flowering time were used, and the study was performed along two years. The complete coding sequence, designated PdDAM6 (Prunus dulcis DAM6), was subjected to a phylogenetic analysis with homologous sequences from other Prunus species. Finally, expression dynamics analysed by using qPCR showed a continuous decrease in transcript levels for both cultivars and years during the period analysed. Monitoring almond flower bud dormancy through DAM expression should be used to improve almond production in different climate conditions.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Study of Early Responses to the Bud Dormancy-breaking Agent Hydrogen Cyanamide in ‘TropicBeauty’ Peach

2019 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Tang ◽  
Shweta Chhajed ◽  
Tripti Vashisth ◽  
Mercy A. Olmstead ◽  
James W. Olmstead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide

To determine how the dormancy-breaking agent hydrogen cyanamide (HC) advances budbreak in peach (Prunus persica), this study compared the transcriptome of buds of low-chill ‘TropicBeauty’ peach trees treated with 1% (v/v) HC and that of nontreated trees at 3 and 7 days after treatment (DAT), respectively, using an RNA sequencing analysis. The peak of total budbreak occurred 6 weeks earlier in the HC-treated trees (at 32 DAT) than the nontreated trees (at 74 DAT). There were 1312 and 1095 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 3 and 7 DAT, respectively. At 3 DAT, DEGs related to oxidative stress, including the response to hypoxia, lipid oxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic process, were upregulated in HC-treated buds. Additionally, DEGs encoding enzymes for ROS scavenging and the pentose phosphate pathway were upregulated at 3 DAT but they were not differently expressed at 7 DAT, indicating a temporary demand for defense mechanisms against HC-triggered oxidative stress. Upregulation of DEGs for cell division and development at 7 DAT, which were downregulated at 3 DAT, suggests that cell activity was initially suppressed but was enhanced within 7 DAT. At 7 DAT, DEGs related to cell wall degradation and modification were upregulated, which was possibly responsible for the burst of buds. The results of this study strongly suggest that HC induces transient oxidative stress shortly after application, leading to the release of bud dormancy and, subsequently, causing an increase in cell activity and cell wall loosening, thereby accelerating budbreak in peach.

scholarly journals Use of Hormones and Growth Regulators in Quantifying Bud Dormancy

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 908C-908
Author(s):  
Miklos Faust
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Bound State ◽  
The State ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Central Portion ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Terminal Buds

At the beginning and near to the end of the endodormant period, cytokinin-type growth regulators are effective to end dormancy in apple. The same growth regulators are not effective during the middle of this period. Terminal buds require less chilling than lateral buds to emerge from the dormant period. Lateral buds on decapitated shoots also require less chilling, indicating that auxin may be involved in dormancy. Replacing the terminal with IAA keeps water in bound state in the lateral buds, indicating the effect of IAA in dormancy. We have developed the theory that the beginning and the end of the winter-dormant period is governed by apical dominance. It appears that only this period can be manipulated either with dormancy avoidance methods or with dormancy-breaking chemicals. The central portion of the dormant period is not subject to manipulation. Therefore, it is important that the depth of the dormancy is quantified. Certain growth regulators can be used for determining the state of bud dormancy. Thidiazuron gives results within 2 to 4 days.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2-induced changes in mesophyll conductance and anatomical traits in wild type and carbohydrate-metabolism mutants of Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (18) ◽  
pp. 4807-4818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Mizokami ◽  
Daisuke Sugiura ◽  
Chihiro K A Watanabe ◽  
Eriko Betsuyaku ◽  
Noriko Inada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Wall Mass ◽  
Mesophyll Resistance

Abstract Decreases in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance (gs), and mesophyll conductance (gm) are often observed under elevated CO2 conditions. However, which anatomical and/or physiological factors contribute to the decrease in gm is not fully understood. Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and carbon-metabolism mutants (gwd1, pgm1, and cfbp1) with different accumulation patterns of non-structural carbohydrates were grown at ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) CO2. Anatomical and physiological traits of leaves were measured to investigate factors causing the changes in gm and in the mesophyll resistance (expressed as the reciprocal of mesophyll conductance per unit chloroplast surface area facing to intercellular space, Sc/gm). When grown at elevated CO2, all the lines showed increases in cell wall mass, cell wall thickness, and starch content, but not in leaf thickness. gm measured at 800 ppm CO2 was significantly lower than at 400 ppm CO2 in all the lines. Changes in Sc/gm were associated with thicker cell walls rather than with excess starch content. The results indicate that the changes in gm and Sc/gm that occur in response to elevated CO2 are independent of non-structural carbohydrates, and the cell wall represents a greater limitation factor for gm than starch.

scholarly journals Metabolic Changes in Polyamines, Phenylethylamine, And Arginine During Bud Break in Apple Flower Buds Under Foliar-Applied Dormancy-Breaking Agents

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa M. Rady ◽  
Mohamed A. Seif El-Yazal
Keyword(s):  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Apple Variety ◽  
Early Date

The Environmental and climatic conditions affect the flower bud growth, flowering and yield performance of fruit species. Temperature appears to be important factors for temperate fruit trees in mild climates. The relationships between breaking bud dormancy and climatic influences on flowering, growth and metabolic changes in contents of biogenic amines (spermine, spermidine, putrescine, cadaverine and phenylethylamine), arginine and anthocyanin before and after bud break were evaluated for "Ain Shemer" apple (Malus sylvestris, Mill) trees under exogenously applied hydrogen cyanamide (dormex), calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 and thiourea. The studies have shown that breaking bud dormancy (as early date of bud break and percentage of bud break) by the above dormancy breaking agents were correlated with the high content of biogenic amines and arginine in buds. Seasonal variations in biogenic amines, arginine and anthocyanin level were present in buds during the research period (dormancy and dormancy release period). Levels of spermine, spermidine, putrescine, cadaverine, phenylethylamine, arginine and anthocyanin have simultaneously risen with bud burst and new growth. The most abundant polyamines in buds were cadaverine followed by spermine. The best results were obtained with Dormex after exposure the trees to about 274 natural chilling hours ? +7.2oC; therefore, we recommend using this compound to achieve bud break as early as possible in "Ain Shemer" apple variety by regulating the contents of biogenic amines and arginine in buds and subsequently the high percentages of bud break and maximum yield.

scholarly journals Annual variations of alpha-amylase and invertases activities in buds and internodes of grapevines and their relation with carbohydrates and abscisic acid contents

OENO One ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Tayeb Koussa ◽  
Lalla Aicha Rifai ◽  
Monique Cherrad
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Aba Content

<p style="text-align: justify;">The concentration of starch, soluble carbohydrates, free abscisic acid (ABA) and activities of a-amylases and invertases (the acid and the alkaline form) were investigated in buds and internodes of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot during annual cycle. The levels of starch increased in the two organs from middle august to middle of November and the decreased until middle February. These variations seem to be controlled by a-amylase which activity was low during periods of starch accumulation and high when starch contents decreased. As the bud burst draws near (since the middle of February), starch accumulated in internodes and buds. However at the same time of the activity of a-amylase which activity also increased. Starch contents could be controlled by ABA which is known to reduce a-amylase activity. Indeed in internodes ABA content was high when a-amylase activity was low. This was also the case in the buds but after break dormancy phase. This difference of comportment of a-amylase towards ABA in the buds during the annual cycle could be in relation with the change of the physiological state of buds induced by the winter chilling.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The invertases activities in buds and internodes changed inversely to the sucrose and raffinose contents during all the annual cycle suggesting that the levels of these sugars were controlled by invertases, highly by the acid form and slightly by the alkaline form. Nevertheless, in the buds, when alkaline activity of invertase was high, sucrose content was maximal. These invertases seem also implicated, with a-amylase, in the development of starch content particularly when starch was accumulated by glucose providing. In the case of buds, invertases activities appeared to change in the same sense of ABA content but not during all the cycle. This suggested that this growth regulator may not be crucial for the control of invertases activities.</p>

scholarly journals Flower Bud Dormancy in Prunus Species

2015 ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Fadón ◽  
Maria Herrero ◽  
Javier Rodrigo
Keyword(s):  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Prunus Species ◽  
Flower Bud
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