Making Sense of Medical Statistics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munier Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Bayes Theorem ◽  
Multimedia Content ◽  
Medical Statistics ◽  
Statistical Software ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
The Difference

Do you want to know what a parametric test is and when not to perform one? Do you get confused between odds ratios and relative risks? Want to understand the difference between sensitivity and specificity? Would like to find out what the fuss is about Bayes' theorem? Then this book is for you! Physicians need to understand the principles behind medical statistics. They don't need to learn the formula. The software knows it already! This book explains the fundamental concepts of medical statistics so that the learner will become confident in performing the most commonly used statistical tests. Each chapter is rich in anecdotes, illustrations, questions, and answers. Not enough? There is more material online with links to free statistical software, webpages, multimedia content, a practice dataset to get hands-on with data analysis, and a Single Best Answer questionnaire for the exam.

scholarly journals Long-term risks after kidney donation: how do we inform potential donors? A survey from DESCARTES and EKITA transplantation working groups

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Mjøen ◽  
Umberto Maggiore ◽  
Nicos Kessaris ◽  
Diederik Kimenai ◽  
Bruno Watschinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Kidney Donation ◽  
Kidney Donors ◽  
Living Kidney Donors ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Written Information ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

Abstract Background Publications from the last decade have increased knowledge regarding long-term risks after kidney donation. We wanted to perform a survey to assess how transplant professionals in Europe inform potential kidney donors regarding long-term risks. The objectives of the survey were to determine how they inform donors and to what extent, and to evaluate the degree of variation. Methods All transplant professionals involved in the evaluation process were considered eligible, regardless of the type of profession. The survey was dispatched as a link to a web-based survey. The subjects included questions on demographics, the information policy of the respondent and the use of risk calculators, including the difference of relative and absolute risks and how the respondents themselves understood these risks. Results The main finding was a large variation in how often different long-term risks were discussed with the potential donors, i.e. from always to never. Eighty percent of respondents stated that they always discuss the risk of end-stage renal disease, while 56% of respondents stated that they always discuss the risk of preeclampsia. Twenty percent of respondents answered correctly regarding the relationship between absolute and relative risks for rare outcomes. Conclusions The use of written information and checklists should be encouraged. This may improve standardization regarding the information provided to potential living kidney donors in Europe. There is a need for information and education among European transplant professionals regarding long-term risks after kidney donation and how to interpret and present these risks.

Foundations for Knowledge and Belief Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-99
Author(s):  
Roderic A. Girle
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Turing Test ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Agent Systems ◽  
Conceptual Structures ◽  
Interacting Agents ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dialogue Theory

Three foundational principles are introduced: intelligent systems such as those that would pass the Turing test should display multi-agent or interactional intelligence; multi-agent systems should be based on conceptual structures common to all interacting agents, machine and human; and multi-agent systems should have an underlying interactional logic such as dialogue logic. In particular, a multi-agent rather than an orthodox analysis of the key concepts of knowledge and belief is discussed. The contrast that matters is the difference between the different questions and answers about the support for claims to know and claims to believe. A simple multi-agent system based on dialogue theory which provides for such a difference is set out.

Analisis Skrining Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrakk Biji Sangrai Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) dari Tanaman Hasil Pemupukan Organik dan Anorganik

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Aida Qotrun Nada ◽  
Tintrim Rahayu ◽  
Ari Hayati
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Coffea Canephora ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
A Value ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
The Difference

Ground coffee is coffee beans that have been roasted, ground or ground so that they have a smooth shape. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of compounds in robusta coffee roasted seed extract (Coffea canephora) from plants produced by organic and inorganic fertilization, and to know the difference in compounds between the results of organic and inorganic fertilization. The characteristics of phytochemical screening were carried out qualitatively on alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins and the antioxidant activity was carried out by the DPPH (1,1-dipenyl-2-picrihidrazil) method. Phytochemical screening characteristic test results show that robusta coffee bean extract extract from the results of organic and inorganic fertilization both contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins, while the antioxidant test activity of robusta coffee beans extracts shows differences based on the results of statistical tests of linear regression analysis with the IC50 value the highest antioxidant content was inorganic coffee roasted bean extract only 14.0629 ppm compared to the organic roasted extract with a value of 30.6159 ppmKeywords: Robusta Coffee (Coffea canophora), Phytochemical Screening, DPPH MethodABSTRAKKopi bubuk adalah biji kopi yang telah disangrai digiling atau ditumbuk sehingga mempunyai bentuk halus. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa dalam ekstrak biji sangrai kopi robusta (Coffe canephora) dari tanaman hasil pemupukan organik dan anorganik, dan mengetahui perbedaan senyawa antara hasil pemupukan organik dan anorganik. Karakteristik skrining fitokimia dilakukan secara kualitatif yang dilakukan terhadap alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, terpenoid dan saponin dan aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrihidrazil). Hasil uji karakteristik skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak biji sangrai kopi robusta dari hasil pemupukan oganik dan anorganik keduanya sama mengandung senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, dan saponin,  sedangkan pada aktifitas uji antioksidan ekstrak biji sangrai kopi robusta menunjukan perbedaan berdasarkan hasil uji statistik analisis regresi linear dengan nilai IC50 kadar antioksidan paling tinggi adalah ekstrak biji sangrai kopi anorganik hanya 14,0629 ppm dibandingkan dengan ekstrak sangrai dari organik dengan nilai 30,6159 ppm.Kata kunci : Kopi Robusta (Coffea canophera), Skrining Fitokimia, Metode DPPH

Efektivitas Konseling Individual melalui Pendekatan Konseling Rasional Emotif dalam Mengatasi Kecemasan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Indah Etika Putri ◽  
Zulfani Sesmiarni ◽  
Alfi Rahmi
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Calculation ◽  
Individual Counseling ◽  
Data Collection Instrument ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Class Iib

<em>The aim of this research is to find out the effectiveness of individual counseling through emotive rational counseling approach in overcoming anxiety in Payakumbuh Class IIB Penitentiary. The population is fostered citizens before the criminal period ends as many as 20 people, while the study sample is fostered citizens before the criminal period ends as many as 5 people and who are indicated to have high anxiety based on non-rondom sampling techniques and recommendations from employees. The data collection instrument is a Likert scale. Data analysis techniques using non-parametric statistical tests using Wilcoxon rack test, hypothesis testing using Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 22. The results showed the difference between the pretest and posttest values. From the Wilcoxon test calculation results obtained a significant sip-value of 2.023. Based on the applicable provisions, it is known that the Wilcoxon Sig p-value test result is 0.043 &lt;α (α = 0.05) which means that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. From the results of the Wilcoxon test calculation it can be concluded that it is effective to overcome anxiety in the target population before the criminal period expires.</em>

scholarly journals Comment on "Quantitative performance metrics for stratospheric-resolving chemistry-climate models" by Waugh and Eyring (2008)

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 9101-9110 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Grewe ◽  
R. Sausen
Keyword(s):  
Observational Data ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Perfect Model ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Quantitative Performance ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. This comment focuses on the statistical limitations of a model grading, as applied by D. Waugh and V. Eyring (2008) (WE08). The grade g is calculated for a specific diagnostic, which basically relates the difference of means of model and observational data to the standard deviation in the observational dataset. We performed Monte Carlo simulations, which show that this method has the potential to lead to large 95%-confidence intervals for the grade. Moreover, the difference between two model grades often has to be very large to become statistically significant. Since the confidence intervals were not considered in detail for all diagnostics, the grading in WE08 cannot be interpreted, without further analysis. The results of the statistical tests performed in WE08 agree with our findings. However, most of those tests are based on special cases, which implicitely assume that observations are available without any errors and that the interannual variability of the observational data and the model data are equal. Without these assumptions, the 95%-confidence intervals become even larger. Hence, the case, where we assumed perfect observations (ignored errors), provides a good estimate for an upper boundary of the threshold, below that a grade becomes statistically significant. Examples have shown that the 95%-confidence interval may even span the whole grading interval [0, 1]. Without considering confidence intervals, the grades presented in WE08 do not allow to decide whether a model result significantly deviates from reality. Neither in WE08 nor in our comment it is pointed out, which of the grades presented in WE08 inhibits such kind of significant deviation. However, our analysis of the grading method demonstrates the unacceptably high potential for these grades to be insignificant. This implies that the grades given by WE08 can not be interpreted by the reader. We further show that the inclusion of confidence intervals into the grading approach is necessary, since otherwise even a perfect model may get a low grade.

scholarly journals Shared sense-making strategies in curriculum reform: District-level perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiina Soini ◽  
Janne Pietarinen ◽  
Kirsi Pyhältö
Keyword(s):  
Curriculum Reform ◽  
District Level ◽  
School Level ◽  
Development Work ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Hands On ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Intermediary Role

Curriculum reform that has an effect on the everyday practices in schools always entails translation of new ideas into new educational practices. This takes place primarily through shared sense making. However, our understanding of the different ways in which shared sense making is carried out is still scarce. In Finland, the district level plays an important intermediary role in orchestrating curriculum development work at the municipalities and in translating and mediating reform into school-level development work. The study explores different shared sense-making strategies employed by 12 district-level curriculum reform steering groups around Finland, including participants from 54 municipalities. Three hands-on strategies of shared sense making including comparison, standardisation and transformation were identified. The results indicated that different hands-on strategies have different functions in the process of making sense of the reform objectives. To a certain extent, the strategies can be viewed as hierarchical. Overall, results suggest that district-level actors aim to foster shared sense making; however, a more intentional use of strategies is needed.

Reporting human resources in annual reports

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Kansal ◽  
Mahesh Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Training Programmes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent of corporate disclosure on human resources (HR) in the annual reports of top performing Indian companies. Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores the extent to which top 82 companies from India present information about HR in their annual reports. This study examines the annual reports of each of the top Indian firms listed on the Bombay stock exchange, using the “content analysis” method. Statistical tests have been performed to analyse the difference between the HR disclosure score across public and private sectors and disclosure variations among various industrial sectors. Findings – In-house training programmes has been noticed to be the favourite item of disclosure followed by safety awards/certifications and statements regarding cordial relations with the employees/unions. A majority of the Indian firms have ignored significant HR issues such as employee welfare fund, maternity/paternity leaves, holiday benefits, employee loans and adopting old age homes, etc. Overall, the study reflects low HR related disclosures. No statistically significant difference has been found between the mean HR disclosure from one industry to another and disclosure practices of the private and the public sector companies. Practical implications – The disclosure pattern of the Indian companies suggests that they only a few companies are concerned about employees’ welfare than the rest. This may motivate a change of the disclosure policy of the rest of the firms who may follow the reporting pattern of the most disclosing ones. Originality/value – This is first study on the disclosure of HR by the Indian corporate sector in the CSR domain with a disclosure analysis for a period of nine years . This research provides new directions for the literature in this area and may promote comparative studies on HR-based studies from different perspectives.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN SUHU TUBUH BAYI BARU LAHIR ANTARA BAYI YANG BERHASIL MELAKUKAN INISIASI MENYUSU DINI DAN BAYI YANG TIDAK BERHASIL MELAKUKAN INISIASI MENYUSU DINI

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Aprilia Aprisanti Reyani
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breastfeeding Initiation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Latar Belakang :Kehangatan dada ibu dapat menghangatkan bayi, sehingga apabila bayi diletakan di dada ibunya segera setelah melahirkan atau dilakukan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini, dapat menurunkan resiko hipotermia dan menurunkan kematian bayi baru lahir akibat kedinginan atau hipotermia. Tujuan : Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan suhu tubuh bayi baru lahir antara bayi yang berhasil melakukan IMD dan bayi yang tidak berhasil melakukan IMD Metode  :Analitik,desain cross sectional,populasi semua bayi baru lahir, sampel bayi barulahir, teknik Non Random Sampling, pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan Lembar Observasi dengan menggunakan uji Chi-Square dengan nilai signifikan α = 0.05 yaitu bila hasil uji statistik menunjukan p ≤ α maka H0 ditolak. Hasil      :Suhu tubuh bayi baru lahir yang berhasil melakukan IMD sebagianbesardengansuhutubuhtidakhipotermisebanyak 20 bayi (87%) Suhu tubuh bayi baru lahir yang tidak berhasil melakukan IMD sebagianbesardengansuhutubuhhipotermisebanyak 8 bayi (66,7%). Dari hasil uji statistik diperoleh hasil nilai p = 0,005 < α = 0.05 maka H1 diterima, artinya ada Perbedaan suhu tubuh bayi baru lahir yang berhasil melakukan IMD dan yang tidak berhasil melakukan IMD Kesimpulan :Terdapat perbedaan suhu tubuh bayi baru lahir antara bayi yang berhasil melakukan IMD dan bayi yang tidak berhasil melakukan IMD.   Kata kunci : Inisiasi Menyusu Dini, Suhu Tubuh Bayi Baru Lahir                                                                                               THE DIFFERENCE BODY TEMPERATURE BETWEEN BABIES WHO SUCCESSFULLY INITIATE BREASTFEEDING EARLY AND BABIESWHO FAIL TO INITIATE EARLY BREASTFEEDING AT RSIA KIRANA SIDOARJO 2019  Background : The warmth of the mother’s chest can warm the baby, so that when the baby is in the mother’s breast immediately after birth or initiated early breastfeeding can reduce the mortality rate of newborns due to hypotermia.Purpose :the purpose of this study was to determine the difference in body temperature of newborns between infants who successfully initiated early breastfeeding and infants who did not succeed in initiating early breastfeedingMethods : analytical, cross sectional design, population 40 newborns, samples 35 newborns, Non Random Sampling techniques, the data accumulation using observation sheets and using chi-square test, with significant value α = 0.05 is when the statistical test results show p ≤ α then Ho is rejected.Result : The body temperature of the newborn who succeeded in initiating early breastfeeding was 36.78ºC with 23 (65.7%) of infants none having hypothermia, the newborn baby's body temperature that did not succeed in doing this early breastfeeding was 35.78ºC With 8 infants experiencing hypothermia, while 4 babies with normal temperature. From the results of statistical tests obtained results with the value p = 0,000 <α = 0.05 then H1 accepted, meaning there is a difference in body temperature of a newborn who successfully initiated early breastfeeding and who did not succeed in Early Breastfeeding Initiation. Conclusion : There is a difference in the body temperature of a newborn between infants who successfully initiated breastfeeding and infants who are not successful in initiating early breastfeeding....Keywords : Early breastfeedinginitiation, newborns temperature

Davenant on the Will of God and the Divine Decrees

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-160
Author(s):  
Michael J. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Extended Treatment ◽  
God's Will ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Divine Will ◽  
God's Love ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Will Of God

This chapter discusses another important doctrine relative to John Davenant’s hypothetical universalism: the divine will. Observing that the doctrine of God’s will in early modern scholastic theology, including among Reformed theologians, involved a plethora of scholastic distinctions, the chapter shows that Davenant’s theology of the divine will was heavily influenced by these distinctions, which were themselves ways of making sense of apparent contradictory claims in Scripture. Davenant’s employment of these medieval distinctions, such as between God’s love of simple complacency and his absolute will, are given extended treatment. This chapter also gives attention to the difference between a divine conditional and an absolute will. Finally, tying all these distinctions together, this chapter explains how Davenant employs them to buttress his hypothetical universalism.

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