Extending the Domain of the Value of a Statistical Life

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
W. Kip Viscusi
Keyword(s):  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Mortality Reduction ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
Corporate Risk ◽  
Regulatory Sanctions

Abstract The value of a statistical life (VSL) establishes the money-risk tradeoff that U.S. government agencies have used for four decades to monetize the mortality reduction benefits of proposed regulations. This article advocates the adoption of the VSL more generally both for policy evaluation purposes and for setting the magnitude of regulatory sanctions involving fatalities. Agencies currently employ the inconsistent practice of using the VSL to set the stringency of regulations, while at the same time, reverting to very low monetary values of sanctions for violations that result in fatalities. Reform of penalty levels to reflect the VSL will require increasing the current statutory limits on regulatory penalties. Revamping the penalty structure also will incentivize private companies to incorporate the VSL in their corporate risk analyses. Government agencies, including those concerned with national defense, similarly could profit from greater expansion of the use of the VSL in policy decisions.

The Relations Between the Navy and the Foreign Service

1939 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
Clark H. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
National Defense ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Proper Position ◽  
Foreign Service ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
National Emergency ◽  
The Relationship

In the conduct of foreign policy and the participation of the United States in international affairs, the relation between the Navy and the Foreign Service is of vital importance, but often misunderstood. The relationship encompasses the very wide range of coördination and coöperation which should and must exist between the two interdependent government agencies in peace, during times of national emergency, and, finally, when the country is engaged in actual warfare. The relationship involves, as well, the larger problem of national defense, and this cannot be ignored if the United States is to maintain its proper position in world affairs.

scholarly journals Private companies and policy-making: Ideological repertoires and concealed geographies in the evaluation of European education policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Souto-Otero
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
European Policy ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
European Education ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Evaluation Space ◽  
And Training

This article explores the relationship between education, training and the single market, focusing on the market for the production of policy evaluations in the areas of education and training, culture and youth of the European Commission. Two questions are addressed: the first question relates to the geographical distribution of the organisations that deliver policy evaluation services to the European Commission (‘Commission’) in those areas; and the second relates to the nature of the ideas for policy development put forward in the evaluations examined. Based on information gathered from 23 evaluations carried out between 2012 and 2016 (in particular, the circa 300 recommendations they included), the analysis reveals that although the Commission relied on competitive processes for the award of those evaluations, competition was somewhat restricted: there is a marked dominance of a limited number of countries as the powerhouses for the Commission’s education policy evaluation. In relation to the second question, and by contrast to other policy spaces, the analysis provided little evidence of unfettered penetration of private sector ‘ideological repertoires’, lexicons and sensitivities into the European policy evaluation space.

scholarly journals Efektifitas Keputusan Manajemen Dalam Penilaian Kinerja Karyawan Menerapkan Metode Weigthed Product (WP)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Tri Widayati ◽  
Nugroho Sumarjiyanto Benedictus Maria
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Quality Of Work ◽  
The World ◽  
A Company ◽  
Business And Management

Performance appraisal of employees is an important thing to do by government agencies and private companies. It is useful to see, monitor the level and quality of work given by an employee to his company in order to create a company that is able to achieve the goals of each company by starting to do evaluation of HR (Human Resources) because in the business and management world says that a great company is a company that is able to manage its human resources. In employee performance appraisal, each company has their own way and certainly different in the actual practice of employee performance appraisal activities must be done properly and fairly as possible to eliminate social gaps in the world of work and reduce the occurrence of errors in granting an assessment of the performance of each each company employee and the results obtained after employees are given an assessment of their performance are expected to grow and influence the level of loyalty given by employees to the company and foster high self-motivation for the progress of the company itself. In evaluating employee performance, there are several tools that can be used, one of which is a decision support system that will process some of the criteria set by the company using the Weighted Product (WP) method

scholarly journals What steps can researchers take to increase research uptake by policymakers? A case study in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-675
Author(s):  
Shishi Wu ◽  
Mishal Khan ◽  
Helena Legido-Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
Research Uptake ◽  
Financial Power

Abstract Empirical analysis of the connections between research and health policymaking is scarce in middle-income countries. In this study, we focused on a national multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) healthcare provider training programme in China as a case study to examine the role that research plays in influencing health policy. We specifically focused on the factors that influence research uptake within the complex Chinese policymaking process. Qualitative data were collected from 34 participants working at multilateral organizations, funding agencies, academia, government agencies and hospitals through 14 in-depth interviews and 2 focus group discussions with 10 participants each. Themes were derived inductively from data and grouped based on the ‘Research and Policy in Developing countries’ framework developed by the Overseas Development Institute. We further classified how actors derive their power to influence policy decisions following the six sources of power identified by Sriram et al. We found that research uptake by policymakers in China is influenced by perceived importance of the health issues addressed in the research, relevance of the research to policymakers’ information needs and government’s priorities, the research quality and the composition of the research team. Our analysis identified that international donors are influential in the TB policy process through their financial power. Furthermore, the dual roles of two government agencies as both evidence providers and actors who have the power to influence policy decisions through their technical expertise make them natural intermediaries in the TB policy process. We concluded that resolving the conflict of interests between researchers and policymakers, as suggested in the ‘two-communities theory’, is not enough to improve evidence use by policymakers. Strategies such as framing research to accommodate the fast-changing policy environment and making alliances with key policy actors can be effective to improve the communication of research findings into the policy process, particularly in countries undergoing rapid economic and political development.

scholarly journals “SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF AETAS IN THE PROVINCE OF ZAMBALES, PHILIPPINES: BASIS FOR A PROPOSED SUSTAINABILITY PLAN”

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 5180-5193
Author(s):  
Roel Palo Anicas
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Interpersonal Relationship ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Willingness To Help ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Indigenous tribes are said to be the living treasures of a country. The study aimed to determine the relationship of the Aetas with other residents in the community. Qualitative method of research using Photovoice, interviews and observation through FGD among 729 families were used.The following are the themes: 1) The Longing for the Sense of Belongingness as Part of a Community – “Am I welcome to this place?”; 2) Noblest Task as a Member of the Community; 3) Leverage on Sound Interpersonal Relationship; 4) Willingness to Success and Avoidance of Discriminations – “Am I belong?”; and 5) New Hopes, New Aspirations, New Life … “Unwavering Support from Stakeholders”. The following were the findings:  they felt that discrimination exists; there’s willingness to help and support the community; there are conflicts between their co-Aetas but settled righteously; and there are groups of NGOs, Government Agencies, or Private Companies extending help, and aids in the community. It is concluded that discrimination exists in the community and occurrences of conflicts among them and with neighbors who are “unat”; and overflowing supports extended to them from different organizations extending help and aids. It is recommended that the ROEL Integrative Scheme for Sustainability Development must be implemented.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE DEFENSE INSTITUTIONS IN HANDLING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Marina Ika Sari ◽  
Yuli Ari Sulistyani ◽  
Andhini Citra Pertiwi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Military ◽  
Adaptation Phase

<p>The involvement of the military in the global health crisis has begun since the COVID-19 outbreak broke out in Indonesia, starting from the implementation of Large-Scale Social Distancing to the implementation of the new normal adaptation phase. However, the involvement has received mixed responses. Some parties consider it as natural, while others question the urgency of the military involvement. This study focuses on the role of two defense institutions, namely the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense in handling the COVID-19. It employs a qualitative research method and the theory of role, the concept of national defense, and the concept of Pandemic Management to analyze the problem. This study finds that the Indonesian National Armed Forces has a strategic role in several fields such as health, security and socio-economic as part of the efforts to contain COVID-19. The Ministry of Defense also plays a strategic role both internally and externally, by cooperating with other ministries, domestic private companies, state-owned enterprises in the defense industry sector, and with other countries in containing the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>role, defense, military, pandemic, COVID-19.</p>

scholarly journals Pricing Lives for Corporate and Governmental Risk Decisions

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-246
Author(s):  
W. Kip Viscusi
Keyword(s):  
General Motors ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
Adverse Experiences ◽  
Risk Valuation ◽  
Product Risk ◽  
Wrongful Death ◽  
Corporate Risk

The value of a statistical life (VSL) is the most influential single parameter used in calculating the benefits of governmental regulations. While there are some interagency differences, there is a commonality in the conceptual approach, the central role of mortality risk valuation in benefit assessment, and the general range of valuations used. Corporate risk decisions are based on a less rigorous risk analysis procedure. As typified by the General Motors ignition switch recall problems and the company’s lax corporate safety culture, there is often little systematic corporate balancing of cost and risk. This suppression of safety concerns may be attributable to the adverse experiences automobile companies had after conducting risk analyses that valued fatalities based on damages awards for wrongful death, and in response juries levied blockbuster punitive damages awards. Instead, companies should adopt the VSL in its product risk decisions. Companies should also be provided with a safe harbor reference point for responsible risk decisions. Regulatory agencies should use the VSL in setting regulatory sanctions.

Social media in state lotteries: Exploring the role of technology in program marketing

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-122
Author(s):  
Staci M. Zavattaro ◽  
Daniel L. Fay
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
State Lotteries ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Programs

State-sponsored lotteries are adopted to raise funds for state programs. As such, there is a public mission within these organizations; however, most operate like private companies, thus shifting the organizational ethos to profit maximization. Much research on social media focuses on federal and local government agencies. In this paper, we explore the role of social media in lottery program marketing. Through an analysis of random lotteries on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram, we find: 1) a focus on aspirational marketing to promote the lottery as a business entity through its products and 2) increased dialogue with followers (i.e. customers) compared to other public agencies. This is a shift in how public organizations traditionally use the social tools, showing there can be a balance between marketing and dialogue.

Can Total Quality Management Exist in Cyber Security

2018 ◽  
pp. 1403-1414
Author(s):  
Mahesh S. Raisinghani
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Total Quality Management ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the threats in cyber security. It identifies the risk of cyber attacks and argues the inability to defend against those threats in a cyber security program. The introduction provides a brief history of cyber security and how the information highway arrived at this point in cyber security. The first analysis examines the threats in cyber security in personal, private, and government computer systems. The second analysis examines the approaches to attacking those systems. The third analysis examines threats against private companies and government agencies. The final analysis examines major threats to cyber security.

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