scholarly journals Voting behavior is unaffected by subtle linguistic cues: evidence from a psychologically authentic replication

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
ALAN S. GERBER ◽  
GREGORY A. HUBER ◽  
ALBERT H. FANG
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Voter Mobilization ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Major Criticism

Abstract Do small wording differences in message-based behavioral interventions have outsized effects on behavior? An influential initial study, examining this question in the domain of political behavior using two small-scale field experiments, argues that subtle linguistic cues in voter mobilization messages describing someone as a voter (noun) instead of one who votes (verb) dramatically increases turnout rates by activating a person's social identity as a voter. Two subsequent large-scale replication field experiments challenged this claim, finding no effect even in electorally competitive settings. However, these experiments may not have reproduced the psychological context needed to motivate behavioral change because they did not occur in highly competitive and highly salient electoral contexts. Addressing this major criticism, we conduct a large-scale, preregistered replication field experiment in the 2016 presidential election. We find no evidence that noun wording increases turnout compared to verb wording in this highly salient electoral context, even in competitive states.

Discussion Networks in Political Decision Making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Shapiro ◽  
Steven Richardson ◽  
Scott McClurg ◽  
Anand Sokhey
Keyword(s):  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Political Discussion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitude Polarization ◽  
Political Networks ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Complete Networks

Decades of work have illuminated the influence interpersonal networks exert on voting behavior, political participation, the acquisition of political knowledge, tolerance, ambivalence, and attitude polarization. These central findings have largely been grounded in examinations of political discussion and have remained robust to measurement differences of key concepts like disagreement, various data collection methods, and multiple research designs ranging from the cross-sectional to large-scale field experiments. By comparison, scholars understand considerably less about individuals’ motivation to approach their social contacts when it comes to politics, and about why networks produce the outcomes that they do; this calls researchers to reflect on and revisit previous research, but also to consider new paths of research. Although there is a growing body of promising work focused on “whole,” or complete, networks, much can also be gained by better integrating social psychology into the study of egocentric, or “core,” political networks. Answering these (and other) questions will help connect current findings, emerging methods, and nascent theory. Such connections should advance dialogues between research on group influence, discussion networks, and individual political behavior.

Herbicide Inputs for a New Agronomic Crop, Annual Wormwood (Artemisia annua)

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles T. Bryson ◽  
Edward M. Croom
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Artemisia Annua ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation

Annual wormwood has been cultivated on a small scale for production of the artemisinin class of antimalarial drugs in sufficient quantities for preclinical and clinical trials. Large scale cultivation will require a reliable, efficient crop production system. Production systems using 32 herbicides alone or in combinations were evaluated in growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments at Stoneville, MS from 1985 through 1988. The herbicide treatments that provided the best weed control were (A) metolachlor at 2.2 kg ai ha-1preemergence (PRE), (B) chloramben at 2.2 kg ai ha-1(PRE), or (C) trifluralin at 0.6 kg ai ha-1preplant soil incorporated (PPI) followed by fluazifop at 0.2 + 0.2 kg ai ha-1postemergence broadcast (POST) and acifluorfen at 0.6 kg ai ha-1(POST). These herbicide production systems provided excellent weed control (≥85%) and minimal crop injury (≤10%) with no effect on crop height or weight at harvest. Production of artemisinin was not reduced by herbicide treatments A, B, and C in 1987 and treatments B and C in 1988 when compared with the hand-weeded plots.

scholarly journals A sleep epidemic or enlightenment? A Bayesian approach to test the sleep epidemic hypothesis shows foragers have short and fragmented sleep compared to large scale societies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Samson
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Human Sleep ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Recent Attention

AbstractHuman sleep is linked with nearly every aspect of our health and wellbeing. The question whether and to what extent human sleep is in a state of evolutionary mismatch has gained recent attention from both clinical and biological science researchers. Here, I use a comparative Bayesian approach aimed at testing the sleep epidemic hypothesis – the idea that, due to labor demands and technological disruption, sleep-wake activity is negatively impacted in post-industrial, economically developed societies. In contrast to the expectations of the sleep epidemic hypothesis, when compared to both large and small-scale subsistence societies that rely on agriculture for subsistence, foragers were the shortest, least efficient sleeping group. Coupled with previous work demonstrating that foragers have stronger circadian rhythms compared to those sleeping in buffered environments, I present the sleep-rhythm trade-off hypothesis – that sleep duration, quality, and synchrony is driven by trade-offs between sleep security and comfort versus sleep site environmental exposure. One strategy to improve wellbeing of modern sleepers would be to focus on behavioral interventions that reduce desynchronizations of circadian rhythms, while holding the positive ground of safe, secure, and regulated sleep environments typical of economically developed societies.

Attitudes toward Exercise in Institutions for Elderly Residents

1987 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 328-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rapp; C. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Residents Attitudes

Increasing behaviors to promote health, such as exercise, among nursing homes for elderly residents is a widely acknowledged goal (Craig, 1982). Research suggests that behavioral technologies can be useful for increasing exercise in this population (Perkins, Rapp, Carlson, & Wallace, 1986). However, before implementing sometimes elaborate behavioral change programs, it is helpful to assess the staff's and residents’ attitudes toward the proposed change. The present study followed a small-scale pilot project that increased stationary bike riding by 74 percent for 8 nursing home residents. Before attempting a large-scale intervention, however, the authors decided to evaluate the staff's and residents’ attitudes toward the exercise.

Nongovernmental Campaign Communication Providing Ballot Secrecy Assurances Increases Turnout: Results From Two Large-Scale Experiments

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-624
Author(s):  
Alan S. Gerber ◽  
Gregory A. Huber ◽  
Albert H. Fang ◽  
Andrew Gooch
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Direct Mail ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Voter Mobilization ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Registered Voters

Doubts about the integrity of ballot secrecy persist and depress political participation among the American public. Prior experiments have shown that official communications directly addressing these doubts increase turnout among recently registered voters who had not previously voted, but evaluations of similar messages sent by nongovernmental campaigns have yielded only suggestive effects. We build on past research and analyze two large-scale field experiments where a private nonpartisan nonprofit group sought to increase turnout by emphasizing ballot secrecy assurances alongside a reminder to vote in a direct mail voter mobilization campaign during the 2014 midterm election. Our main finding is that a private group’s mailing increases turnout by about 1 percentage point among recently registered nonvoters. This finding is precisely estimated and robust across state political contexts, but is not statistically distinguishable from the effect of a standard voter mobilization appeal. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Integrating physical, chemical and biological data to understand fate, behaviour and effects of diluted bitumen in coastal waters

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice C Ortmann ◽  
Susan E Cobanli ◽  
Thomas L King ◽  
Charles W. Greer ◽  
Gary Wohlgeschaffen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Oil Sands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Breaking Waves ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Effective Response

ABSTRACT: 1141488 Production of bitumen from oil sands is predicted to rise over the next decade. Some of this increased production will be transported to coastal areas for export. While some product will be transported via rail, the majority is likely to be transported through pipelines as diluted bitumen. This unconventional oil product is a mixture of the highly viscous bitumen with differing amounts of diluent, which can include condensates, synthetic crudes or conventional crudes. As a mixture of products, the behaviour of diluted bitumen may differ from conventional heavy crude oils following a spill. This is of concern in Canada as the main transportation route for exporting diluted bitumen will go through the Salish Sea, home to endangered southern resident killer whales, economically important commercial and traditional fisheries including Pacific salmon, and millions of people. Knowing how diluted bitumen products will behave and their potential impacts if a spill occurs in these coastal waters is important in developing an effective response plan. The Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research (COOGER) within Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) has been carrying out research to characterize and predict the fate and behaviour of diluted bitumen products in marine environments over the last seven years. Using a combination of small-scale microcosms, medium-scale mesocosms, large-scale weathering and wave tank studies as well as field experiments, we have collected a broad range of data providing insights into how diluted bitumen might behave following a spill. Our research suggests that diluted bitumen will weather rapidly, with density and viscosity increasing significantly over the first 48 h. Low concentrations of hydrocarbons are typically detected in the water column, even in the presence of high energy breaking waves. The amount of weathering and water column hydrocarbons vary with season, but overall the microbial community shows a small response to the presence of diluted bitumen. Conventional spill response technologies may be used within the first 48 h of a spill, but extensive weathering will further limit their effectiveness. While the studies provide a more complete understanding of the fate and behaviour of diluted bitumen in coastal waters, there are important questions yet to be answered, some of which are presented here.

scholarly journals Network insiders and observers: who can identify influential people?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
ROBIN GOMILA ◽  
HANA SHEPHERD ◽  
ELIZABETH LEVY PALUCK
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Peer Conflict ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Outstanding Question ◽  
Influential Individuals

Abstract Identifying influential people within a community to involve in a program is an important strategy of behavioral interventions. How to efficiently identify the most effective individuals is an outstanding question. This paper compares two common strategies: consulting ‘network insiders’ versus ‘network observers’ who have knowledge of but who do not directly participate in the community. Compared to aggregating information from all insiders, asking relatively fewer observers is more cost-effective, but may come at a cost of accuracy. We use data from a large-scale field experiment demonstrating that central students, identified through the aggregated nominations of students (insiders), reduced peer conflict in 56 middle schools. Teachers (observers) also identified students they saw as influential. We compare the causal effect of the two types of nominated students on peer outcomes and the differences between the two types of students. In contrast to the prosocial effects of central students on peer conflict, teacher nominees have no, or even antisocial, influence on their peers’ behaviors. Teachers (observers) generally nominated students with traits salient to them, suggesting that observer roles may systematically bias their perception. We discuss strategies for improving observers’ ability to identify influential individuals in a network as leverage for behavioral change.

scholarly journals Youth Voter Mobilization Through Online Advertising: Evidence From Two GOTV Field Experiments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Kalla
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Voter Mobilization ◽  
Young Voters ◽  
Growing Cell ◽  
Experimental Findings

An increasingly fragmented media environment poses a challenge to campaigns and political organizations trying to persuade young voters, as young people increasingly eschew television for online video streaming and represent a growing cell-phone-only population, which is more costly to reach. As a result, each cycle campaigns are spending more on online advertising. However, the effectiveness of this outreach is an open question with disparate findings in the literature (Bond et al. 2012, Broockman and Green 2012). To test the effectiveness of this outreach for voter mobilization, we partnered with a national organization, Rock the Vote, to conduct a seven-state, 731,568-person GOTV experiment using advertising on Facebook during the 2012 presidential election, which involved nearly four million advertising impressions, and a 14-state, 93,053-person replication during the 2013 general election. Across both experiments, we find no evidence that voter turnout in the treatment group was greater than the control group. While exploratory analysis from the 2012 experiment suggested the ads were effective among those who had a demonstrated a prior history of clicking on online advertising, the follow-up 2013 experiment failed to confirm this finding. These results suggest that while online advertising can reach young voters, it may not be a panacea for encouraging them to vote. This research also underscores the importance of replications of even large-scale experimental findings.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Development of Physics Learning Module Based on Guided Inquiry with Light Wave Material in Class XI of Senior High School

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Evi Rahmawati ◽  
Irnin Agustina Dwi Astuti ◽  
N Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Scientific Skills

IPA Integrated is a place for students to study themselves and the surrounding environment applied in daily life. Integrated IPA Learning provides a direct experience to students through the use and development of scientific skills and attitudes. The importance of integrated IPA requires to pack learning well, integrated IPA integration with the preparation of modules combined with learning strategy can maximize the learning process in school. In SMP 209 Jakarta, the value of the integrated IPA is obtained from 34 students there are 10 students completed and 24 students are not complete because they get the value below the KKM of 68. This research is a development study with the development model of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The use of KPS-based integrated IPA modules (Science Process sSkills) on the theme of rainbow phenomenon obtained by media expert validation results with an average score of 84.38%, average material expert 82.18%, average linguist 75.37%. So the average of all aspects obtained by 80.55% is worth using and tested to students. The results of the teacher response obtained 88.69% value with excellent criteria. Student responses on a small scale acquired an average score of 85.19% with highly agreed criteria and on the large-scale student response gained a yield of 86.44% with very agreed criteria. So the module can be concluded receiving a good response by the teacher and students.

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